Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial effect of MTA Dentsply, MTA Angelus, Calcium Hydroxide and Portland cement. Four reference bacterial strains were used: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, and Enterococcus faecalis. Plates containing Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% sheep blood, hemin, and menadione were inoculated with the bacterial suspensions. Subsequently, wells were prepared and immediately filled with materials and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours under anaerobic conditions, except P. aeruginosa. The diameters of inhibition zones were measured, and data analyzed using ANOVA and the Tukey test with 1% level of significance. MTA Dentsply, MTA Angelus and Portland cement inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa. Calcium Hydroxide was effective against P. aeruginosa and B. fragillis. Under anaerobic conditions, which may hamper the formation of reactive oxygen species, the materials failed to inhibit E. faecalis, and E. coli.
Keywords: Mineral trioxide aggregate, Calcium hydroxide, Portland cement, Antimicrobial activity
Abstract
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e comparar o efeito antimicrobiano do MTA Dentsply, MTA Angelus, hidróxido de cálcio e cimento Portland sobre quatro cepas bacterianas: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, e Enterococcus faecalis. Placas contendo agar Muller-Hinton suplementadas com 5% de sangue de carneiro, hemina e menadiona foram inoculadas com as suspensões bacterianas. Poços foram confeccionados com auxílio de perfuradores e imediatamente preenchidos com os materiais, e incubados a 37°C por 48 horas em atmosfera de anaerobiose, exceto P. aeruginosa. O diâmetro dos halos de inibição foi medido e os dados analisados usando o teste estatístico ANOVA e o de Tukey com nível de significância de 1%. O MTA Dentsply, MTA Angelus e Cimento Portland inibiram o crescimento da P.aeruginosa. O hidróxido de cálcio foi efetivo contra P. aeruginosa e B. fragillis. Sob atmosfera de anaerobiose, condição que pode impedir a formação de espécies reativas do oxigênio, nenhum dos materiais foi capaz de exercer efeitos sobre E. faecalis e E. coli.
INTRODUCTION
Progress has been made in understanding the nature of root canal infection and periapical diseases. Advances in techniques and materials increase the success of surgical intervention in cases of failure of conventional root canal treatment or retreatment6.
During periradicular surgery, residual soft tissues surrounding the root apex are removed, and root end cavity is prepared subsequently to the apex resection. Dental materials used in root end fillings must achieve perfect isolation of root canal in order to prevent the leakage of fluids arising from periradicular tissues that might support the growth of viable microorganisms eventually present in endodontic microniches.
Ideal retrofilling materials must be present: 1- adhesion ability and three-dimensional sealing of the root canal system; 2- be non-toxic; 3-dimensional stability even in the present of humidity; 4-not be absorbed and 5-present radiopacity2,10. In addition, antimicrobial, allied to biocompatibility, are properties that clearly contribute to the success of the surgical procedure4,12,15.
Mineral Trioxide Aggregate consists of an aggregate mainly composed by tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalcium aluminum ferrite, dehydrated calcium sulfate and bismuth oxide16. Due to its compatibility and sealer properties, MTA is indicated for retrofillings in periapical surgeries, in sealing root drilling, in the protection of pulp tissue, in apical sealing in cases of incomplete root formation, and in treatment of root resorption17. Although Portland cement shows similarities with MTA in its main components (tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminum ferrite), few reports have dealt with biocompatibility or antimicrobial aspects of this cement. Recently, the antimicrobial property of Portland cement was investigated along with other endodontic filling materials against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Nevertheless, Portland cement and MTA formulations was investigated with microorganisms grown aerobically, and did not include strictly anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria14. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial properties of Portland cement and MTA against four bacterial species grown in anaerobic environment.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Test materials: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA Dentsply, Tulsa dental - USA, and MTA Angelus, Londrina Pr, Brazil) was manipulated strictly following the manufacturer's instructions. Calcium Hydroxide (CHP P.A. Quimis, Mallinkrodt Inc., St Louis. MO, USA in sterile saline solution), and Portland cement (Votoran, Votorantim, São Paulo, Brazil) were manipulated as described elsewhere9.
