Abstract
Background
The common differential diagnosis of microcytic anemia in young Asian men includes iron deficiency anemia (IDA), α-thalassemia (αT) and β-thalassemia (βT). In this study, we aimed to distinguish between these diseases in a distinct population of young men using a specific index.
Patients and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the laboratory data of young men with microcytic anemia. The clinical, characteristic and laboratory data, including complete blood cell counts, serum ferritin and hemoglobin electrophoresis results, were collected; genomic DNA mutations were also evaluated. Based on these data, ten discrimination indices were used to differentiate thalassemia from IDA. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, Youden’s index and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were also calculated.
Results
A total of 877 patients (92 patients with IDA, 332 with αT and 453 with βT) were enrolled; the Shine and Lal (S&L) formula was the best method with which to discriminate IDA from thalassemia (100% sensitivity, 91% specificity). The new cut-off values were evaluated, and the approaches used in our study cohort, particularly the Green & King (G&K) formula, significantly increased the accuracies of red cell distribution width-containing indices (cut-off value: 58.66; 89.62% sensitivity and 96.2% specificity; AUC: 0.9716). In addition, when applied properly, these indices could differentiate IDA patients from αT patients, especially Huber-Herklotz index (HH).
Conclusions
The sensitivity and specificity differed among ethnic and age groups. We concluded that when using the original cut-off value, the S&L formula was the best discriminating index for differentiating between IDA and thalassemia in young Asian men. However, when using the G&K formula, the newly obtained cut-off value must be applied to increase accuracy based on the results from our cohort.
Introduction
Microcytic anemia is most commonly caused by iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and thalassemia. IDA is a worldwide nutrition-related disease that is more prevalent in women than in men (9–20% and 2%, respectively) [1]. IDA may result from insufficient iron intake, menstrual bleeding in women of childbearing age, or chronic blood loss in the gastrointestinal tract [2]. Thalassemia is an inherited hemoglobin pathology that results from defective synthesis of the gene encoding the globin chain of adult hemoglobin A [3]. This condition can be classified as α-thalassemia (αT) or β-thalassemia (βT), depending on which globin carries the mutation. Thalassemia patients produce abnormal red blood cells that are easily destroyed and thus significantly reduce the hemoglobin (Hb) levels and the mean corpuscular volume (MCV). The global prevalence of thalassemia is approximately 5%, although this varies among different populations with increased frequencies in the Mediterranean region, Africa and Asia. The clinical presentation of thalassemia ranges from nearly asymptomatic to severe anemia requiring lifelong blood transfusions, which can cause complications in multiple organ systems. The gold standard of therapy for symptomatic thalassemia is red blood cell transfusion, which then necessitates iron chelation therapy. Silent carriers of alpha thalassemia and persons with either alpha or beta thalassemic traits are asymptomatic and require no treatment [4]. Nowadays, the diagnosis of IDA depends on the serum ferritin level and transferrin saturation level instead of iron staining in bone marrow biopsies. However, the diagnosis of thalassemia depends on hemoglobin electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography and DNA testing, all of which require significant expenditures of time and resources to confirm the diagnosis. It is therefore clinically important to have a simple index that can effectively differentiate between IDA and thalassemia.
Several discriminating indices proposed in previous publications were designed to differentiate between IDA and βT. These indices include the Mentzer Index (MI) [5], Green & King Index (G&K) [6], Red Cell Distribution Width Index (RDWI) [7], and England & Fraser Index (E&F) [8], as well as several others. Red blood cell (RBC) count, Hb, MCV and RDW are usually integrated in these mathematical formulas. For example, MI (MCV/RBC) can easily help to distinguish between IDA and thalassemia for children [5]. The ratio is usually less than 13 in thalassemia whereas iron deficiency yields values greater than 13. However, the sensitivities and specificities of these indices varied, and no single perfect index exists that is suitable for every person. Because these indices were developed in the contexts of different populations, generations and genders, they may be neither suitable nor easily applied to daily clinical use. Previous studies have primarily focused on distinguishing IDA from βT groups without regard to patients with αT. Therefore, few effective screening indices were introduced to identify αT patients, except Huber-Herklotz index (HH) [9]. HH values less than 20 are almost exclusively encountered in αT. On the other hand, IDA is strongly suggested with HH values more than 23. Batebi et al. [10] demonstrated that the results of these indices appeared to be more reliable for men than for women, a finding that is related to the higher prevalence of IDA among women than men. In this study, we focused on a population of young Taiwanese men with microcytic anemia to examine the sensitivity and specificity of each index. We also evaluated whether another cut-off value might be more suitable for this subpopulation to improve the efficacy of clinical differentiation between these diseases.
