Abstract
This study investigated the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) and its association with endodontically treated teeth in residents of São Luís, MA, Brazil. Two-hundred complete series of periapical radiographs taken over a 10-year period (1993-2003) were retrieved from the files of four prosthesists and five periodontists. The Periapical Index (PAI) was used and the age range, sex, tooth groups, location and association with endodontic treatment (ET) were also analyzed. The Cohen Kappa and Chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. Out of 200 patients, 135 presented at least one case of AP, which corresponds to a prevalence of 67.5%. Of the 5008 teeth examined, 296 had AP and 553 had ET. Therefore, considering the total number of teeth, AP and ET prevalences were 5.9% and 11%, respectively. Of the 553 endodontically treated teeth, 235 (42.5%) were associated with AP. Chi-square test showed a strong correlation between AP and ET (p<0.05). The 40-year-old age group was significantly the most prevalent (p<0.05). There was no association between AP and patient's sex (p>0.05). The maxillary incisors were the most affected group of teeth (p<0.05). AP had predilection for the maxilla and was strongly associated with endodontically treated teeth (p<0.05). The prevalence of apical periodontitis and endodontically treated teeth with AP was high and similar to the results of studies performed in other countries.
Keywords: Periapical periodontitis, Apical periodontitis, Root canal treatment, Radiography, Epidemiology
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência de Periodontite Apical (PA) e sua associação com dentes tratados endodonticamente em residentes de São Luís, MA, Brasil. Foram selecionadas 200 séries completas de radiografias periapicais de arquivos de quatro protesistas e cinco periodontistas dos últimos 10 anos (1993-2003). O Índice Periapical (PAI) foi utilizado e a faixa etária, sexo, grupos dentais, localização de maior prevalência e associação aos dentes com tratamento endodôntico (TE) foram analisados. Os testes Cohen Kappa e qui-quadrado foram utilizados para análise estatística. Dos registros de 200 pacientes, 135 apresentavam algum caso de PA, resultando numa prevalência de 67,5%. Do total de 5008 dentes, 296 tinham PA e 553 tinham TE. Desse modo, a prevalência de PA foi de 5.8% e de TE foi de 11%. Dos 553 casos de dentes tratados endodonticamente, 235 (42.5%) estavam associados com PA. A faixa etária de 40 anos foi significativamente mais prevalente (p<0.05). Não houve associação entre PA e sexo (p>0.05). O grupo dental mais acometido foi dos incisivos superiores (p<0.05). A PA teve predileção pela maxila e apresentou-se fortemente associada com dentes tratados endodonticamente (p<0.05). A prevalência de periodontite apical e de tratamento endodôntico de dentes associado com PA encontrada neste estudo foi alta e está de acordo com resultados de estudos realizados em outros países.
INTRODUCTION
Pulp infection mainly results from dental caries, trauma and restorative procedures and commonly proceeds to pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis with localized bone destruction. In these circumstances, the apical periodontium, formed by cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone in the root apex region, is the scene where complex inflammatory reactions take place. Apical periodontitis (AP) is defined as a pathology with inflammatory characteristics that arises from the dynamics between microbial action and host's immune response. Briefly, it is characterized by a reaction of relatively low intensity and long duration against bacteria and irritants originated in the root canal1.
Knowledge of the prevalence of apical periodontitis is important in order to evaluate the outcomes of endodontic therapy within a community. Studies have shown that up to 2/3 of the AP cases can be associated with endodontic treatment2, and that this pathology is most commonly related to teeth with root canal fillings over 2 mm distant from the root apex3–5. Studies have reported a high prevalence of AP in several countries 6–10.
Apical periodontitis is the main indication for root canal therapy and is the most common evidence of an inadequate or failed endodontic treatment. Therefore, diagnosing chronic apical periodontitis is extremely important to settle an effective treatment plan involving either endodontic treatment, retreatment or endodontic surgery, or even a combination of them. Due to the lack of epidemiological data about this pathology in the city of São Luís, MA (Brazil), this survey reports the prevalence of chronic apical periodontitis in this city.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Sample Selection
Two-hundred complete series of periapical radiographs taken between March 1993 and July 2003 from patients over 20 years of age in the city of São Luís, MA (Brazil) were selected for this study. The radiographs were retrieved from the files of 4 prosthesists and 5 periodontists chosen at random.
