Abstract
Inherited quantitative aspects of the Rh blood-group system and susceptibility of Rh to the effects of independently segregating suppressor genes can be accounted for with a conjugated operon model. This assumes the existence of four operator or promotor (control) genes for these functions, while closely linked structural regions determine the qualitative characteristics of Rh antigens. Observed restriction of antigenic crossreactivity to the products of adjacent genetic regions and data from blood typing of nonhuman primates both suggest that Rh complexity arose from a series of gene duplications and independent mutations.
Keywords: conjugated operons, repressors, quantitative blood typing
Full text
PDF




Images in this article
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Allen F. H., Jr, Rosenfield R. E. Review of Rh serology. Eight new antigens in nine years. Haematologia (Budap) 1972;6(1):113–120. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beattie K. M., Neitzer G. M., Zanardi V., Zuelzer W. W. Gu, a variant of G. Transfusion. 1971 May-Jun;11(3):152–156. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1971.tb04394.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berkman E. M., Nusbacher J., Kochwa S., Rosenfield R. E. Quantitative blood typing profiles of human erythrocytes. Transfusion. 1971 Nov-Dec;11(6):317–332. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1971.tb04423.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CHOWN B., LEWIS M., KAITA H. A new Rh antigen and anntibody. Transfusion. 1962 May-Jun;2:150–154. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1962.tb00213.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ceppellini R., Dunn L. C., Turri M. AN INTERACTION BETWEEN ALLELES AT THE RH LOCUS IN MAN WHICH WEAKENS THE REACTIVITY OF THE RH(0) FACTOR (D). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1955 May 15;41(5):283–288. doi: 10.1073/pnas.41.5.283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chown B., Kaita H., Lowen B., Lewis M. Transient production of anti-LW by LW-positive people. Transfusion. 1971 Jul-Aug;11(4):220–222. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1971.tb04405.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chown B., Lewis M., Kaita H., Lowen B. A new cause of haemolytic anaemia? Lancet. 1971 Feb 20;1(7695):396–396. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)92228-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chown B., Lewis M., Kaita H., Lowen B. An unlinked modifier of Rh blood groups: effects when heterozygous and when homozygous. Am J Hum Genet. 1972 Nov;24(6 Pt 1):623–637. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gibbs M. B., Rosenfield R. E. Immunochemical studies of the Rh system. IV. Hemagglutination assay of antigenic expression regulated by interaction between paired Rh genes. Transfusion. 1966 Sep-Oct;6(5):462–474. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1966.tb04760.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giblett E. R., Klebanoff S. J., Pincus S. H. Kell phenotypes in chronic granulomatous disease: a potential trnsfusion hazard. Lancet. 1971 Jun 12;1(7711):1235–1236. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91738-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giles C. M., Crossland J. D., Haggas W. K., Longster G. An Rh gene complex which results in a "new" antigen detectable by a specific antibody, Anti-Rh 33. Vox Sang. 1971 Oct;21(4):289–301. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1971.tb04784.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green F. A. Erythrocyte membrane lipids and Rh antigen activity. J Biol Chem. 1972 Feb 10;247(3):881–887. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Green F. A. Erythrocyte membrane sulfhydryl groups and Rh antigen activity. Immunochemistry. 1967 Jul;4(4):247–257. doi: 10.1016/0019-2791(67)90186-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hughes-Jones N. C., Gardner B., Lincoln P. J. Observations of the number of available c,D, and E antigen sites on red cells. Vox Sang. 1971 Sep;21(3):210–216. doi: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.1971.tb00578.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ishimori T., Hasekura H. A Japanese with no detectable Rh blood group antigens due to silent Rh alleles or deleted chromosomes. Transfusion. 1967 Mar-Apr;7(2):84–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1967.tb04845.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- KAUFMAN B., MASOUREDIS S. P. EFFECT OF FORMALIN AND PERIODIC ACID ON RED CELL RHO (D) AND ENZYME-EXPOSED RHO (D) ANTIGEN. J Immunol. 1963 Aug;91:233–242. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- KOCHWA S., ROSENFIELD R. E. IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE RH SYSTEM. I. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIBODIES. J Immunol. 1964 May;92:682–692. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LEVINE P., CELANO M. J., VOS G. H., MORRISON J. The first human blood, ---/---, which lacks the 'D-like' antigen. Nature. 