Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America logoLink to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
. 1975 Jul;72(7):2653–2657. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.7.2653

Relationship of the first step in protein synthesis to ppGpp: formation of A(5')ppp(5')Gpp.

E Rapaport, S K Svihovec, P C Zamecnik
PMCID: PMC432828  PMID: 170611

Abstract

In the presence of purified Escherichia coli lysyl-tRNA synthetase [L-lysine:tRNALys ligase (AMP-forming) EC 6.1.1.6], L-lysine, and ATP, addition of the nucleotide ppGpp results in formation of a unique product-A(5')ppp(5') Gpp. The same compound is also formed very rapidly in a cell-free protein-synthesizing system when ppGpp is added. The possible significance of this reaction in the rapid turnover of ppGpp and as a more general mechanism by which an AMP residue is activated and introduced onto a 5'-diphosphorylated species, including the 5'-end of an RNA, is further discussed.

Full text

PDF
2653

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Cashel M., Gallant J. Two compounds implicated in the function of the RC gene of Escherichia coli. Nature. 1969 Mar 1;221(5183):838–841. doi: 10.1038/221838a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. FINAMORE F. J., WARNER A. H. The occurrence of P1, P4-diguanosine 5'-tetraphosphate in brine shrimp eggs. J Biol Chem. 1963 Jan;238:344–348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Fiil N. P., von Meyenburg K., Friesen J. D. Accumulation and turnover of guanosine tetraphosphate in Escherichia coli. J Mol Biol. 1972 Nov 28;71(3):769–783. doi: 10.1016/s0022-2836(72)80037-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Friesen J. D., Fiil N. P., von Meyenburg K. Synthesis and turnover of basal level guanosine tetraphosphate in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem. 1975 Jan 10;250(1):304–309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Furuichi Y., Morgan M., Muthukrishnan S., Shatkin A. J. Reovirus messenger RNA contains a methylated, blocked 5'-terminal structure: m-7G(5')ppp(5')G-MpCp-. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jan;72(1):362–366. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.1.362. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. HOAGLAND M. B. An enzymic mechanism for amino acid activation in animal tissues. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1955 Feb;16(2):288–289. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(55)90218-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. HOAGLAND M. B., KELLER E. B., ZAMECNIK P. C. Enzymatic carboxyl activation of amino acids. J Biol Chem. 1956 Jan;218(1):345–358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Haseltine W. A., Block R. Synthesis of guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphate requires the presence of a codon-specific, uncharged transfer ribonucleic acid in the acceptor site of ribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 May;70(5):1564–1568. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.5.1564. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Irr J. D., Kaulenas M. S., Unsworth B. R. Synthesis of ppGpp by mouse embryonic ribosomes. Cell. 1974 Nov;3(3):249–253. doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(74)90139-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Lobatón C. D., Vallejo C. G., Sillero A., Sillero M. A. Diguanosinetetraphosphatase from rat liver: Acitivity on diadenosine tetraphosphate and inhibition by adenosine tetraphosphate. Eur J Biochem. 1975 Jan 15;50(3):495–501. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb09888.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Lund E., Kjeldgaard N. O. Metabolism of guanosine tetraphosphate in Escherichia coli. Eur J Biochem. 1972 Jul 24;28(3):316–326. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1972.tb01916.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Marshall R. D., Zamecnik P. C. Some physical properties of lysyl and arginyl-transfer RNA synthetases of Escherichia coli B. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1969 Jul 1;181(2):454–464. doi: 10.1016/0005-2795(69)90279-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Pedersen F. S., Lund E., Kjeldgaard N. O. Codon specific, tRNA dependent in vitro synthesis of ppGpp and pppGpp. Nat New Biol. 1973 May 2;243(122):13–15. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Randerath K., Janeway C. M., Stephenson M. L., Zamecnik P. C. Isolation and characterization of dinucleoside tetra- and tri-phosphates formed in the presence of lysyl-sRNA synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1966 Jul 6;24(1):98–105. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(66)90416-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Rapaport E., Zamecnik P. C. A new chemical procedure for 32P-labeling of ribonucleic acids at their 5'-ends after isolation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jan;72(1):314–317. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.1.314. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Silber R., Malathi V. G., Schulman L. H., Hurwitz J., Duesberg P. H. Studies of the Rous sarcoma virus RNA: characterization of the 5'-terminus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1973 Jan 23;50(2):467–472. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)90863-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Sy J., Lipmann F. Identification of the synthesis of guanosine tetraphosphate (MS I) as insertion of a pyrophosphoryl group into the 3'-position in guanosine 5'-diphosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1973 Feb;70(2):306–309. doi: 10.1073/pnas.70.2.306. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Sy J. Reversibility of the pyrophosphoryl transfer from ATP to GTP by Escherichia coli stringent factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1974 Sep;71(9):3470–3473. doi: 10.1073/pnas.71.9.3470. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Wei C. M., Moss B. Methylated nucleotides block 5'-terminus of vaccinia virus messenger RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Jan;72(1):318–322. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.1.318. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Zamecnik P. C., Stephenson M. L., Janeway C. M., Randerath K. Enzymatic synthesis of diadenosine tetraphosphate and diadenosine triphosphate with a purified lysyl-sRNA synthetase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1966 Jul 6;24(1):91–97. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(66)90415-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America are provided here courtesy of National Academy of Sciences

RESOURCES