A series of 14 radiographs within a radiographic quality control prerequisite was included in the study, all of the images presenting good diagnostic conditions. Radiographs with cuts, distortion, poor fit of the apical region, veiling or significant radiographic density alteration and images suggestive of endo-periodontal disease or root-end surgery were excluded. Periapical radiographs from patients with fewer than 10 remaining teeth in the oral cavity were also excluded. According to De Cleen et al. 3, these patients frequently have periodontal disease at an advanced stage, which makes it difficult to determine whether the etiology of the periapical lesions is of endodontic or periodontal origin.
After sample selection, the radiographs were assigned to the following groups, according to patients' sex and age: 20 to 29; 30 to 39; 40 to 49; 50 to 59; and =60 years old (see Tables 1 and 2).
TABLE 1. Distribution of patients by age group and sex (n=200).
| Age group | F | M | Total (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 20-29 | 12 | 06 | 18 (9.0%) |
| 30-39 | 25 | 14 | 39 (19.5%) |
| 40-49 | 40 | 40 | 80 (40.0%) |
| 50-59 | 20 | 20 | 40 (20.0%) |
| ≥ 60 | 15 | 08 | 23 (11.5%) |
| Total | 112 | 88 | 200 (100%) |
TABLE 2. Distribution of teeth by age group (n= 5008).
| Age group | No. of teeth | % |
|---|---|---|
| 20 - 29 | 509 | 10.1% |
| 30 - 39 | 1033 | 20.7% |
| 40 - 49 | 1994 | 39.8% |
| 50 - 59 | 964 | 19.2% |
| ≥ 60 | 508 | 10.2% |
| Total | 5008 | 100% |
Calibration of the Examiners
An endodontist and a radiologist with over 10 years of clinical experience participated in the study as examiners. Before they evaluated the radiographs, both examiners were calibrated. For such purpose, a series of 20 periapical radiographs were used and 460 teeth were examined. As part of the calibration phase, the examiners were given explanations about the study methodology; familiarized themselves with the scores they should attribute to the periapical radiographic images, as well as with the established evaluation method for the study, in order to foresee or minimize discrepant results and provide greater reliability to the scores.
Calibration Analysis
The inter-observer statistical analysis was done by the Kappa coefficient, which showed a strong agreement (0.93). Given the good agreement between the examiners and the consistency, sensitivity and specificity of the method, the definitive radiographic assessment was then performed
Data Collection
At all times during the analysis of the radiographs, the same environment conditions were maintained. The room was darkened and a black mask was used around the radiograph, to limit light emission from the liquid crystal negatoscope (Kaiser Fototechnik GmbH & Co. Kg, Buchen, Germany), thus enhancing the visualization of the radiographic images. The year of radiographic examination, patients' sex and age, absent teeth, teeth that had endodontic treatment (ET) and the number of teeth examined were recorded. The use of a X3 magnifying glass (Intex, Sorocaba, Brazil) was limited to the cases of doubtful diagnosis that could benefit from image amplification.
Apical periodontium status was assessed by the Periapical Index (PAI) proposed by Ørstavik et al11, according to which 5 scores were attributed to the apical area of the radiographic images, as follows: 1. normal periapical structures; 2. small changes in bone structure; 3. changes in the bone structure with little mineral loss; 4. periodontitis with well-defined radiolucent area; 5. severe periodontitis with exacerbating features.
Prior to starting the analysis, the proposed criteria for scoring the teeth with AP were explained to the examiners: 1) choose the score that most closely represented the apical periodontium status of the tooth under analysis: 2) in case of doubt, the highest score should be given; 3) for multi-rooted teeth, use the highest score given to individual periapices; 4) all teeth with AP should be scored.
