Abstract
Aim of the study
We evaluated the effect of melatonin supplementation on the nutritional status of postmenopausal women.
Material and methods
The study included 56 women (51-65 years) and 25 healthy women (27-36 years). The emotional state was assessed using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), the quality of sleep using Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Body mass index (BMI) and waist-hip ratio (WHR) were also calculated. The patients were divided into 3 groups: group I (control) – 25 women with normal body weight, group II – 26 postmenopausal women with normal body weight, group III – 30 postmenopausal women with high body weight. In women from group II and III, routine laboratory tests, levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 17β-estradiol, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and the concentration of 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate (6-HMS) in day/night urine fractions were determined. On the day of the examination, women remained on a liquid diet (1800 kcal). Next, a balanced diet of 1500 kcal and 5 mg of melatonin administration were recommended. The follow-up examinations were performed after 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks.
Results
The patients from groups II and III showed similar mild levels of anxiety and depression and a significant degree of sleep disorders. In group III, lower urinary 6-HMS excretion was observed at night. In both groups a negative correlation was found between urinary 6-HMS excretion and the degree of sleep disorders. After 24 weeks, a statistically significant improvement of quality of sleep was obtained. A negative correlation was detected between urinary 6-HMS excretion and BMI.
Conclusion
Melatonin supplementation contributed to body weight reduction.
Keywords: melatonin, menopause, body mass index, sleep disorders
Introduction
Melatonin (MEL) is a molecule with diverse and still not completely recognized properties, but it mainly demonstrates antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity [1]. Changes in the volume or rhythm of its secretion were observed in many pathological conditions, but it is not always clear whether they are their cause or effect. These doubts concern among others persons with eating disorders.
In one of the first studies on this issue it was found out that the average daily secretion of melatonin is significantly higher in women with both anorexia nervosa and obesity than in the control group [2].
At the same time in these groups, an inverse correlation between the level of melatonin and luteinizing hormone (LH) was observed. It was concluded that the increased secretion of melatonin during daytime could inhibit the gonadal function in these patients and play an important role in the pathogenesis of eating disorders [3].
These preliminary clinical observations were an inspiration for conducting experimental studies on animals, in which, among others, melatonin was found to inhibit insulin secretion [4]. Decreased insulin secretion, increased insulin resistance, development of glucose intolerance and increased body weight were also observed in pinealectomized rats [5].
It was also shown that melatonin supplementation had a beneficial effect on the secretion of leptin, adiponectin and on the level of glucose, cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides, particularly in animals with induced obesity [6–9]. These changes occur simultaneously with the reduction of both appetite and body weight [10–13]. These beneficial effects were obtained using a dose of 4 mg/kg of melatonin for 16 weeks [9], 10 mg/kg for 6 weeks [9], 30 mg/kg for 3 weeks [11] and 100 mg/kg for 8 weeks [14].
All these observations indicate that melatonin plays an important role in metabolic processes and may be involved in the pathogenesis of hyperalimentation syndromes. Results of animal studies cannot be directly related to humans, if for no other reason than that of different doses, the duration of melatonin supplementation and divergence of results. For instance, a high-fat diet decreased melatonin secretion in rats [15], while in obese humans significantly higher nocturnal secretion of this hormone was observed [16]. There are also differences in the assessment of population weight status [17].
These differences suggest to conduct further clinical studies on the role of melatonin in the pathogenesis of obesity.
The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin supplementation on the weight status of women during the postmenopausal period.
Material and methods
The study included 56 women, aged 51-65 years (mean 56.9 ± 5.3), 5-11 years after the last menstrual period and 25 healthy women, aged 27-36 years (mean 31.2 ± 3.9). The research was performed in 2008-2012 in the autumn-winter period (September-April) when the seasonal rhythm of melatonin secretion is reduced. The physical examination (medical history) included an assessment of their emotional state using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). The quality of sleep was estimated by Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) with our own modification, replacing the evaluation of the quality of life (0-4 points) with the assessment of the shortening of sleeping time.
The physical examination included the measurement of the increase in body weight, and waist and hip circumference. These results were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI) and the waist/hip ratio (WHR).
On the basis of the above mentioned tests, the patients were divided into three groups:
group I (control) – 25 women with normal body weight, without menstrual and sleep disorders,
group II – 26 postmenopausal women with normal body weight (BMI less than 24.9 kg/m2),
group III – 30 postmenopausal women with high body weight (BMI of 25.2-34.9 kg/m2, mean 31.2 kg/m2).
Women enrolled in group II and group III, in whom the weight gain occurred after menopause, and who did not use hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and felt discomfort in the form of sleep disorders and increased appetite were included into the investigations on the effect of melatonin on sleep quality and nutritional status.
