Prospective Analysis of a New Bone Graft in Lumbar Interbody Fusion: Results of a 2- Year Prospective Clinical and Radiological Study

Abstract

Background

This study examined the efficacy and safety of bone graft material ABM/P-15 (iFACTOR) for use in posterior lumbar interbody fusion. ABM/P-15 has been used safely for more than a decade in dental applications.

Methods

Forty patients underwent PLIF surgery, with each patient as control. Assessments up to 24 months included radiographs, CT scan, VAS, and ODI. Primary success criteria were fusion and safety.

Results

Intra-cage bridging bone occurred earlier with ABM/P-15 than autograft (97.73% vs. 59.09% at 6 months). On average pain decreased 29 points and function improved 43 points. Radio dense material outside the disk space occurred more frequently with ABM/P-15 than autograft, without clinical consequence.

Conclusions

This study suggests that ABM/P-15 has equal or greater efficacy at 6 and 12 months. Pain improvements exceeded success criteria at all time points. Functional improvement exceeded success criteria at all time points.

Clinical Relevance

This study explores the safety and efficacy of an osteobiologic peptide enhanced bone graft material as a viable alternative to autograft and its attendant risks.

Introduction

Low back pain is common, with a lifetime incidence of 85%.¹ When degenerative disease is the cause and unresponsive to conservative therapies, posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is an effective surgical technique to address chronic pain.² While autologous bone remains the gold standard for bone graft material in PLIF, associated risks of graft site morbidity ranging up to 25.3%, including chronic pain and other complications, have been well documented. ^3–5

There are a variety of bone graft substitutes available.^{6 , 7} One promising alternative, rhBMP-2, has recently come under increased scrutiny.^8–12 Clinicians and researchers continue to explore bone graft alternatives that are safe, economical, and comparably effective to autologous bone. This study seeks to add to the dialogue by evaluating the clinical results, safety, and efficacy of a novel osteobiologic peptide enhanced bone graft material (i-FACTOR, Cerapedics Inc., Westminster, Colorado USA) for use in PLIF.

ABM/P-15 combines anorganic bone mineral (ABM, a natural defect hydroxyapatite) and P-15, a synthetic 15 amino acid polypeptide which acts as an attachment factor for osteogenic cells^13–17 and which stimulates new bone formation.^{14 , 15} ABM/P-15 was originally developed and approved by the FDA for use in dental applications, with demonstrated clinical superiority to both demineralized bone matrix and allograft^{18 , 19} and a solid safety profile and; it has been in human clinical use in periodontal osseous defects for more than a decade.

This study is the first prospective, controlled, long-term trial performed to date on ABM/ P-15 for use in PLIF. The study hypothesized non-inferiority of ABM/P-15 efficacy and safety compared to autograft for use in PLIF.

Materials and Methods

Study Design

Between June 2009 and February 2010, forty patients with varying indications unresponsive to conservative care underwent PLIF surgery with pedicle screw instrumentation performed by an experienced investigator at a single center (Regionaal Ziekenhuis Sint-Trudo, Sint-Truiden, Belgium). The study received ethics committee approval of the Hospital and the University of Antwerp. Patients were screened for eligibility, provided informed consent, and randomized according to birthdate (odd, left; even, right). With the patient as control, each patient received two paired coLigne ostaPek cages (coLigne, Zurich, Switzerland). Local autograft bone was placed inside one cage and ABM/P-15Bone Graft in the other cage for each vertebral level treated.

Inclusion criteria were the presence of disc pathology, spinal stenosis, maximum grade 1 isthmic or degenerative spondylolisthesis, and revision of non-union, adjacent level degeneration, or post-discectomy revision between L2 and S1. Patients had to be between 18 to 70 years of age, and psychosocially, mentally, and physically able to comply with the protocol, including follow-up schedules and requirements.

Exclusion criteria were sensitivity to components of the P-15 bone putty, active infection at the operative site, operative site subject to excessive impact or stress, significant vascular impairment proximal to the graft site, use of graft in direct contact with articular spaces, presence of segmental defects, metabolic or systemic bone disorders that affect bone or wound healing, pregnancy/nursing, compromised renal function, compromised immunological system, inability to follow postoperative protocol, history of substance abuse, prisoner, or currently participating in another research project.

VAS scale for back pain and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index were conducted preoperatively, post-treatment, and at the 3, 6, 12, and 24 month intervals. Radiographs (3, 6, 12 and 24 months) and CT (6, 12 and 24 month) were used to assess fusion. Two independent, blinded radiologists interpreted all radiographs and CTs. Fusion was evaluated for material within the control (autograft) and study (ABM/P-15) cages. Fusion was defined as an absence of radiolucent lines adjacent to interbody implant and evidence of bridging trabecular bone within the cages. Complications and adverse events were recorded.