Materials and Methods
Patients and study design
We retrospectively reviewed the laboratory data of young male soldiers with microcytic anemia (MCV <80 and Hb <14 g/dL) at the Tri-Service General Hospital between 2009 and 2012. Patients with evidence of inflammatory disorders, malignancy, anemia consequent to chronic disease or a history of acute hemorrhage were excluded from this study. The laboratory data, including complete blood cell counts, serum ferritin levels, and hemoglobin electrophoresis results, were recorded. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood via standard methods to confirm diagnosis. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were employed to confirm the three subtypes of α-thalassemia minor (α-TM): southeast Asian deletion (—SEA), Thailand deletion (—THAI), and Philippine deletion (—FIL) [11]. We retrieved these results retrospectively via a chart review. Diagnosis of the β-thalassemia trait (β-TT) was based on the presence of hypochromia and microcytosis on the peripheral blood smear, normal ferritin levels and a HbA2 >3.5%, whereas low serum ferritin levels (<22 ng/ml) were considered to indicate a diagnosis of IDA. Additionally, ten discrimination indices were evaluated and compared. This study was conducted under the guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Human Subjects Protection Offices (IRB) at the Tri-Service General Hospital. Because all identifying patient information was removed prior to analysis in this study, informed consent was not obtained.
The ten discrimination indices that were examined were as follows:
Mentzer Index (MI) [5]: MCV/RBC
England & Fraser Index (E&F) [8]: MCV − RBC- (5 × Hb) − k [k = 6.4]
Shine and Lal formula (S&L) [12]: MCV2 × MCH/100
Ehsani formula (EF) [13]: MCV—10 × RBC
Srivastava formula (SF) [14]: MCH/RBC
Palestinian population (PP) [15]: MCV—RBC—3 × Hb
Green & King Index (G&K) [6]: MCV2 × RDW /(Hb × 100)
RDW Index (RDWI) [7]: MCV × RDW/RBC
(R) [7]: RDW/RBC
Huber-Herklotz Index (HH) [9]: (MCH × RDW × 0.1/RBC)+ RDW
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 19 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). One-way ANOVA was used to compare parameters among the patients diagnosed with IDA, α-TM or β-TT. The sensitivity and specificity of each index was calculated according to the previous cut-off value. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted to calculate the areas under the curve (AUC) to determine the proper cut-off values in our patient population. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, efficacy, and Youden’s index (YI) were calculated for each index and formula.
Results
A total of 877 draftees were enrolled, of whom 92 subjects were confirmed to have IDA, 332 to have α-TM and 453 to have β-TT based on their respective ferritin level, Hb electrophoresis, and genomic PCR testing results. The baseline characteristics and laboratory data are summarized in Table 1. Significant differences (p<0.0001) were observed among the three groups in all parameters except age (p = 0.061). The most common gene abnormality in the α-TM patients in our analysis was—SEA (95.7%), followed by—THAI (3.3%) and—FIL (0.9%). The accuracies of the individual mathematical formulas and indices are shown in Tables 2 and 3 according to previously published standard cut-off values. Table 2 shows that S&L was the most reliable for differentiating all thalassemias from IDA, with 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity. Additionally, formulas containing the RDW parameter, including G&K, RDWI, R and HH, yielded YI values greater than 0.7 as well as acceptable sensitivities and specificities. Nevertheless, reduced sensitivity (67%) was observed when using MI in our cohort, although this is considered to be a common and simple parameter for distinguishing thalassemia from IDA in clinical practice. The ten indices/formulas that were applied here can be properly used in α-TM patients (Table 3). There was no doubt that HH owned the best accuracy with YI of 0.84, followed by S&L (0.83) for differentiating α-TM from IDA. Compared with α-TM patients, the discernment of HH used in β-TT patients is relatively poorer with reduced sensitivity (77%), specificity (97%) and YI (0.75). However, S&L showed the opposite results with slightly better sensitivity (100%), specificity (86%) and YI (0.86). The applications of MI, EF, SF and PP appeared to provide less accuracy in α-TM patients (YI < 0.7). All ten discrimination indices were unable to consistently and correctly identify patients with either α-TM or β-TT (data not shown).
