Abstract
One of the causes of implant failures in cemented implant-retained prostheses is the fracture of abutment screw or UCLA abutment. This article reports a case of simultaneous fracture of two UCLA abutments screws occurring in an implant-supported prosthesis placed in the mandibular molar region. The fractured structures were examined under scanning electron microscopy to investigate the probable causes of the failure, which were not related to failures on materials or fabrication of the screws, but rather were due to shear forces. The misfit in cemented prostheses may be the most likely cause of shear force generation.
Keywords: Osseointegrated implants, Dental abutments, Fractures, Prostheses and implants
INTRODUCTION
Failures of osseointegrated implants have been associated with many factors, such as poor bone quality, lack of initial instability, overloading and fractures of implants and abutment screws10. Fracture of these elements may be related with a poor fit of the framework, which leads to material fatigue, occlusal overload and intrinsic material failures10,16.
The increasing use of implants in the rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients has widened the possibilities in Prosthodontics with the introduction of new concepts, such as the placement of implant-supported prostheses, which can be either retained by screws or cemented.
Metal fractures may be related to microstructures that influence the material properties, which are related with the localized identification of chemical phases and segregations, frequently associated with failures at interfaces or components, which, in turn, can cause the fractures5. These aspects may be investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and may play a key role on the failure of prosthetic components.
This article reports a case of simultaneous fracture of two UCLA abutments screws occurring in an implant-supported prosthesis placed in the mandibular molar region. The fractured structures were examined by SEM to investigate the probable causes of the failure.
CASE REPORT
A 40-year-old non-smoker female patient in good general health conditions attended a private dental clinic with two Branemark implants (unknown trademark) in function for about 2 years. The implants were placed in the posterior left side of the mandible, corresponding to the mandibular left second premolar (3.75 X 10 mm) and first molar (3.75 X 7.5mm), joined by the structure of a metal-ceramic fixed partial denture. The UCLA abutment screws were fractured and the crowns were dislodged. The crows were cemented to the abutments and exhibited visible misfit, mainly on the distal implant. There was no radiographic evidence of marginal bone loss. After several unsuccessful attempts to remove the fractured screw fragments, it was decided to remove the implants. The fractured components were further analyzed with a scanning electron microscope (FEI Philips XL-30, Eindhoven, The Netherlands) to assess the structural failures.
Failure analysis by SEM demonstrated the occurrence of two moments of rupture in the first fractured implant (mesial), corresponding to the mandibular left second premolar, with evidence of ductile fracture due to shear strength, as demonstrated by the first line, followed by compression (Figures 1 to 3).
FIGURE 1. First fractured screw (initial fracture caused by shear and compressive strengths). The step demonstrates fracture in two phases.
FIGURE 3. Higher magnification of the first step, revealing wave-shaped irregularities, characteristic of fracture due to shear forces.
FIGURE 2. Higher magnification of the initial fracture reveals the squashing caused by compressive strengths and absence of "dimples", which characterizes that this was the first portion to fracture, and chewing promoted surface smoothing until occurrence of fracture of the first implant at the same time.
In the second implant, the fracture was characterized by a strong torsional component, with fewer compressive evidences and characteristics of final fracture due to the presence of "dimples", also called alveolar-like structures. There were no signs of failure in the material or screw fabrication (Figures 4 and 5).
FIGURE 4. Second fractured screw.
FIGURE 5. Fractured surface of the second screw with "dimples", with alveolar-like appearance, which characterizes final fracture at a single time due to torsion.
DISCUSSION
Studies on the biomechanics of implants have historically concerned about screw-retained prostheses, with limited scientific analysis of cemented prostheses, in spite of their frequent use. The efficacy of cemented dentures has been questioned because it is different from the protocols described by Branemark. The UCLA abutment has been used to support cemented prostheses in single implants or fixed dentures. There are currently several types of titanium and ceramic abutments for use in prostheses cemented over single implants4.
Screwed prostheses have been designed to promote integrity of the connection between prosthesis, abutment and implant. Rieder13 (1990) and later Hebel and Gajar8 (1997) stated that esthetics and occlusal function would be the reasons for use of cemented prostheses. It has also been advocated that passive fit between the prosthetic crown and the abutment is more easily obtained in cemented dentures because the cement would fill the interfacial gaps, thus improving the load transmission to the prosthesis/implant/bone system11.
The passivity of restorations is essential for a successful implant-prosthetic rehabilitation4–8,11,14–16. According to Jemt and Book9 (1996), prosthetic misfit might not be much significant because the average distortion in their study was 100 μm and no passivity was observed in the analyzed restorations. In addition, no significant correlation was found between the lack of passivity and bone loss. These authors suggested that misfit is more related to prosthetic failures due to the ankylotic nature of osseointegration.
It has been reported that a misfit equal to or higher than 30 μm can be considered dubious or unacceptable2. Restorations with 26 μm or less of misfit are considered as "passive fit". Guinchet6 compared the integrity and load transmission of cemented and screwed prostheses and concluded that, after function, the marginal gap of screwed dentures was significantly smaller than that of cemented prostheses. The load transmission of screwed prostheses was higher yet transmitted to the apical portion of the implant, while in cemented prostheses it was lower yet concentrated at the coronal portion of the implant. The smaller marginal gap of screwed prostheses is related to a higher load transmission, and the greater marginal gap of cemented prostheses is related to a lower load transmission.
There are no research-based evidence of the effect of misfit on osseointegration failure and the risk it poses to implant success. However, there are evidences that misfit increases the occurrence of mechanic failures of components and/or fracture.
Several studies have addressed the effect of occlusal overload on implants, although no scientifically based data are available. The tolerance between mechanic components allows short movements at the interfaces, and flexural fatigue plays an important role on denture long-term success. The potential of non-axial strengths to cause plastic deformations, wear or failures due to fatigue of prosthetic components is clearly dependent on the design and material used.
The placement of implants on posterior mandibular regions, close to the temporomandibular joint, yields an unfavorable condition due to the magnitude of load transmission in this area. Likewise, the wide occlusal platform avoids load transmission following the implant long axis.
Guichet, et al.7 (2000) compared the relationship between marginal discrepancies and the passive fit of screwed and cemented prostheses in fixed partial prostheses by microscopic analysis and did not find differences after final screw torque and cementation.
Sendyk and Sendyk16 (1998) demonstrated the load distribution of osseointegrated implants using finite element analysis and concluded that load transmission in screwed prostheses is often concentrated at the gold screw attaching the crown to abutment, which acts as a safety device. In cemented prostheses, the cement and abutment screw receive this load, mainly shear forces. In the same study, these authors did not find significant differences between the use of resin or ceramic in the occlusal platform.
A previous study3 on the registration of force development with ceramic and acrylic resin occlusal materials on implant-supported prostheses, both in vivo and in vitro, found differences only when load transmission was assessed in vitro.
The review of literature on Implantology and Prosthodontics is not conclusive with regard to the causes of failures and complications associated with prosthetic treatments with osseointegrated implants. The lack of passive fit and generation of shear forces are the most frequently reported causes of biomechanical failures of implants.
CONCLUSIONS
In the case reported in this article, the causes of fractures were not related to failures on materials or fabrication of the screws, but rather were due to shear forces. The misfit in cemented prostheses may be the most likely cause of shear force generation.
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