Patients

A total of 40 patients underwent PLIF surgery as part of a lumbar fusion with pedicle screw instrumentation (1 to 4 levels). Patient age ranged from 28 to 69 years, with the mean age of 52; 25 were women, 15 were men (Table 1).

Table 1.

Patient demographics.

Patient Demographics
No. of Patients (levels)	40 (45)
Mean (range) age in years	52 (28-69)
Sex (M/F)	15/25
BMI
Underweight (<18.5)	n = 0
Normal Range (18.5-25)	n = 16
Overweight (25-30)	n = 16
Obese (>30)	n = 8
Tobacco Use (%)	11 (27.5 %)
Diabetes (%)	5 (12.5%)
Mean (range) follow up period	24 months
Mean (range) Length of Stay	5.9 days (5-8)
Mean (range) Intra-operative blood loss	173cc (100-300)
Mean (range) Operation Time	158mins (105-300)

Surgical Interventions

Patients were anesthetized, placed in a prone position on a Jackson spinal frame, with extension of the lumbar spine and legs to preserve lumbar lordosis, prepped, and draped. An open posterior interbody lumbar fusion procedure and a partial laminectomy with facetectomies were performed in each patient. The lateral borders of the disc were exposed along with the traversing and exiting nerve roots. Bilateral annulotomies were made, and a complete discectomy was performed through the annular windows. The anterior and lateral walls of the annulus were preserved. Cartilaginous end plates were resected using curettes, and the bony end plates were preserved. Deformities of sagittal and frontal planes were reduced through disc space height restoration and annular tensioning using dilators.

The coLigne ostaPek cages were filled with either ABM/P-15 or morcellized local autograft (Figure 1) from the decompression prior to sequential insertion in the disc space and away from any soft tissue or neural element. Position was assessed intraoperatively with plain radiographs or fluoroscopy. The interbody space surrounding the interbody spacers was packed with remaining local autograft. The fusion was supported with pedicle screw instrumentation.

Figure 1.

PLIF Cages/Study Model.

Assessments

Preoperative baseline data included medical history, physical and neurological examinations, standing A/P and lateral neutral radiograph, and patient-reported outcomes, including Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).

Recorded perioperatively were the amount of ABM/P-15 bone graft administered, surgical procedure levels, blood loss (ml), and operative time.

Postoperative data included standing A/P and lateral radiographs (at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months), CT scan (at post-operative pre-discharge, 6, 12, and 24 months, if 12-month CT was inconclusive), neurological evaluation, and patient-reported outcomes including a 100-point VAS for right leg, left leg, and low back pain, and ODI (at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months).

Primary success criteria were fusion and safety (neurological status, operative and postoperative complications, and additional surgery). Fusion success at primary endpoints of 6 months, 12 months and 24 months was determined by radiographic evidence of bridging trabecular bone (within the cages), and absence of radiolucency adjacent to the interbody implants. Fusion was assessed by two independent radiologists according to zone: bridging trabecular bone inside cages, zones 1-3; 4-6 (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Intra-cage zones for assessing fusion.

An independent statistician analyzed results. Safety was determined by the proportion of patients with primary endpoints at 6, 12 and 24 months who were free from bone-graft or device-related adverse events, without neurologic impairment, and without additional surgery at the operated level(s).

Secondary success criteria were improvement in back pain, right leg/left leg pain, function, and amount and ease of use of ABM/P-15. Criteria for pain success was a ≥20 absolute point decrease on the VAS and for function success, a ≥10 absolute point decrease on the ODI.^{20 , 21}

Statistical Methods

Statistical analysis was performed by an independent statistician using SAS 9.2 for Windows. Descriptive analyses were performed. Statistical significance was determined using the chi-square and McNemar chi-square test. Each area was analyzed separately (7 comparisons) and 2 composite variables (any bridging bone within the 3 intra-cage areas and any bridging bone at four out-of-the cage areas).

Though not the focus of this study, in the areas outside the cage there was a difference noted in regard to bridging trabecular bone in the posterior spaces (ABM/P-15 superior to autologous bone) but not in the lateral, medial or anterior spaces. This may have to do with the dispersion of the material during the implantation of the cages.