Table 1. Baseline characteristics, hematological parameters and results of different discrimination index among the three study groups.
| IDA | Alpha | Beta | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 92 | 332 | 453 | |
| Age | 21.6 ± 2.1 (18–29) | 22.3 ± 2.6 (18–32) | 22.2 ± 2.2 (18–32) | 0.061 |
| RBC | 5.37 ± 0.61 (3.25–6.74) | 5.94 ± 0.37 (4.57–7.02) | 6.14 ± 0.46 (3.88–7.31) | <0.0001 |
| Hb | 11.1 ± 1.7 (6.3–13.5) | 12.6 ± 0.7 (8.6–13.9) | 12.2 ± 0.8 (8.0–13.9) | <0.0001 |
| MCV | 69.0 ± 6.4 (51.0–79.4) | 67.4 ± 3.3 (51.2–76.9) | 62.4 ± 3.4 (50.3–77.2) | <0.0001 |
| MCH | 20.9 ± 3.0 (14.0–28.9) | 21.3 ± 1.3 (10.8–24.1) | 20.0 ± 1.1 (15.9–25.3) | <0.0001 |
| PLT | 301.6 ± 78.1 (157–580) | 236.4 ± 55.3 (93–545) | 237.6 ± 49.1 (86–407) | <0.0001 |
| RDW | 17.7 ± 2.1 (11–23.4) | 15.2 ± 1.6 (12.6–25.2) | 15.6 ± 1.1 (13.4–21.6) | <0.0001 |
| Ferritin | 5.4 ± 3.5 (0.5–21.6) | 168.8 ± 108.7 (22.8–987.8) | 221.5 ± 114.3 (24.6–836.2) | <0.0001 |
| HbA+F | 97.9 ± 0.3 (97.3–98.9) | 97.7 ± 0.3 (96.4–99.8) | 94.5 ± 0.4 (92.5–96.1) | <0.0001 |
| HbA2 | 2.1 ± 0.3 (1.1–2.7) | 2.3 ± 0.3 (0.2–3.0) | 5.5 ± 0.4 (3.9–7.5) | <0.0001 |
| MI | 13.1 ± 2.4 (7.57–24.03) | 11.4 ± 1.1 (7.50–14.68) | 11.0 ± 1.3 (7.34–18.14) | <0.0001 |
| E&F | 1.5 ± 7.1 (-15.26–21.41) | -8.0 ± 4.5 (-19.74–11.23) | -11.4 ± 5.4 (-24.44–17.72) | <0.0001 |
| S&L | 1025 ± 299 (385–1545) | 973 ± 140 (412–1356) | 783 ± 131 (402–1508) | <0.0001 |
| EF | 15.3 ± 10.3 (-16.4–45.6) | 8.1 ± 6.2 (-17.1–23.9) | 0.9 ± 7.2 (-18.9–33.7) | <0.0001 |
| SF | 4.0 ± 0.8 (2.2–7.2) | 3.6 ± 0.4 (1.8–4.7) | 3.3 ± 0.4 (2.3–5.9) | <0.0001 |
| PP | 30.2 ± 5.6 (14.3–43.3) | 23.6 ± 3.7 (11.8–34.8) | 19.5 ± 4.4 (8.5–40.7) | <0.0001 |
| G&K | 78.0 ± 15.6 (50.2–141.67) | 54.6 ± 6.8 (42.4–124.6) | 49.6 ± 7.9 (38.7–124.9) | <0.0001 |
| RDWI | 229.7 ± 41.4 (161.5–371.9) | 172.0 ± 19.6 (136.4–359.5) | 158.9 ± 23.9 (121.3–378.6) | <0.0001 |
| R | 3.3 ± 0.6 (2.5–5.9) | 2.6 ± 0.3 (2.1–5.5) | 2.6 ± 0.3 (2.1–5.6) | <0.0001 |
| HH | 24.5 ± 2.6 (23.9–25.1) | 20.6 ± 1.7 (20.4–20.8) | 20.8 ± 1.5 (20.6–20.9) | <0.0001 |
Abbreviations: Age, years; RBC: red blood cell count, 10^12/L; Hb: hemoglobin, g/dL; MCV, fL; MCH, pg; PLT: platelet count, 10^6/L; RDW, %; Ferritin, ng/mL; HbA+F, %; HbA2, %.