For teeth scored 3, 4 and 5, i.e., those with chronic apical periodontitis, the abbreviation "AP" was used. For teeth with AP associated with endodontic treatment the abbreviation "AP/ET" was used. In case of disagreement between the examiners, the radiographs were reviewed and a consensus score was reached.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Statistical analysis was performed using Statistic 5.1 software (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA). AP was calculated regarding the total number of individuals, the total number of teeth, sex and age group. Afterwards, AP ratio with regard to sex, age group, location, tooth group and endodontic treatment was analyzed by Chi-square non-parametric test at 0.05 significance level.
RESULTS
Out of the used 200 series of periapical radiographs, representative of 200 patients, 5008 teeth were examined. Table 1 shows the distribution of patients by age group and sex, while Table 2 shows the distribution of teeth by age group.
Out of 200 patients, 135 presented at least one case of AP, which corresponds to a prevalence of 67.5% (Table 3).
TABLE 3. Distribution and prevalence of AP, ET and AP/ET by age group.
| Age group | No. of Patients w/AP | No. of Teeth | Teeth w. AP (%)* | Teeth w. ET(%)* | Teeth w. AP/ET (%)** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20 - 29 | 11 | 509 | 19 (3.7%) | 27 (5.3%) | 13 (48.1%) |
| 30 - 39 | 23 | 1033 | 50 (4.8%) | 82 (7.9%) | 42 (51.2%) |
| 40 - 49 | 54 | 1994 | 114 (5.7%) | 226 (11.3%) | 90 (39.8%) |
| 50 - 59 | 27 | 964 | 63 (6.5%) | 124 (12.8%) | 54 (43.5%) |
| ≥ 60 | 20 | 508 | 50 (9.8%) | 94 (18.5%) | 36 (38.2%) |
| Total | 135 | 5008 | 296 (5.9%) | 553 (11.0%) | 235 (42.5%) |
percent values apply to the number of teeth examined
percent values apply to the number of endodontically treated teeth
Table 3 shows that the prevalence of AP and ET increased with patient's age. Out of 5008 teeth examined, 296 had AP and 553 had ET, which correspond to a prevalence of 5.9% for AP and 11% for ET. Out of the 553 endodontically treated teeth, 235 (42.5%) were associated with AP. Chi-square test showed a strong correlation of AP with ET (p<0.05). AP was also significantly associated with patients in the 40-year-old age group (p<0.05). There was no association of AP with patient's sex (p>0.05).
Maxillary teeth were significantly more affected by AP than mandibular teeth (p<0.05). Furthermore, there was significant association between AP and maxillary incisors and premolars and mandibular molars (p<0.05) (Table 4).
TABLE 4. Distribution of AP by tooth type.
| without AP | With AP | Total | % AP | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maxilla | 2264 | 209 | 2473 | 70.6% |
| Incisors | 649 | 86 | 735 | 11.7% |
| Canines | 357 | 17 | 374 | 4.5% |
| Premolars | 523 | 66 | 589 | 11.2% |
| Molars | 735 | 40 | 775 | 5.2% |
| Mandible | 2448 | 87 | 2535 | 29.4% |
| Incisors | 766 | 17 | 783 | 2.2% |
| Canines | 383 | 3 | 386 | 0.8% |
| Premolars | 667 | 27 | 694 | 3.9% |
| Molars | 632 | 38 | 670 | 5.7% |
DISCUSSION
This study deals with a sectional type of radiographic investigation. Although radiography provides a static image of a dynamic process, at the time of radiographic assessment, the AP in an endodontically treated tooth may be either evolving or healing. However, it has been shown that the number of teeth with AP that had regression after ET compared to the number of endodontically treated teeth that developed new cases of AP was similar in the same period12–13. Therefore, the results of these studies12–13 demonstrate that sectional investigations may provide reliable information on the prevalence of AP in a given population.