Antimicrobial activity of endodontic materials were evaluated by agar diffusion method against four reference strains: Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Bacteroides fragilis (ATCC 23745), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 33780). Bacteroides fragilis strain was incubated under anaerobic conditions or cultivated in pre-reduced anaerobic sterilized Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB-PRAS, Difco – Detroit, USA). Facultative or aerobic strains were grown in TSB 37°/24h. Bacteria were diluted to obtain a suspension of approximately 5 x 108 colony forming units mL-1(0.5 in McFarland's nephelometer) in sterile TSB. Microbial strains were confirmed by Gram's stain and by colonial and growth characteristics. Bacterial suspensions were inoculated with sterile cotton swabs onto Muller-Hinton Agar Plates (MHA – Difco, Detroit, USA) supplemented with sheep blood (5% v/v), hemin (0.1 mg mL-1), and menadione (0.001 mg mL-1). Wells were prepared on MHA with a copper puncher of 3 mm diameter and 4mm depth, and immediately filled with freshly manipulated test materials. Negative controls consisted of wells filled with liquefied MHA. After prediffusion of test materials for 2h at room temperature, agar plates were subsequently incubated at 37°C/48h. Controls of contamination of dental materials, and agar medium sterility were performed by incubation of agar plates without bacterial inoculation. All strains, except P. aeruginosa were incubated in anaerobic atmosphere (80% N2, 10% CO2, and 10%H2) in a Gaspack jar. To assess the effect of aerobic atmosphere on antimicrobial activity of MTA formulations and Ca(OH)2, facultative microorganisms: E. coli and E. faecalis were also incubated aerobically 37°C/ 24h.
Microbial inhibition zones were measured with a 0.5mm precision rule, and results were expressed as a mean (and standard deviation) of three independent experiments.
Data were submitted to statistical analysis by ANOVA and Tukey tests with level of significance to compare the differences among two MTA compositions, Portland cement and Calcium hydroxide.
RESULTS
Antimicrobial activities of mineral trioxide compositions and Portland cement are expressed in Table 1. MTA formulations of Angelus and Dentsply, Portland cement, and calcium hydroxide were showed to inhibit P. aeruginosa. Nevertheless, MTA formulations and Portland cement were incapable to inhibit E. coli, E. faecalis and B. fragilis. The calcium hydroxide also showed inhibitory activity, with larger inhibition zones against P. aeruginosa and B. fragilis. The Table 2 expresses the effect of aerobic atmosphere on antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide, MTA Angelus and MTA Pro-root against E. coli and E. faecalis. Aerobic atmosphere rendered E. faecalis susceptible to both MTA formulations and Ca(OH)2. E. coli strains were only susceptible to Ca(OH)2.
TABLE 1. Antimicrobial activity of MTA-Angelus (MTA-A), MTA- Dentsply (MTA-D), Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2) and Portland cement.
| Bacterial strains | Inhibition zones (diameter in mm) | |||
| MTA-A | MTA-D | Ca(OH)2 * | Portland cement | |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 21 (± 0.2887) | 19 (± 0.5774) | 22 (± 0.5774) | 17 (± 0.2887) |
| Escherichia coli | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Enterococcus faecalis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bacteroides fragilis | 0 | 0 | 13 (± 0.2887) | 0 |
Ca(OH)2 showed larger inhibition zones against P aeruginosa than B. fragilis (p<0.01) by Tukey test.
TABLE 2. Effect of aerobic atmosphere on antimicrobial activity of MTA and calcium hydroxide against E. coli and E. faecalis * .
| E. coli | E. faecalis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MTAAngelus | MTA Pro-root | Ca(OH)2 | MTAAngelus | MTA Pro-root | Ca(OH)2 |
| 0 | 0 | 9,17 (±0,44) | 5,67 (±0,17) | 6,33 (±0,17) | 6,67 (±0,67) |
Antimicrobial activity evaluated by agar diffusion method. Values represent the diameter (in mm) of zones of inhibition in mean of three experiments and standard deviation.