Initially routine laboratory tests were performed: blood cell count, serum levels of urea, creatinine, glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, cholesterol, triglycerides, amylase, lipase, bilirubin, alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, TSH, 17-β-estradiol and prolactin by immunoassay (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics – Johnson & Johnson Co. kit) and FSH (Vitros Product antibodies). The concentration of sulphate 6-hydroxymelatonin (6-HMS) was determined in daytime (7:00-22:00) and at night (22:00-7:00) in urine fractions by immunoenzymatic method using IBL kit (No: RE 59131). On the day of the testing, women remained on a liquid diet (Nutridrinks, Nutricia) 3 × 400 ml of 1800 kcal, and 1500 ml of isotonic water. Moreover, from 22:00 to 7:00 they remained in bed and could use dim or red light for no longer than 10 minutes. Urine fractions were frozen after centrifugation at –70°C until 6-HMS determination (not longer than 6 months).
Exclusion criteria include moderate depression (more than 9 points on the HAM-D), diabetes, hypertension, liver, kidney, thyroid disorders and other diseases requiring pharmacotherapy.
Women qualified for the study gave their written consent. The approval of the Bioethics Committee of the Medical University of Lodz was also obtained. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
After obtaining the material for tests, the women were recommended a standardized and balanced diet (1500 kcal) and melatonin administration at a dose of 5 mg at 21:00 as well as follow-up examinations after 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks.
After 24 weeks an extended follow-up examination was performed including the assessment of the quality of sleep, BMI and WHR.
In the statistical analysis, Student's t-test was used to compare the means for normal distribution or Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney nonparametric tests to compare the results of two different samples.
The linear correlation coefficient r was used to determine the relationship between the variables. The calculations were made with STATISTICA 9.1 Stat Soft Polska.
Results
The study included patients after exclusion of any organic and metabolic diseases. Patients in group II and III showed similar mild levels of anxiety and symptoms of depression and a significant degree of sleep disorders (Table I).
Tab. I.
General characteristics of women enrolled in the study and preliminary study results
| Characteristics | Group I (n = 25) | Group II (n = 26) | Group III (n = 30) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 31.2 ± 3.9 | 55.6 ± 4.9 | 58.2 ± 5.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.94 ± 1.16 | 22.07 ± 1.48 | 29.62 ± 3.69*** |
| FSH (mIU/ml) | 13.24 ± 5.06 | 79.8 ± 21.35*** | 91.23 ± 19.82*** |
| 17β-estradiol (pg/ml) | 49.6 ± 19.26 | 15.30 ± 4.91*** | 12.48 ± 5.16*** |
| 6-HMS – D | 8.58 ± 2.86 | 7.73 ± 2.04 | 7.18 ± 2.46 |
| 6-HMS – N | 27.45 ± 7.94 | 25.22 ± 7.34 | 12.41 ± 5.00*** |
| GFR (ml/min) | 103.6 ± 10.1 | 99.0 ± 6.7 | 96.8 ± 11.4 |
p < 0.01
p < 0.001
BMI – body mass index, FSH – follicle-stimulating hormone, 6-HMS – 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate, D – excretion during the day: µg/15 h, N – nocturnal excretion: µg/9 h
They did not differ in the assessment of the results of laboratory tests, particularly in the range of the concentration of FSH, 17β-estradiol and markers of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
Differences were related to body mass index, which in group II was 22.07 ± 1.48 and in group III – 29.62 ± 3.69 (p < 0.001) (Table II).
Tab. II.
Tested characteristics of women enrolled in the study
| Tested characteristics | Group II | Group III | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | A | B | |
| ISI (points) | 13.27 ± 1.93 | 10.35 ± 1.50*** | 14.53 ± 2.56 | 9.80 ± 1.71*** |
| BMI (points) | 22.07 ± 1.48 | 21.86 ± 1.28* | 29.62 ± 3.69 | 27.88 ± 3.14*** |
| WHR (cm) | 0.75 ± 0.036 | 0.74 ± 0.035 | 0.88 ± 0.036 | 0.87 ± 0.035 |
p < 0.05
p < 0.001
ISI – Insomnia Severity Index, BMI – body mass index, WHR – waist-hip ratio
Furthermore, in the group of obese women, lower urinary 6-HMS excretion was observed at night compared to patients without obesity –25.22 ± 7.34 µg/h and 12.41 ± 5.00 µg/h (p < 0.001), respectively; no such differences were found during the day.
In both investigated groups (II, III) of postmenopausal women, a negative correlation was detected between urinary 6-HMS excretion and the degree of sleep disorders (Table III).
Tab. III.