Table 2. The evaluation of different discrimination index in differentiation of thalassemia from IDA according to the previously published standard cut-off values.
| Cut-off | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | EFF (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity(%) | Youden’s index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | <13 | 94 | 54 | 74 | 67 | 90 | 0.58 |
| E&F | <0 | 96 | 66 | 81 | 74 | 94 | 0.68 |
| S&L | <1530 | 90 | 100 | 95 | 100 | 91 | 0.91 |
| EF | <15 | 94 | 44 | 69 | 63 | 89 | 0.52 |
| SF | <3.8 | 95 | 29 | 62 | 57 | 84 | 0.41 |
| PP | <27 | 97 | 46 | 71 | 64 | 93 | 0.57 |
| G&K | <72 | 95 | 80 | 87 | 83 | 94 | 0.77 |
| RDWI | <220 | 94 | 77 | 86 | 81 | 93 | 0.74 |
| R | <3.3 | 94 | 73 | 83 | 77 | 92 | 0.70 |
| HH | <21/>23 | 99 | 63 | 81 | 73 | 99 | 0.71 |
Abbreviations: PPV: positive predictive value, NPV: negative predictive value, EEF: efficiency
Table 3. The evaluation of different discrimination index in differentiation of α-thalassemia minor from IDA according to the previously published standard cut-off values.
| Cut-off | PPV (%) | NPV (%) | EFF (%) | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Youden’s index | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | <13 | 87 | 65 | 76 | 71 | 83 | 0.54 |
| E&F | <0 | 90 | 82 | 86 | 83 | 89 | 0.73 |
| S&L | <1530 | 79 | 100 | 89 | 100 | 83 | 0.83 |
| EF | <15 | 87 | 53 | 70 | 65 | 80 | 0.46 |
| SF | <3.8 | 86 | 37 | 62 | 58 | 73 | 0.31 |
| PP | <27 | 90 | 55 | 71 | 63 | 87 | 0.50 |
| G&K | <72 | 88 | 92 | 90 | 91 | 89 | 0.80 |
| RDWI | <220 | 88 | 89 | 88 | 89 | 88 | 0.77 |
| R | <3.3 | 86 | 84 | 95 | 84 | 86 | 0.70 |
| HH | <21/>23 | 98 | 84 | 91 | 86 | 98 | 0.84 |
Abbreviations: PPV: positive predictive value, NPV: negative predictive value, EEF: efficiency
The best cut-off values for our cohort were calculated according to the AUC results, and the corresponding sensitivities and specificities of each formula are summarized in Tables 4 and 5. Among the ten indices, the G&K formula appeared to be the best predictor for identifying all of the thalassemia groups (Table 4). In addition to an increase in sensitivity from 83.6% to 89.62%, the specificity also increased from 94% to 96.2% when the cut-off value of the G&K formula was adjusted to less than 58.66 (AUC = 0.9716; p<0.0001). The same result was observed with the RDWI formula. However, markedly decreased sensitivity and specificity were observed when the cut-off value of S&L was adjusted to less than 948.5. Seven of the ten formulas and indices (excluding S&L, G&K and RDWI) exhibited increased sensitivity but impaired specificity when we applied the new cut-off points in our analysis. The same results were observed in a subgroup analysis of α-TM patients (Table 5).