DISCUSSION
Antimicrobial activity of endodontic sealers has been evaluated in vitro by agar diffusion method. Although used by many authors1,8,10 differences in agar medium, diffusion capacity of inhibitory agents, bacterial strains and cellular density, as well as anaerobic atmosphere may interfere with formation of inhibition zones around materials used in antimicrobial testing9. However, there is not a consensus regarding to a gold standard test for the appraisal of antimicrobial testing of cements and other solutions used in dental therapy. The results of inhibitory activity of both Portland cement and MTA were similar to those observed in the literature related to P. aeruginosa and E. coli strains, which demonstrated sensitivity and resistance to both materials, respectively8. In contrast to the results presented in this investigation, Portland cement and MTA Angelus were recently shown to inhibit a diversity of aerobic and facultative microorganisms, including E. faecalis by agar diffusion method14. The incubation of the plates into anaerobic atmosphere aimed to reproduce the environment observed within the apical segment of infected root canal system. Differences in sensitivity among studies, in part, may be due to the anaerobic atmosphere during incubation procedure, since both MTA and Portland cement are rich in oxides. Subsequent to reaction with water on oxygen-rich environments, these compounds might generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals which exhibit antimicrobial activity3. Growth of anaerobes requires an appropriate environment to reduce the intracellular generation of ROS; favoring the growth of anaerobic microorganisms in anaerobic environments, the formation of toxic oxygen radicals is likely to be reduced in intracellular location5. Moreover, antimicrobial activity of ROS is usually impaired by the presence of antioxidants and other reducing molecules such as quinones13. Variation on the concentration of reagents and/or molecules that may act as antioxidants present in culture medium might support the differences in results observed by many authors, who found sensitivity14 and resistance16 of E. faecalis strains to MTA. In this study E. faecalis strain became susceptible to both MTA formulations and Ca(OH)2 after incubation in aerobic atmosphere, suggesting that oxygen-rich environments favor the antimicrobial activity of MTA. The E. coli strain remained resistant to MTA and susceptible to Ca(OH)2 after incubation in aerobic atmosphere. Studies have demonstrated that E. coli wild strains are relatively resistant to ROS generated after incubation with metal ions such as Sn+, requiring the utilization of mutants deficient in SOS system repair for the observation of the lethality of chemical agents7. Calcium hydroxide usually increases pH and allowed an unfavorable microenvironment to the growth of P. aeruginosa and B. fragilis strains. However, the participation of ROS generation in antimicrobial activity of Ca(OH)2 pastes may also be emphasized since E. coli and E. facealis presented susceptibility after incubation in aerobic environments.
It is important to mention that the results presented in this study were obtained in vitro and performed with planktonic cells grown in culture medium. The materials tested could reveal different activities when used in vivo or in vitro with microorganisms grown in biofilms. Further studies are necessary to investigate the effect of these materials on bacteria commonly found in infected root canals.
CONCLUSION
According to the results obtained it is possible to conclude that:
MTA Dentsply, MTA Angelus and Portland cement showed similar antimicrobial properties against P. aeruginosa.
Calcium Hydroxide paste showed an antimicrobial activity higher than MTA Dentsply, MTA Angelus and Portland cement.
Aerobic environment interfered with antimicrobial activity of MTA formulations and Ca(OH)2 against E. faecalis and of Ca(OH)2 against E. coli.
ACKNOWLEGMENTS
The authors thank Dr Ana Paula Colombo, Instituto de Microbiologia - UFRJ, for her suggestions and laboratory facilities during performance of the experiments and Prof. Licinio Esmeraldo da Silva, Departmento de Estatística, Instituto de Matemática, UFF. This work was supported by PIBIC-UFF-CNPq proc. No. 106560/2003-4.
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