Results

A total of 40 patients underwent PLIF surgery as part of a lumbar fusion with pedicle screw fixation. One-level procedures were performed in 24 patients, two-level in 14, and three- and four-level in one patient each, with each vertebral level receiving one cage with local autograft and one cage with ABM/P-15. A total of 45 levels were treated; the most commonly treated levels were L4-L5 – 25 patients (56%), followed by L5-S1 – 17 (38%), and L3-L4 – 3 (7%) (Table 2).

Table 2.

Levels treated.

No. of levels	No of Patients (%)	Level	Number(%)
One	24 (60%)	L2/3	0 (0%)
Two	14 (35%)	L3/4	3 (7%)
Three	1 (2.5%)	L4/5	25 (56%)
Four	1 (2.5%)	L5/S1	17 (38%)
Total	40 (100%)	Total	45 (100%)

All 40 patients completed 24-month follow up. Twenty-seven patients (65%) representing 32 levels (71% levels) elected to not have a CT taken at the 24-month visit but did have radiographs. There was one protocol deviation at 6 months: one CT scan was not taken at that point.

The presence of intra-cage bridging bone occurred at 6 months in 59.09% of autograft patients and 97.73% of ABM/P-15 patients; at 12 months in 82.22% of autograft patients and 97.78% of ABM/P-15 patients; and at 24 months in 93.33% of autograft patients and 95.56% of ABM/P-15 patients (Table 3). At 24 months, one patient had no bridging bone in the ABM/P-15 cage but had bridging bone all around the cage.

Table 3.

Presence of bridging bone intra-cage (N = 45 levels).

	6 months*			12 months			24 months
	Auto	P-15	P-value**	Auto	P-15	P-value**	Auto	P-15	P-value**
Anterior	34.09 %	70.45%	< .01	57.78%	88.89%	< .01	71.11%	88.89%	n.s.
Mid	43.18 %	86.36%	< .01	73.33%	95.56%	< .01	80.00%	93.33%	n.s.
Posterior	45.45%	68.18%	n.s.	73.33%	82.22%	n.s.	84.44%	86.67%	n.s.
Any	59.09%	97.73%	< .01	82.22%	97.78%	< .01	93.33%	95.56%	n.s.
Any sign rank test	1.23±1.20	2.25±.78	< .01	2.04±1.14	2.67±.60	< .01

^*N= 44 (1 case missing CT)

^**McNemar test

ABM/P-15 is statistically significantly superior to autologous bone in facilitating formation of bridging bone inside the hollow spaces in cage at 6 months with a P-value < .01 and at 12 months with a P-value < .01 (Table 3). This data suggests that ABM/P-15 is associated with faster formation of bridging bone when compared to autologous bone in patients undergoing PLIF.

Upon radiologic examination, radio dense material was observed outside the disc space posterior to the PLIF cages. ABM/P-15 was observed more frequently than autograft, and both formed bone outside the disc space. Given the concern of bone formation outside the disc space in PLIF, an extensive radiological review and analysis was carried out in an attempt to quantify the frequency and severity of occurrence. A subsequent analysis was also carried out to correlate material outside the disc space to patient outcomes, and if there were any discernible clinical effect on patient outcomes with either ABM/P-15 or autologous bone at all intervals. There was one revision for pseudoarthrosis at 24 months.

Pain improvements, as measured by VAS, exceeded success criteria at all time points. The greatest average decrease in back pain was 43 points (65.1%) at 3 months; in left leg pain, a 27-point decrease (55.1%) at 24-months; and in right leg pain, a 22-point decrease (57.8%) at 24 months. VAS leg increased in three of the forty patients post-operatively versus pre-operatively (Table 4, Figure 3).

Table 4.

Patient outcomes.

N = 40 patients	Preoperative	3 months	6 months	12 months	24 months	% gain 2Yr
VAS back pain	66	23	42	25	37	29 %
VAS left leg	49	25	25	23	22	27 %
VAS right leg	38	19	16	18	16	22 %
ODI	46	30	18	30	26	20 %

Figure 3.

Patient Outcomes.

Functional improvement, as measured by ODI, exceeded success criteria at all time points, with the greatest improvement in function at 6 months (a 30-point decrease in disability on the 100-percentage-point scale, representing a 60.8% improvement from baseline), followed by two years (20 point decrease, representing a 43.4% improvement).

There were no wound problems, no infection, no hematoma, as well as no significant radicular pain problem.