Table 4. The proposed cut-off values of different discrimination index in differentiation of thalassemia from IDA.
| Cut-off | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Likelihood ratio | 95% CI | AUC | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | <12.05 | 85.28 | 66.67 | 2.56 | 0.7585–0.8665 | 0.8125 | <0.0001 |
| E&F | <-6.475 | 77.72 | 88.89 | 6.99 | 0.8778–0.9477 | 0.9128 | <0.0001 |
| S&L | <948.5 | 70.04 | 61.11 | 1.80 | 0.5830–0.7400 | 0.6615 | <0.0001 |
| EF | <12.45 | 87.32 | 63.33 | 2.38 | 0.7552–0.8635 | 0.8093 | <0.0001 |
| SF | <3.935 | 89.63 | 53.33 | 1.92 | 0.6236–0.7720 | 0.6978 | <0.0001 |
| PP | <25.45 | 82.07 | 83.33 | 4.92 | 0.8567–0.9342 | 0.8955 | <0.0001 |
| G&K | <58.66 | 89.62 | 96.20 | 23.6 | 0.9551–0.9882 | 0.9716 | <0.0001 |
| RDWI | <177.1 | 81.37 | 94.94 | 16.07 | 0.9393–0.9783 | 0.9588 | <0.0001 |
| R | <2.805 | 90.38 | 87.34 | 7.14 | 0.9155–0.9634 | 0.9395 | <0.0001 |
| HH | <22 | 89.91 | 88.61 | 7.89 | 0.8665–0.9602 | 0.9234 | <0.0001 |
Table 5. The proposed cut-off values of different discrimination index in differentiation of α-thalassemia minor from IDA.
| Cut-off | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | Likelihood ratio | 95% CI | AUC | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MI | <12.75 | 88.18 | 55.56 | 1.98 | 0.6593–0.8024 | 0.7309 | <0.0001 |
| E&F | <-4.230 | 83.03 | 85.56 | 5.75 | 0.8393–0.9322 | 0.8857 | <0.0001 |
| S&L | <1082 | 83.03 | 48.89 | 1.62 | 0.4744–0.6506 | 0.5625 | <0.0001 |
| EF | <18.00 | 96.06 | 47.78 | 1.84 | 0.6509–0.7950 | 0.7229 | <0.0001 |
| SF | <4.080 | 91.82 | 45.56 | 1.69 | 0.5431–0.7120 | 0.6275 | 0.0002 |
| PP | <26.13 | 78.48 | 81.11 | 4.16 | 0.7920–0.8997 | 0.8459 | <0.0001 |
| G&K | <64.46 | 94.49 | 91.14 | 10.66 | 0.9388–0.9889 | 0.9639 | <0.0001 |
| RDWI | <191.9 | 89.34 | 91.14 | 10.08 | 0.9153–0.9742 | 0.9447 | <0.0001 |
| R | <2.845 | 90.81 | 84.81 | 5.98 | 0.9091–0.9635 | 0.9363 | <0.0001 |
| HH | <22 | 89.67 | 88.61 | 7.87 | 0.8872–0.9640 | 0.9256 | <0.0001 |
Discussion
Differentiation between the two different types of microcytic anemia related to thalassemia and IDA is clinically significant. Particularly in Southeast Asia, thalassemia is a public health issue that requires the use of an accurate discrimination index before performing hemoglobin electrophoresis and DNA analyses. A good predictive index could quickly screen for the disease and increase the cost effectiveness of treatments. Since 1973, several indices such as G&K, E&F, MI, RDWI, RBC count, and the RDW have been introduced in an attempt to inexpensively and simply distinguish between IDA and thalassemia as well as prevent any adverse effects from long-term iron therapy. However, none of these indices has been considered optimal as their sensitivities and specificities are less than 100%, a feature primarily due to differences in race, study population (mostly βT and IDA) and study region. As the prevalence of αT is higher in Southeast Asia, it is important to validate the accuracies of these indices for differentiating between α-TM and IDA. Our study aimed to determine which index or formula could best screen for thalassemia correctly and rapidly in young Taiwanese male patients with microcytic anemia as well as to prove that these indices could be used in α-TM patients. In our cohort, the S&L formula worked well and achieved 100% sensitivity and 91% specificity when using its original cut-off value of less than 1530, a result similar to that reported by Rathod et al. in an Indian population [16]. It must be noted that the S&L formula had the highest false positive rate (10%) relative to the other 9 indices. The most likely reason for this difference might be related to its higher original cut-off value. MI is another common and practical predictive index; however, we observed a lower sensitivity (67%) with this index in comparison to previous reports (82–95%) [13,15–17]. Significantly higher mean RDW values and red blood cell anisocytosis are known observations in iron-deficient patients, and these findings can increase the discrimination accuracy between thalassemia and IDA [18]. Table 6 summarizes different study results that focused on the RBC discriminating index in thalassemia patients (who were nearly all βT) and normal individuals of different ages and genders in various countries. This approach tended to favor RDW-containing regimens such as RDWI and G&K. However, MI and S&L were also suggested by other studies. It is concerning that the cut-off values differed according to ethnicity, gender, and age. We used ROC curves to evaluate each index and define more accurate cut-off values for our study and found that G&K and other RDW-containing indices worked well in our young Asian male population after adjusting the new cut-off values.