Relation between the tested characteristics
| Relation between | Group II | Group III | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlation coefficient (r) | Statistical significance | Correlation coefficient (r) | Statistical significance | ||
| 6-HMS – D | ISI | –0.594 | < 0.001 | –0.707 | < 0.001 |
| BMI | –0.020 | > 0.05 | –0.651 | < 0.001 | |
| WHR | 0.022 | > 0.05 | –0.322 | > 0.05 | |
| 6-HMS – N | ISI | –0.810 | < 0.001 | –0.821 | < 0.001 |
| BMI | –0.105 | > 0.05 | –0.756 | < 0.001 | |
| WHR | 0.032 | > 0.05 | –0.339 | > 0.05 | |
6-HMS – 6-hydroxymelatonin sulphate, D – excretion during the day: µg/15 h, N – nocturnal excretion: µg/9 h, ISI – Insomnia Severity Index, BMI – body mass index, WHR – waist-hip ratio
In a detailed analysis, sedative effect of melatonin was found to be assessed by the patients in different ways. The majority (64.2%) reported that melatonin improved the quality of sleep from the beginning of its administration. The remaining patients (35.8%) did not feel any significant improvement in the first month of supplementation. This group comprised women who previously took other hypnotic drugs. These disorders, particularly in the form of breaks and shortening of the duration of sleep significantly improved after 6-8 weeks of melatonin administration.
A statistically significant improvement was observed in all patients after 24 weeks; the number of points decreased in group II from 13.27 ± 1.93 to 10.35 ± 1.50 (p < 0.001), and in group III from 14.53 ± 2.56 to 9.80 ± 1.71 (p < 0.001) (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Insomnia severity index (ISI) before and after melatonin therapy in the groups of postmenopausal women of normal body weight (A) and with obesity (B); **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
The initial examination revealed a negative correlation between urinary 6-HMS excretion and body mass index (Table II). Melatonin supplementation contributed to the reduction of body weight in obese women and after 16 weeks, BMI decreased from 29.62 ± 3.69 to 27.88 ± 3.14 (p < 0.001). The tendency to the reduction in body weight was also observed in group II of women without obesity (Fig. 2). Waist-hip ratio values exhibited similar tendency but the results did not differ statistically (Fig. 3).
Fig. 2.
Body mass index (BMI) before and after melatonin therapy in the groups of postmenopausal women of normal body weight (A) and with obesity (B); **p < 0.01
Fig. 3.
Waist/hip ratio (WHR) before and after melatonin therapy in the groups of postmenopausal women of normal body weight (A) and with obesity (B)
Melatonin was well tolerated, only 4 women out of 56 (7.1%) reported general fatigue in the morning in the first two weeks of the treatment but without the need of discontinuation of the therapy or dose reduction.
Discussion
The results of many experimental studies and clinical trials suggest that in the case of obesity, the circadian and seasonal rhythm of melatonin secretion is disturbed [18, 19]. Lower levels of melatonin secretion in the autumn-winter period can increase appetite and lead to weight gain [20]. Weight gain and the increase in the level of high-density lipoproteins was found in humans exposed to white light at night [18, 21].
Many researchers suggest the use of melatonin in the treatment of obesity [22–24], but still there are no extended research studies supporting this view. Optimization of melatonin doses, which should be provided to patients with varying degrees of obesity, still remains an open and controversial issue. The doses applied in animal experimental studies are often too high and their effects on other functions of the human body are not predictable.
Melatonin supplementation is justified in patients with its deficiency. The secretion of melatonin decreases with age and this process begins as early as after 30 years of age.
It was observed that the reduction in melatonin secretion mainly concerns postmenopausal women; this convergence of biological processes resulted in the introduction of the term “melatoninpause” [25, 26].
Toffol et al. [27] confirmed the decreased secretion of melatonin in postmenopausal women but they found no correlation between its level and the level of FSH and estradiol in the serum and also the BMI values.
Blaicher et al. [28] reported decreased urinary 6-HMS excretion in obese postmenopausal females.
The results of our studies indicate that a decrease in the activity of the melatoninergic system particularly at night may be one of the reasons for the tendency to gain weight in postmenopausal women.
The mechanism of the beneficial effect of melatonin on the nutritional status is not clear, but the negative correlation between BMI and urinary 6-HMS excretion, both during the day and at night, is distinct.
In most women the body weight decreased and there was no tendency for its gain. A balanced diet under the supervision of doctors could not be without significance.
Decreased appetite and the improvement of the quality of sleep could have a significant impact on the nutritional status. Estrogen deficiency is considered to be the cause of sleep disorders in postmenopausal women but reduced secretion of melatonin at night may play an important role in this regard. Prolongation of sleep could result in an increase of melatonin secretion at night and melatonin supplementation strengthened the physiological action of this hormone. The applied melatonin doses seem to be sufficient for the regulation of complex metabolic disorders associated with menopause. The effect of increased doses of MEL and longer supplementation require further studies on larger groups of patients.
To conclude, it may be stated that the results of our studies and of the studies of many other researchers indicate that melatonin can be safely and permanently used in combined treatment of obesity in postmenopausal women.
Conclusions
Postmenopausal women demonstrate reduced nocturnal secretion of melatonin.
Melatonin supplementation has a beneficial effect on the quality of sleep and reduction of body weight.
Acknowledgement
The study was financed by the grant of MNiSW – NN 4025437/40.
Disclosure
Authors report no conflict of interest.
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