Abstract
Background:
Over one million new cases of breast cancer (BC) are diagnosed each year with a mortality rate of more than 600 thousand women per year. Breast self-examination (BSE) is a patient-centered, inexpensive, and noninvasive diagnostic test. We focused on the role of screening in BC in early diagnosis.
Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate awareness and attitude of women toward BSE in Dezful City, Iran, in 2013.
Patients and Methods:
This descriptive cross-sectional study included 1020 women over 15 years of age in Dezful City, in 2013. Simple random clustering was used to enroll accessible women. We have applied the available pieces of software for statistical analysis.
Results:
The mean age of recruited women was 37.1 ± 1.3 and 23.6% of participants had a history of BC in themselves or in their relatives (mother, sister, aunt, and grandmother). In addition, 70.1% of participants benefited from early diagnosis of BC, 83.3% of participants considered BSE necessary and useful for early diagnosis of BC, and 51% of them performed BSE. There was a statistically significant correlation between being married and doing BSE (P = 0.034) and between women‘s level of education and awareness to perform BSE (P = 0.009).
Conclusions:
With regard to high prevalence of BC in Iran, this study showed a positive attitude of women in Dezful City toward BSE. Health policymakers in Dezful City can establish training programs to increase women’s awareness of BSE and to instruct them to perform it properly.
Keywords: Breast Cancer, Self-Examination, Awareness, Attitude
1. Background
Cancer is the main health problem of many countries throughout the world. Epidemiologic researches in the United States reveal that one out of four deaths is due to cancer (1, 2). Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer among women worldwide, which accounts for approximately one-fifth of all deaths in women aged 40 to 50 years (2, 3). The most common and fatal cancer in women is BC while the most common cancer in men is lung cancer (1). Over one million new cases of BC are diagnosed each year and more than 600000 of them would lead to death. BC comprises 22% of all cancers (4). It is a worldwide-growing public health problem, specially in developing countries so that its incidence has increased to 5% per year (5). The proportion of death because of BC in developing countries is higher than developed countries. Although just half of the cases of BC occur in developing countries, two-thirds of deaths due to BC occur in these countries (6). Regardless of their age, all of the women are at risk for BC; however, aging increases its risk. BC prevalence in the world is increasing and it has had a concerning incremental trend in Iran (7), where its incidence was estimated at 20 per 105 women, and one of every ten women would develop BC during her life (8, 9). Since all cases of BC are not registered in Iran, we cannot comment on its prevalence, incidence, and fatality. nonetheless, BC rate in Iran is estimated at 20 new cases in 100000 female (10). Moreover, although BC is not preventable, we can increase patient’s survival by more than 90% through early diagnosis (11). There are different ways for early diagnosis of BC including breast self-examination (BSE), physical exam by a physician, and mammography; however, unfortunately, it is not diagnosed in early stages of the disease in many patients when they are mostly curable. In developed countries, most of women use screening tests and it has caused a reduction in BC mortality rates. nevertheless, the condition is not the same in developing countries (12). In many countries, mammography is the best screening test for diagnosis of BC at early stages (13). In Iran, with regard to growing rate of BC and referring of patients in advanced stages of the disease, it is necessary to improve patient’s attitude towards BC by performing behavior remodeling programs (14) among which BSE is available and inexpensive and women show tendency to perform it (15). By means of monthly correct BSE, women become familiar with their breast’s characteristics and can distinguish abnormal changes in future and in case of any unnatural changes, it would be diagnosed at early stages. If all of the women examine their breasts monthly and refer to the physician for further physical exam and mammography on time, It would be possible to prevent BC’s progression to high stages of the disease in 95% of cases (16). The sooner the cancer is diagnosed, the lower the needed radiotherapy would be and hence, the higher the patient’s quality of life would be. The reasons that prevent women from performing regular BSE include disorientation about exam importance, fear and anxiety, and unawareness of correct way of performing exam (17-19). Studies showed that women with higher information about BSE would perform it correctly and regularly (16). Researches imply that awareness of and attitude of people toward applying diagnostic tests vary. A study on awareness and attitude of female employees of Education Ministry toward BC in Shahrekord City in 2008 showed that the attitude was very good in 15.53%, good in 17%, and poor in 10.95% (20). In a similar study in Kashan City in 2001, 42% had poor attitude and 5.5% had negative and apathetic attitude toward BSE (21). BC is the most common cancer and the most common cause of death from cancer in women (1). BC mortality rate is increasing in women. A study about women’s awareness of mammography, BSE, and other diagnostic methods in at-risk women has not been done in Dezful city yet.