Discussion

This study represents the first prospective, controlled, long-term study of ABM/P-15and autologous bone for use in PLIF, with 24-month follow-up of participants. The study hypothesized non-inferiority of ABM/P-15 efficacy and safety compared to autograft for use in PLIF. Study results demonstrated ABM/P-15 to be statistically superior to autologous bone in facilitating formation of bridging bone inside the hollow spaces in cages at 6 months (97.73% vs. 59.09%) and at 12 months (97.78% vs. 82.22%). At 24 months, ABM/P-15 demonstrated slightly more bone formation than autograft, but not a statistically significant difference (95.5% vs. 93.33%).

Due to the relatively unknown outcomes of ABM/P-15 for use in PLIF, it was deemed conservative to use both autograft and ABM/P-15 in each patient at each vertebral level rather than having a separate investigational group at this juncture. This precludes a comparative analysis of and conclusions regarding pain and function—because there is no definitive evidence that pain and function in each leg correlates precisely to left/right vertebral treatment. While clinical improvement was registered, efficacy and safety were the primary end points of the study. It was unexpected to be able to demonstrate clinical difference in such a patient group; therefore, randomization was not integrated into the study design. The study does offer side-by-side comparison of fusion rates, with each patient serving as his or her own control.

Degree and Timing of Fusion

The results of this study suggest that use of ABM/P-15 Bone graft in PLIF yields a higher degree of and earlier fusion than autologous bone. ABM/P-15 fusion rates vs. autograft were 97.73% vs. 59.09% at 6 months, 97.78% vs. 82.22% at 12 months, and 95.56% vs. and 93.33% at 24 months, with statistical differences at both 6 and 12 months (Table 3).

Bone Formation Outside the Disc Space

This study corroborates findings of several other studies that migration of treatment material outside the cage and disc space is a common occurrence.^22–26 Haid et al. concluded that extra bone formation occurs regardless of bone graft source, and that bone formation after PLIF procedures with stand-alone cages appears to be primarily a radiographic finding only.²⁶

In the current study, there was a higher degree of radiographic evidence of ABM/P-15 outside the cages (48%) than with autograft (14%). To report our findings, a methodology was established to identify location and severity of material outside the cages. A three-dimensional grid was established to report the location of material outside the cages and is represented using an axial view from the lumbar spine (Figure 4).

Figure 4.

Radiology analysis/methodology; 40 patients, 45 levels.

Using three-dimensional views from CT scans across all time intervals for all patients, the independent radiologist then reported the location of material outside the cages for both ABM/P-15 and autograft for all affected levels and for all zones within the grid. For the purpose of reporting the volume and severity of material outside the cages, using radiology viewing software the radiologist drew a region of interest around all 8 zones within the grid. All pixels that are accepted as being less than bone density (Hounsfield units of 500-0) were turned off leaving only the remaining dense pixels which were considered bone. The software program was then used to create a histogram showing how many of the remaining pixels were 0 and how many were over 500. Additionally, the three dimensional volume of the material outside the cages was calculated using the pixel area multiplied by the slice thickness. The radiologist then classified the material outside the cage as minimal (under 50 pixels; less than 0.0129 cc's of material; barely visible density and most likely would not be called out in a radiology report), mild (50-250 pixels; 0.0129 cc's to 0.0644 cc's of material; visible but not excessive and may be mentioned on a radiology report), and moderate (over 250 pixels; greater than 0.0644 cc's of material; immediately visible and cause for concern and clearly abnormal). The percentage of moderate cases at 24-months was low: 4% with ABM/P-15 and 0% with autograft (Figure 5). All findings were radiographic only and without clinical consequence. The severity of occurrence and size of bone formation decreased over time for both ABM/P-15 and autograft.

Figure 5.

Occurrence by zone.

Compared to other studies, the current study's occurrence of bone posterior to interbody cages was generally comparable for autograft (13% in Haid 26 and 8% in Joseph and Rampersaud 22, vs. 14% in the current study) and substantially less compared to an alternative bone graft material (75% with rhBMP2 in Haid 26 vs. 48% with ABM/P-15 in the current study) (Table 5).

Table 5.

Reported occurrence of bone posterior to interbody cages.

Joseph & Rampersaud22		Haid, et al26		Lauweryns & Raskin
rhBMP-2	Autograft	rhBMP-2	Autograft	ABM/P-15	Autograft
n = 23	n = 10	n = 32	n = 31	n = 45	n = 45
21%	8%	75%	13%	48%	14%
			Minimal	23%	8%
			Mild	22%	6%
			Moderate	3%	0%

Pain and Function

Pain reduction and function improvement exceeded the threshold for success at all-time points. Back and leg pain VAS declined a combined average of 29 points from preoperative to the 24-month follow-up (Table 4, Figure 3), exceeding the criterion of >20 points reduction defining clinical improvement. Function, as measured by ODI, improved an average of 20 points overall, exceeding the study's criteria of functional success being defined as >10 points improvement (Table 4, Figure 3). The study's design—with all patients receiving both interventional and control material—prevents comparison of pain and function of ABM/P-15 with autograft. It might be reasonably deduced, however, that ABM/P-15 does not have a negative impact on rate of improvement for both pain and function.