1962 Apr 21;194:304–305. doi: 10.1038/194304a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LEVINE P., ROSENFIELD R. E., WHITE J. The first example of the Rh phenotype rGrG. Am J Hum Genet. 1961 Sep;13:299–305. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lewis M., Chown B., Kaita H., Hahn D., Kangelos M., Shepeard W. L., Shackelton K. Blood group antigen Goa and the Rh system. Transfusion. 1967 Nov-Dec;7(6):440–441. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1967.tb04881.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lloyd K. O., Kabat E. A. Immunochemical studies on blood groups. XLI. Proposed structures for the carbohydrate portions of blood group A, B, H, Lewis-a, and Lewis-b substances. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1968 Dec;61(4):1470–1477. doi: 10.1073/pnas.61.4.1470. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MASOUREDIS S. P. Reaction of I-131 trace labeled human anti-Rho(D) with red cells. J Clin Invest. 1959 Feb;38(2):279–290. doi: 10.1172/JCI103800. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MASOUREDIS S. P. Relationship between RhO(D) genotype and quantity of 1131 anti-RhO(D) bound to red cells. J Clin Invest. 1960 Sep;39:1450–1462. doi: 10.1172/JCI104164. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nicolson G. L., Masouredis S. P., Singer S. J. Quantitative two-dimensional ultrastructural distribution of Rh o (D) antigenic sites on human erythrocyte membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1971 Jul;68(7):1416–1420. doi: 10.1073/pnas.68.7.1416. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pinto da Silva P., Douglas S. D., Branton D. Localization of A antigen sites on human erythrocyte ghosts. Nature. 1971 Jul 16;232(5307):194–196. doi: 10.1038/232194a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ROSENFIELD R. E., ALLEN F. H., Jr, SWISHER S. N., KOCHWA S. A review of Rh serology and presentation of a new terminology. Transfusion. 1962 Sep-Oct;2:287–312. doi: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.1962.tb00244.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ROSENFIELD R. E., HABER G. V., SCHROEDER R., BALLARD R. Problems in Rh typing as revealed by a single Negro family. Am J Hum Genet. 1960 Jun;12:147–159. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- ROSENFIELD R. E., HABER G., GIBBEL N. A new Rh variant. Bibl Haematol. 1958;7:90–95. doi: 10.1159/000427063. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruddle F., Ricciuti F., McMorris F. A., Darlington G., Chen T. Somatic cell genetic assignment of peptidase C and the Rh linkage group to chromosome A-1 in man. Science. 1972 Jun 30;176(4042):1429–1431. doi: 10.1126/science.176.4042.1429. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SHAPIRO M. SEROLOGY AND GENETICS OF A 'NEW' BLOOD FACTOR: HRH. J Forensic Med. 1964 Apr-Jun;11:52–66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SMITHIES O. CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTS AND PROTEIN STRUCTURE. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1964;29:309–319. doi: 10.1101/sqb.1964.029.01.033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schachter H., Michaels M. A. A quantitative difference in the activity of blood group A-specific N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase in serum from A 1 and A 2 human subjects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1971 Nov;45(4):1011–1018. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90438-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shapiro M., Le Roux M., Brink S. Serology and genetics of a new blood factor: hr B . Haematologia (Budap) 1972;6(1):121–128. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Singer S. J., Nicolson G. L. The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science. 1972 Feb 18;175(4023):720–731. doi: 10.1126/science.175.4023.720. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steinberg A. G. Evidence for a mutation or crossing-over at the Rh locus. Vox Sang. 1965 Nov-Dec;10(6):721–724. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sturgeon P. Hematological observations on the anemia associated with blood type Rhnull. Blood. 1970 Sep;36(3):310–320. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Thorpe N. O., Deutsch H. F. Studies on papain produced subunits of human gamma-G-globulins. II. Structures of peptides related to the genetic Gm activity of gamma-G-globulin Fc-fragments. Immunochemistry. 1966 Jul;3(4):329–337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tillack T. W., Scott R. E., Marchesi V. T. The structure of erythrocyte membranes studied by freeze-etching. II. Localization of receptors for phytohemagglutinin and influenza virus to the intramembranous particles. J Exp Med. 1972 Jun 1;135(6):1209–1227. doi: 10.1084/jem.135.6.1209. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- WIENER A. S., MOOR-JANKOWSKI J., GORDON E. B. BLOOD GROUPS OF APES AND MONKEYS. IV. THE RH-HR BLOOD TYPES OF ANTHROPOID APES. Am J Hum Genet. 1964 Jun;16:246–253. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wolff I., Springer G. F. Observations on Rh active substances. Bibl Haematol. 1965;23:510–514. doi: 10.1159/000384300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