2. Objectives
Our study aimed to evaluate the awareness of and attitude toward BSE, which is one of the most simple diagnostic methods, among women in Dezful City, Iran, in 2013 Health policymakers would use the results to design training programs on BSE and provide information on correct performance of the examination.
3. Patients and Methods
This descriptive cross-sectional study included 1020 women over 15 years of age and was performed in 2013 . Simple random cluster of accessible women was used to recruit participants. Sampling communities included women referred to Medical Centers (rural and urban), students of Dezful University of Medicine, students of Dezful Islamic Azad University, students of Jundishapour Engineering University, students of rural and urban high schools in Dezful City and homemakers in five Dezful City municipal districts. Sample size was calculated by the following formula:
n = [(zα + z β) σ/(µ1 - µ0)]2
α = 0.05
1 -β = 0.80
Educated females were evaluated through questionnaire and illiterates through face-to-face interview. Questionnaire included five sections: first section was the form of giving consent; second section included sample’s demographic characteristics; third section included sample’s awareness of BC, which according to standard protocols, consisted of prevalence, risk factors, sign and symptoms, BSE, clinical breast exam, and mammography (22); fourth section included women awareness of and attitude toward BSE questionnaire; fifth section included assessment of BC risk factors in samples. The questionnaire was delivered to women by female executives. The responses to 20 questions of questionnaires were calculated as follows: correct, 1; false, -1; and "I don’t know", 0. Then the sum of them was classified to four levels, which was adjusted by Likert scale (good, 11-20; moderate, 1-10; and bad, 0 to -10). Validity questionnaire was validated using content validity method by five internal medicine specialists, endocrinologist, and immunologist in Dezful University of Medical Sciences. Reliability of this questionnaire was obtained by test-retest in which by a pilot study on 60 persons Cronbach’s alpha of 0.86 was obtained. Questionnaire with incomplete forms were excluded. Data was analyzed by SPSS 13 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) using mean, absolute, and relative frequencies. In order to assess parameter’s association, we used independent-samples t test and Chi square test. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The Ethics Committee of Dezful University of Medical Sciences approved the study protocol (Code of ethical approval, DURs104). In this study, sampling strategy and inability to generalized finding to target population was one of the basic limitation. Study about women’s awareness of mammography, BSE, and other diagnostic ways has not been done in Dezful yet.
4. Results
In this study, we had 1020 participants with mean age of 37.1 ± 1.3 years (range, 15-79). In this study, 195 women (19.1%) were single and the rest were married. The education level was under high school diploma in 385 women (37.7%), high school diploma in 295 (28.9%), and academic education in 340 (33.3%). Among the participants, 630 women (61.8%) were housekeeper, 170 (16.7%) were employed, and 220 (21.6%) were students. Mean of body mass index of participants was 26.7. Table 1 shows demographic characteristics of participants. The history of BC in family members (mother, aunt, and grandmother) was reported by 7.8% of women and 10.8%of women had history of BC in distant relatives (Table 2). Table 3 shows frequency and percentage of women’s responses to questionnaire. Most of participants (72%) believed that breast physical exam and mammography are efficient medical diagnostic ways. Although 685 women (67.2%) knew that monthly BSE was necessary, only 426 (41.8%) knew its proper time. The participant’s awareness of risk factors and symptoms of BC was not satisfactory. The results of this study showed that the mean score of women's knowledge 51.24 ± 7.12 (median, 53.17; interquartile range [IQR], 17.43). Participant‘s knowledge about BC and its screening tests was good in 206 women (20.2%), moderate in 783 (76.8%), and poor in 31 (3%). The positive therapeutic effects of early