Table 6. summarizes different study results that focused on the RBC discrimination index in thalassemia patients and normal individuals of different ages and genders in various countries.
| Studies | Ethnic group | Case | Number | Youden Index | Favor index |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| αT | βT | ||||
| Janel et al. [24] | France | 49 | 0.83 | G&K | |
| 0.83 | RDWI | ||||
| Demir et al. [25] | Turkey | 37 | 0.8 | RDWI | |
| Shen et al. [26] | China | 127 (children) | 0.81 | RDWI | |
| Matos et al. [27] | Brazil | 47 | 0.75 | RDWI | |
| Ferrara et al. [28] | Italy | 215 (children) | 0.64 | E&F | |
| Nalbantoğlu et al. [29] | Turkey | 62 (children) | 0.58 | E&F | |
| Nesa et al. [30] | Bangladesh | 57 | N/A | RDWI | |
| Ntaios et al. [31] | Greece | 373 | 0.71 | G&K | |
| Beyan et al. [32] | Turkey | 66 | 0.74 | RBC | |
| Okan et al. [33] | Turkey | 100 | 0.91 | S&L | |
| Ehsani et al. [13] | Iran | 154 | 0.9 | MI | |
| Urrechaga [2] | Spain | 150 | 0.69 | MI | |
| Sirdah et al. [15] | Palestine | 1272 | 0.69 | G&K | |
| 0.68 | RDWI | ||||
| Batebi et al. [10] | N/A | 273 (male) | 0.88 | MI | |
| Mussarrat et al. [34] | IRAN | 223 | 0.72 | RDWI | |
| AlFadhli et al. [35] | Kuwait. | 50 | 47 | 0.98 | E&F |
| Our study | Taiwan | 332 | 453 (male) | 0.91 | S&L |
The reported prevalence rates of α-TM and β-TT in Taiwan were 3.4% [19] and 1.1% [20], respectively. Given the lack of effective screening tests, DNA analysis remains the current gold standard for the accurate diagnosis of αT. Pranpanus et al. [21] reported that the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) levels are a better parameter for screening α-TM and β-TT at a cut-off value of less than 26.5. However, Mehdi and Al Dahmash [22] published a conflicting result; specifically, when the same RBC indices were used, the MCV and RBC counts failed to distinguish between αT and βT carriers. In our study, we presented the largest cohort of α-TM patients and found that the RBC discriminating index could be properly applied to distinguish not only β-TT but also α-TM from IDA. Because HH specifically demonstrated the best accuracy to differentiate α-TM from IDA in our study, it is an important evidence to support the clinical application to screen α-TM. In addition, HH and S&L indices both contained MCH, which may be a clue to improve other RBC indices and to establish new formulas when facing the problem to distinguish between α-TM and IDA. However, none of the indices can easily distinguish between α-TM and β-TT. Further testing involving the RBC indices will be necessary to better identify patients with α-TM [23].