To evaluate AP prevalence, complete series of periapical radiographs were used because they provide better images for the examination of apical periodontium. Although many studies have been carried out with panoramic radiographs2,3,14,15, many other authors have chosen complete series of periapical radiographs6,7,16,17 or the association of both 2,18–20.
The criterion for diagnosing AP radiographically varies among studies 3,4,7,16. In this study, the Periapical Index (PAI) proposed by Ørstavik et al.11 was used because it facilitates comparison to other epidemiological studies and is easy to reproduce. Delano et al.21 showed that PAI is an index that can be operational and is reliable.
The findings of this study revealed a high AP prevalence (67.5%) in the surveyed population. AP might be a sequela of either dental caries or its unsuccessful treatment. Therefore, it is suggested that this high AP prevalence in a sample composed of various age groups reflects a consequence of inappropriate treatments, as well as a lack of programs for integrated prevention and control of dental caries.
Ödesjö et al.16 reported that AP was 5 to 12 times more associated with endodontically treated teeth. In the present study, AP was almost 4 times more associated with ET teeth compared to teeth without ET. Statistical analysis showed a significant association between AP and ET. These findings are consistent with those of Sidaravicius et al.8 The high prevalence of AP associated with endodontically treated teeth indicates that root canal therapy did not prevent or control the disease. These data are similar to those found in studies performed worldwide (Table 5).
TABLE 5. Total number of patients, total number of teeth examined, frequency of AP, ET and frequency of teeth with ET associated with AP in different studies.
| Author/Country | No. of Patients | No. of Teeth | Teeth w/AP (%)* | Teeth w/ET (%)* | Teeth w/ET/AP (%)** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| This study (São Luís, Brazil) | 200 | 5008 | 5.9 | 11 | 42.5 |
| De Cleen et al. (Germany 1993) | 184 | 4196 | 6.0 | 2.3 | 39.2 |
| Buckley & Spangberg. (USA 1995) | 208 | 5272 | 4.1 | 5.5 | 31.3 |
| Sidaravicius et al. (Lithuania. 1999) | 147 | 3892 | 7.2 | 15.0 | 39.4 |
| De Moor et al. (Belgium 2000) | 206 | 4617 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 40.4 |
| Lupi-Peguirier et al. (France 2002) | 344 | 7561 | 7.3 | 18.5 | 31.5 |
| Dugas et al. (Canada 2003) | 610 | 16148 | 2.3 | 3.1 | 45.5 |
| Jiménez-Pizón et al. (Spain, 2004) | 180 | 4453 | 4.2 | 2.1 | 64.5 |
percent values apply to the number of teeth examined
percent values apply to the number of endodontically treated teeth
An important aspect to be emphasized is that the results of this study showed an increase in the prevalence of AP and ET with the increase of patients' age (Table 3). This is in agreement with the findings of previous studies 7,10. This is expected as age advances given that, the tooth is exposed to caries, periodontal disease, attrition and various operative procedures that increase the risk of pulp involvement and consequent need for endodontic therapy. On the other hand, there was no significant association between sex and AP. This result corroborates the findings of other authors 3,10.
Regarding AP location, the maxilla was significantly more affected than the mandible (Table 4), which is consistent with the outcomes of other authors 15,22. As far as tooth group is concerned, a higher prevalence of AP was associated with the maxillary incisors. These findings are in agreement with those of Spatafore et al. 22, according to whom the maxillary lateral incisors are difficult to treat endodontically due to the curvature in the apical third of their roots. In spite of this, lateral and central incisors are widely treated endodontically by general practitioners. On the other hand, the literature has shown a more frequent association of AP with mandibular molars 3,7.
It is believed that with the improvement of techniques for root canal therapy and the correct application of biological knowledge for the treatment of endodontic infections, the profile of apical periodontitis and endodontic treatment shall change over the next few years.
CONCLUSION
The data collected in this study showed that apical periodontitis was a highly prevalent pathology and was significantly associated with endodontically treated teeth. Apical periodontitis in the surveyed population of São Luis, MA (Brazil) maintained a pattern of prevalence similar to that observed in other countries.
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