diagnosis were acknowledged by 715 women (70.1%). Although 525 women (51.5%) performed BSE, only 400 (39.2%) knew how to do it correctly. The results of this study showed that the mean score of women's attitude was 74.12 ± 11.83 (median, 67.71; IQR, 25.03). Overall, 83.3% of participants believed that BSE would have positive effects in early diagnosis of BC, 82.4% believed that BSE was not unpleasant, 47.1% believed that BSE was an appropriate way of BC diagnosis, and 72.5% believed that it is necessary to train all of the women on performing BSE correctly. Only 37% of participants were trained on examining their breasts themselves and among training sources, healthcare staff were the most important sources (38.2%). Among the reasons of not doing BSE, the most important ones were consecutively “not knowing how to do it” and “not having breast problems”. The participants' attitude toward BSE is shown in Table 4. Although 51.5% of women performed BSE, only 33.3% of women over 40 years of age performed it and 31.8% of them knew how to do it correctly (P < 0.001). Table 5 shows participant’s BSE proportions in different age ranges and shows whether they were trained how to do it. Chi-square test showed statistically significant association between participant’s awareness of and attitude toward BSE. It showed that the higher the level of awareness was, the more positive the attitude would be (P < 0.001). The results showed the same association between participant’s attitude and function. It means that those who had a more positive attitude did the exam more frequently (P < 0.001). There was statistically significant association between participant’s awareness with age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.58; P < 0.001), marital status (OR = 1.3; P = 0.021), education (OR = 2.2; P = 0.001), a positive family history (OR = 3.45, p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant correlation between participant’s attitude with age (OR = 2.70; P < 0.001), marital status (OR = 1.6; P = 0.040), education level (OR = 1.9; P = 0.001), previous training history (OR = 3.4; P < 0.001), and positive family history (OR = 2.4; P < 0.001). There was an statistically significant relation between doing BSE with age (OR = 2.4, P < 0.001), marital status (OR = 2.01, P < 0.001), education (OR = 1.5, P = 0.015), previous training (OR = 1.08, P < 0.001), positive family history (OR = 2.6, P < 0.001) and participant’s attitude to do the test (OR = 1.12, P = 0.004), but it does not have significant relation with test unpleasantness (P = 0.682). There was a statistically significant correlation between education level and knowing to do the test (P = 0.009). In addition, those who were trained on performing the test, did it more frequently (P < 0.001). Doing the test properly had a direct correlation with level of education (P < 0.001).
Table 1. Frequency Distribution and Individual Characteristics of Participants' Referred to Dezful City Medical Centers in 2013.
| Individual Characteristics | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Age, y | |
| 15-20 | 270 (26.5) |
| 20-30 | 215 (21.1) |
| 30-40 | 205 (20.1) |
| 40-50 | 155 (15.2) |
| > 50 | 175 (17.2) |
| Marital Status | |
| Single | 195 (19.1) |
| Married | 825 (80.9) |
| Occupation | |
| Housekeeper | 630 (61.8) |
| Employed | 170 (16.7) |
| Student | 220 (21.6) |
| Education | |
| Under high school diploma | 385 (37.7) |
| High school diploma | 295 (28.9) |
| Bachelor | 305 (29.9) |
| Master and PHD | 35 (3.4) |
| Body mass index | |
| Underweight (< 19) | 25 (2.5) |
| Normal (19-25) | 345 (33.8) |
| Overweight (25-30) | 440 (43.1) |
| Obese class1 (moderately obese; 30-35) | 185 (18.1) |
| Obese class2 (severely obese; 0 > 35) | 25 (2.5) |
| Total | 1020 (100) |
Table 2. Frequency Distribution of Positive Family History of Breast Cancer in Women Between Fifteen and Sixty-Nine Years in Dezful City, 2013.
| Family History of Breast Cancer | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Participant | 12 (1.2) |
| Mother and Sister | 19 (1.9) |
| Aunt | 48 (4.7) |
| Distant Relatives | 110 (10.8) |
| Negative Family History | 831 (81.5) |
| Total | 1020 (100) |
Table 3. Awareness of Breast Cancer in Women Between Fifteen and Sixty-Nine Years in Dezful City, 2013 a.