In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the S&L formula was the best index for distinguishing thalassemia from IDA in young Asian men with microcytic anemia. HH is more accurate and specific to identify α-TM from IDA. Using our adjusted cut-off values, we observed that the G&K index and RDWI exhibited improved sensitivity and specificity in IDA patients relative to either α-TM or β-TT patients. However, none of the known indices could differentiate between α-TM and β-TT, indicating the possible need for a new index as well as other tests to better distinguish these two thalassemia subtypes.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Hsin-Yi Liu of the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine at Tri-Service General Hospital for her assistance with data collection and summarization. The authors also would like to thank Dr. Anthony J. Janckila for his advice regarding the manuscript.
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding Statement
The authors have no support or funding to report.
References
- 1. Killip S, Bennett JM, Chambers MD (2007) Iron deficiency anemia. Am Fam Physician 75: 671–678. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2. Urrechaga E (2009) Red blood cell microcytosis and hypochromia in the differential diagnosis of iron deficiency and beta-thalassaemia trait. Int J Lab Hematol 31: 528–534. 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2008.01073.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. Martin A, Thompson AA (2013) Thalassemias. Pediatr Clin North Am 60: 1383–1391. 10.1016/j.pcl.2013.08.008 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4. Muncie HL Jr, Campbell J (2009) Alpha and beta thalassemia. Am Fam Physician 80: 339–344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Mentzer WC Jr (1973) Differentiation of iron deficiency from thalassaemia trait. Lancet 1: 882 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Green R, King R (1989) A new red cell discriminant incorporating volume dispersion for differentiating iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia minor. Blood Cells 15: 481–491; discussion 492–485. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Ricerca BM, Storti S, d'Onofrio G, Mancini S, Vittori M, et al. (1987) Differentiation of iron deficiency from thalassaemia trait: a new approach. Haematologica 72: 409–413. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8. Hamblin TJ (1973) Differentiation of iron deficiency from thalassemia trait by routine blood-count. Lancet 1: 676 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9. Huber AR, Ottiger C, Risch L, Regenass S, Hergersberg M, et al. (2004) Thalassämie-Syndrome: Klinik und Diagnose Syndromes thalassémiques: clinique et diagnostic. Schweiz Med Forum 4: 947–952. [Google Scholar]
- 10. Batebi A, Pourreza A, Esmailian R (2012) Discrimination of beta-thalassemia minor and iron deficiency anemia by screening test for red blood cell indices. Turk J Med Sci 42: 275–280. [Google Scholar]
- 11. Liu YT, Old JM, Miles K, Fisher CA, Weatherall DJ, et al. (2000) Rapid detection of alpha-thalassaemia deletions and alpha-globin gene triplication by multiplex polymerase chain reactions. Br J Haematol 108: 295–299. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12. Shine I, Lal S (1977) A strategy to detect beta-thalassaemia minor. Lancet 1: 692–694. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13. Ehsani MA, Shahgholi E, Rahiminejad MS, Seighali F, Rashidi A (2009) A new index for discrimination between iron deficiency anemia and beta-thalassemia minor: results in 284 patients. Pak J Biol Sci 12: 473–475. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14. Srivastava PC, Bevington JM (1973) Iron deficiency and-or thalassaemia trait. Lancet 1: 832 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15. Sirdah M, Tarazi I, Al Najjar E, Al Haddad R (2008) Evaluation of the diagnostic reliability of different RBC indices and formulas in the differentiation of the beta-thalassaemia minor from iron deficiency in Palestinian population. Int J Lab Hematol 30: 324–330. 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.00966.x [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16. Rathod DA, Kaur A, Patel V, Patel K, Kabrawala R, et al. (2007) Usefulness of cell counter-based parameters and formulas in detection of beta-thalassemia trait in areas of high prevalence. Am J Clin Pathol 128: 585–589. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17. Rahim F (2009) Microcytic hypochromic anemia patients with thalassemia: genotyping approach. Indian J Med Sci 63: 101–108. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18. Lima CS, Reis AR, Grotto HZ, Saad ST, Costa FF (1996) Comparison of red cell distribution width and a red cell discriminant function incorporating volume dispersion for distinguishing iron deficiency from beta thalassemia trait in patients with microcytosis. Sao Paulo Med J 114: 1265–1269. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19. Lin CK, Lee SH, Wang CC, Jiang ML, Hsu HC (1991) Alpha-thalassemic traits are common in the Taiwanese population: usefulness of a modified hemoglobin H preparation for prevalence studies. J Lab Clin Med 118: 599–603. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20. Chern JP, Lin KH, Su YN, Lu MY, Jou ST, et al. (2006) Impact of a national beta-thalassemia carrier screening program on the birth rate of thalassemia major. Pediatr Blood Cancer 46: 72–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21. Pranpanus S, Sirichotiyakul S, Srisupundit K, Tongsong T (2009) Sensitivity and specificity of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH): for screening alpha-thalassemia-1 trait and beta-thalassemia trait. J Med Assoc Thai 92: 739–743. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22. Mehdi SR, Al Dahmash BA (2011) A comparative study of hematological parameters of alpha and beta thalassemias in a high prevalence zone: Saudi Arabia. Indian J Hum Genet 17: 207–211. 10.4103/0971-6866.92106 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23. Gorakshakar AC, Colah RB (2011) Is RBC discrimination index suitable for differentiating between alpha- and beta- thalassemias? Indian J Hum Genet 17: 115–116. 10.4103/0971-6866.92079 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24. Janel A, Roszyk L, Rapatel C, Mareynat G, Berger MG, et al. (2011) Proposal of a score combining red blood cell indices for early differentiation of beta-thalassemia minor from iron deficiency anemia. Hematology 16: 123–127. 10.1179/102453311X12940641877849 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25. Demir A, Yarali N, Fisgin T, Duru F, Kara A (2002) Most reliable indices in differentiation between thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia. Pediatr Int 44: 612–616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26. Shen C, Jiang YM, Shi H, Liu JH, Zhou WJ, et al. (2010) Evaluation of indices in differentiation between iron deficiency anemia and beta-thalassemia trait for Chinese children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 32: e218–222. 10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181e5e26e [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27. Matos JF, Dusse LM, Stubbert RV, Ferreira MR, Coura-Vital W, et al. (2013) Comparison of discriminative indices for iron deficiency anemia and beta thalassemia trait in a Brazilian population. Hematology 18: 169–174. 10.1179/1607845412Y.0000000054 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28. Ferrara M, Capozzi L, Russo R, Bertocco F, Ferrara D (2010) Reliability of red blood cell indices and formulas to discriminate between β thalassemia trait and iron deficiency in children. Hematology 15: 112–115. 10.1179/102453310X12583347010098 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29. Nalbantoglu B, Guzel S, Buyukyalcin V, Donma MM, Guzel EC, et al. (2012) Indices used in differentiation of thalassemia trait from iron deficiency anemia in pediatric population: are they reliable? Pediatr Hematol Oncol 29: 472–478. 10.3109/08880018.2012.705230 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30. Nesa A, Munir SF, Sultana T, Rahman MQ, Ahmed AN (2011) Role of discrimination indices in differentiation of beta thalassaemia trait and iron deficiency anaemia. Mymensingh Med J 20: 110–114. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31. Ntaios G, Chatzinikolaou A, Saouli Z, Girtovitis F, Tsapanidou M, et al. (2007) Discrimination indices as screening tests for beta-thalassemic trait. Ann Hematol 86: 487–491. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32. Beyan C, Kaptan K, Ifran A (2007) Predictive value of discrimination indices in differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and beta-thalassemia trait. Eur J Haematol 78: 524–526. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33. Okan V, Cigiloglu A, Cifci S, Yilmaz M, Pehlivan M (2009) Red cell indices and functions differentiating patients with the β-thalassaemia trait from those with iron deficiency anaemia. J Int Med Res 37: 25–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34. Niazi M, Tahir M, Fe Raziq, Hameed A (2010) Usefulness of red cell indices in differntiatin microcytic hypochromic anemia. Gomal Journal of Medical Sciences 8: 125–129. [Google Scholar]
- 35. AlFadhli SM, Al-Awadhi AM, AlKhaldi D (2007) Validity assessment of nine discriminant functions used for the differentiation between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia minor. J Trop Pediatrics 53: 93–97. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the paper.