Efficacy and Safety of rhBMP-2 vs. Autograft

There are many bone graft alternatives on the market.^{6 , 27, 28} One with reported outcomes similar to autologous bone is rhBMP-2.²⁹ However, some studies suggest complications with its use. A 2008 study³⁰ found an association between ectopic bone in the lumbar canal following PLIF/TLIF (transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion) with rhBMP-2 and neurologic impairment in rare cases, challenging a previous publication's ultimate findings of no clinical significance.²⁶ Chen et al., (2010) also found symptomatic ectopic bone formation for rhBMP-2 use in TLIF.³¹

Results of a recent, large-scale data analysis entitled Yale University Open Data Access and conducted by the University of York (UK) have rekindled the discussion of rhBMP-2's efficacy and safety. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on full individual participant data with unrestricted independent re-analysis of studies comparing rhBMP-2 to iliac crest bone graft. It examined the potential benefits and harms of rhBMP-2 and assessed the reliability of the heretofore published evidence. The review found no significant evidence that rhBMP-2 is more effective than autograft in inducing spinal fusion. It also found that rhBMP-2 is associated with increased early post-operative pain and an unsubstantiated potential small, short-term increased risk of cancer. The incidence of complications in spinal surgery in general was found to be similar between autograft and rhBMP-2, but rhBMP-2 appeared to increase the rate of complications in anterior cervical surgery and increased the rate of ectopic bone formation in PLIF (which was thought to be associated with neurologic complications). The review also found some evidence of reporting bias—a substantial proportion of outcomes collected in trials were not reported. Adverse effects were found to be incompletely and inadequately described, with 23% of all adverse events that were collected in randomized, controlled studies actually reported in publications.^8–11

Efficacy and Safety of ABM/P-15 vs. Autograft

The results of this study confirm the overall efficacy and safety of both materials in PLIF. For both materials, none of the device-related adverse events were serious. Migration of material is an expected technical event that occurs during PLIF and rarely causes clinical symptoms.^{22, 26}

Findings suggest that ABM/P-15 has equal or greater efficacy than autologous bone in PLIF at 6 and 12 months with statistical significance and equivalence at 24 months. This study provides independent radiographic evidence as well as self-reported outcomes from patients. Patients in the study experienced a statistically higher degree of fusion earlier (at 6 and 12 months) with ABM/P-15 than with autograft. Pain and function improvements met or exceeded success criteria at all time points.

Study strengths include that it is a long-term, prospective, controlled study. Both graft materials were subjected to the exact same conditions and comorbidities, reducing extraneous factors influencing fusion outcomes. Of the 13 participants (32.5%) with no CT imaging performed/available at 24-month time point, 100% were fused according to CT, having achieved intra-cage bridging bone at the 12-month time; all 13 had 24-month radiographs. The study also provided side-by-side comparison of the fusion rate for ABM/P-15 and autologous bone, with each patient serving as a control.

Study limitations include the small sample size and lack of a separate control group, which does not offer as “clean” a comparison as two separate patient groups. We cannot rule out the potential for “biological crosstalk,” with either autograft or ABM/P-15 migrating and benefitting the other. To reduce the risk of any occurrence influencing interpretation of outcomes, we had an independent radiologist report fusion only inside each of the cages.

Additional studies—with separate interventional and control groups and larger sample sizes—are needed to further investigate and clearly delineate differences between the efficacy and safety of ABM/P-15 and autograft.

Key Points

• ABM/P-15 is statistically significantly superior to autologous bone in facilitating formation of bridging bone inside the hollow spaces in cages at 6 months and at 12 months.

• ABM/P-15 is associated with faster formation of bridging bone when compared to autologous bone in patients undergoing PLIF. ABM/P-15 showed a higher incidence of graft migration than autograft.

• Migration and heterotopic ossification did not cause any clinical symptoms for either ABM/P-15 or autograft.

• There are alternatives to iliac crest bone graft, including ABM/P-15, that are equally or more effective in the formation of bridging bone.

Disclosures

This study was supported via a grant from Cerapedics, Inc., Westminster, Colorado USA.