| Parameters | Yes | No | I Don’t Know |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence | 221 (21.7) | 363 (35.6) | 436 (42.7) |
| Risk factors | |||
| Incidence age is in women over 50 years. | 91 (8.9) | 853 (83.6) b | 76 (7.5) |
| Having low-fat high-fiber diet increases breast cancer risk. | 741 (72.7) b | 87 (8.5) | 192 (18.8) |
| Being in contact with a person with breast cancer increases cancer risk. | 72 (7.1) | 813 (79.7) b | 135 (13.2) |
| Presence of breast cancer in mother, sister, or aunt increases cancer risk. | 679 (66.6) b | 146 (14.3) | 195 (19.1) |
| Breast cancer is curable if diagnosed early. | |||
| Sign and symptoms | 715 (70.1) b | 126 (12.4) | 179 (17.5) |
| Green liquid excretion from nipple | 306 (30) | 135 (13.2) b | 579 (56.8) |
| Presence of mass without pain | 469 (46) b | 438 (42.9) | 113 (11.1) |
| Arm swelling | 268 (26.3) b | 211 (20.7) | 541 (53) |
| Milky excretion from nipple in a virgin | 302 (29.6) | 334 (32.7) b | 384 (37.6) |
| Periareolar granular bulging | 204 (20) | 267(26.2) | 549 (53.8) |
| Nipple retraction | 443 (43.4) b | 216 (21.2) | 361 (35.4) |
| Painless mass in axilla | 461 (45.2) b | 237 (23.2) | 322 (31.6) |
| Breast self-examination and clinical breast exam | |||
| Breast Self-Examination should be performed monthly after 20 years. | 685 (67.2) b | 147 (14.4) | 188 (18.4) |
| Yearly breast exam by physician can lead to early diagnosis. | 874 (85.7) b | 45 (4.4) | 101 (9.9) |
| The best time for breast self-examination is on the first day or in mid menstrual period. | 521 (51.1) | 426 (41.8) b | 73 (7.1) |
| Mammography | |||
| X-Ray is used in mammography. | 622 (61) b | 75 (7.3) | 323 (31.7) |
| Mammography helps breast cancer early diagnosis. | 734 (72) b | 37 (3.6) | 249 (24.4) |
| Mammography should be done yearly after 50 and between 40 to 50 in condition of physician’s prescription. | 464 (45.5) b | 211 (20.7) | 345 (33.8) |
| If there is not a mass in breast and the patient is asymptomatic, according to patient age, mammography is prescribed to rule out cancer. | 588 (57.7)b | 135 (13.2) | 297 (29.1) |
a Data are presented as No. (%).
b These results are accurate.
Table 4. Women Attitude Toward Breast Self-Examination and Learning Sources .
| Attitude | No. (%) |
|---|---|
| Breast self-examination | |
| Unpleasant | 65 (6.4) |
| There is no need to do it. | 90 (8.8) |
| It is better to do it. | 480 (47.1) |
| It is very useful for diagnosis. | 175 (17.2) |
| It is essential for early diagnosis. | 210 (20.6) |
| Total | 1020 (100) |
| Women Who need to be trained | |
| Married women | 150 (14.7) |
| Women over 35 years | 90 (8.8) |
| Women with positive family history of breast cancer | 40 (3.9) |
| All women in all range of age | 740 (72.5) |
| Total | 1020 (100) |
| The best source of training | |
| Physicians | 250 (24.5) |
| Relatives | 115 (11.3) |
| Healthcare staff | 390 (38.2) |
| Training brochures | 90 (8.8) |
| Media | 175 (17.2) |
| Total | 1020 (100) |
Table 5. Breast Self-Examination and Being Trained to do it Correctly Percentages.
| Parameters | Age, y | Total | P Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15-20 | 20-30 | 30-40 | 40-50 | > 50 | |||
| Breast self-examination performance | > 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 100 (37) | 165 (76.7) | 150 (73.2) | 60 (28.7) | 50 (28.6) | 525 (51.5) | |
| No | 170 (63) | 50 (24.3) | 55 (26.8) | 95 (61.3) | 125 (71.4) | 495 (49.5) | |
| Total | 270 (100) | 215 (100) | 205 (100) | 155 (100) | 175 (100) | 1020 (100) | |
| Being trained | > 0.001 | ||||||
| Yes | 110 (40.7) | 130 (60.5) | 155 (75.6) | 45 (20) | 60 (34.3) | 500 (49) | |
| No | 160 (59.3) | 85 (39.5) | 50 (24.4) | 110 (80) | 115 (65.7) | 520 (51) | |
| Total | 270 (100) | 215 (100) | 205 (100) | 155 (100) | 175 (100) | 1020 (100) | |
5. Discussion
Our study evaluated the degree of awareness and attitude of women about BC and BSE in Dezful City for the first time. We tried to study the association of women’s attitude toward BSE with parameters such as age, marital status, education, occupation, and family history (BC grade 1, 2). The results of this study approved results of other studies on the positive effects of elevating women’s awareness of and attitude toward BC on their participation in screening programs. The responses to the questionnaire about BC and its preventive routes in women in Dezful City showed that only 20.2% of participants had a good level of knowledge and the rest had moderate to poor knowledge of this issue. A survey by Jokar and Ghiasi in 1997 about women's awareness of and attitude toward BC in Ilam Province showed that most of them (57.3%) had poor awareness and only 11.9% had good awareness (22). Moreover an study by Abedzadeh et al. on women’s attitude toward BC and its screening tests showed that 42% of Kashan City’s women did not know about BC screening tests and only 22% were informed (23). In a study by Jokar and Ghiasi the women's awareness of and attitude toward BC was good in 28.5%, moderate in 67.3%, and poor in 4.2%. The women’s awareness of positive effects of early diagnosis of BC was 89% but this proportion was reduced to 70.1% in Dezful City's women in our study. The results of mentioned studies show women’s information has increased at present time. Nevertheless, our research shows that Dezful City women’s information has not increased with the same anticipated rate. According to our results, 51.5% of Dezful City's women performed BSE, 82.4% of them had a positive attitude toward the test, and 83.3% believed that the test has a positive effect in early diagnosis of BC. In a study by Jokar and Ghiasi in 1998, 64% of women had positive attitude toward breast screening tests and 35% of them did the BSE (22). A study by Abedzadeh et al. showed that 94.5% of women had a positive attitude toward BSE, 42.7% of them perform it, and 19.7% were referred to healthcare staff to do it for them (23). A study by Banaiyan et al. on women's awareness of and attitude toward BC screening tests in Brijen City in 2004, showed that only 16.7% of women had a positive attitude towards screening tests, 67.7% had moderate attitude, and 15.6% had negative attitude. Women’s attitude toward BSE was only positive in 23% and only 47.1% performed the exam (24). A study by Vietri et al. in the United States in 1997 showed that 58% of women performed BSE (25), which was higher than the rate by Dezful women. This result showed that women’s culture has an important role in this difference and more efforts are needed to inform women and make BSE important for them in developing countries. This issue showed us that to design training programs, we should consider two important points:
providing appropriate BSE training programs to diagnose it earlier; and
explaining its benefits to women. Parameters such as age, education, marital status, and family history would affect the knowledge level of participants.
Women over 20 years of age with higher education and positive family history of BC had better information about BC preventing programs (P > 0.001). These results were in parallel with many researches performed until now (23, 24). With regard to the higher level of education in Iranian women than women in Central Asia, Middle East, Caucasus, Africa, and South America, it seems that designation and performing training interventional health programs on cancers, especially BC, would improve establishment of BC screening tests in Iranian women in comparison with above countries. In other words, interventional health training programs increase women’s awareness of and attitude toward cancers, specially BC, and their screening and early diagnostic tests. In women with higher education level, there is a higher awareness of this issue. Bastani et al. studied healthcare staff with high level of education and appropriate knowledge about BC and its screening tests. The results showed that their tendency toward participating in BC screening tests was higher than was in general population (26). According to this survey, most of these women prefer BSE in comparison with other screening tests. A survey by Levshin et al. on 1500 cases of BC showed that 81% of them had noticed its symptoms themselves first (27). In conclusion, if women learn BC’s sign and symptoms and perform BSE monthly, it would be possible to diagnose BC in early stages, which would provide a better diagnosis. With regard to high prevalence of BC in Iran and considering the positive awareness of Dezful City's women about BSE, which was shown in our study, and paying attention to the fact that our target population lacked information about BC, we need interventional health training programs and regular screening tests in Iran. We suggest the following ways in order to reduce mortality rate of BC:
Regular interventional health training programs performance to elevate awareness and attitude of women over 15 years toward cancers, especially BC.
Establishment of nongovernmental organizations (NGO) and support them to inform the people.
Establishing cancer clinics in each city.
Active screening tests and clinical breast exam and mammography by physicians in rural and urban health centers for women over 40 years.
Health policymakers of Dezful City can establish BSE training programs to elevate women's awareness of and attitude toward early diagnosis of BC and BSE.
Acknowledgments
We are indebted to all women and their families who took part in the project. We appreciate the Research Deputy of Dezful University of Medical Sciences for providing the financial support.
Footnotes
Authors’ Contributions:Study concept and design: Hadi Zare Marzouni, Masoud Saadat Fakhr; acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data: Minoo Shalilian, Hadi Zare Marzouni; drafting of the manuscript: Zohreh Lavasani and Reza Nazarzadeh; critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Nosrat Bahrami; statistical analysis, administrative, technical, and material support: Hadi Zare Marzouni, Reza Najibpour, and Ali Farshad; study supervision: Nosrat Bahrami.
Funding/Support:The Research Deputy of Dezful University of Medical Sciences provided financial support.
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