Scientific literature on monosialoganglioside in the Science Citation Index-Expanded

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

The monosialoganglioside (GM1) is a popular topic of research but the bibliometric analysis of GM1 over the decades in Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) remains poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE:

To identify the global research and to improve the understanding of research trends in the GM1 field from 1942 to 2011.

DESIGN:

A bibliometric study.

DATA RETRIEVAL:

We performed a bibliometric analysis based on the SCI-E published by the Institute of Scientific Information.

INCLUSIVE CRITERIA:

Articles closely related to GM1 were included. Exclusive criteria: (1) Articles related to gangliosidosis, disialo-ganglioside, trisialo-ganglioside or ganglioside GQIb. (2) Document types such as meeting abstracts, reviews, proceedings papers, notes, and letters.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:

(1) Type of publication output; (2) number of author outputs; (3) distribution of output in subject categories; (4) publication distribution of countries; (5) distribution of output in journals, and (6) distribution of citations in each decade.

RESULTS:

During 1942 to 2011, there were 10 126 papers on GM1 that were added to the SCI. Articles (8 004) were the most frequently used document type comprising 79.0%, followed by meeting abstracts, reviews and proceedings papers. Research on GM1 could be found in the SCI from 1942, it was developed in the 1970s, greatly increased in the 1980s, and reached a peak in the 1990s, and it was slightly decreased in 2000. The distribution of subject categories showed that GM1 research covered both clinical and basic science research. The USA, Japan, and Germany were the three most productive countries, and the publication numbers in the USA were highest in all decades. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal of Neurochemistry and Biochemistry were core subject journals in GM1 studies in each decade.

CONCLUSION:

This study highlights the topics in GM1 research that are being published around the world.

INTRODUCTION

Ganglioside is a type of glycosphingolipid containing sialic acid, according to the number of sialic acid residues. Gangliosides are divided into monosialoganglioside (GM1), disialo-ganglioside (GD), trisialo-ganglioside (GT) and ganglioside Q1b (GQ1b). GM1 is mainly composed of ceramide and oligosaccharide chains, and it is the only ganglioside that can permeate the blood-brain barrier.

In 1935, Klenk isolated a water-soluble glycolipid from the brain of a patient diagnosed as having had infantile amaurotic idiocy (Tay-Sachs disease) combined with Niemann-Pick disease[1]. He identified this glycolipid as the storage material typically found in Tay-Sachs disease[2]. He also isolated this lipid from normal human brain, and named it ganglioside because of its glycolipid character and its occurrence in ganglion cells[3]. In 1951, the presence of sialic acid at the surface of cell membranes was first demonstrated by Yamakawa et al[4]. He isolated a sialic acid-containing substance from 100 g of freeze-dried ghosts obtained from 10 L of packed horse erythrocytes and named the glycolipid “hematoside”, which has the structure of ceramide (1←1β)GLc(4←1β)Gal(3←2α)[4,5]. The heterogeneity of the brain ganglioside fraction was first shown by Svennerholm in 1956[6]. A chemical structure of GM1 is shown below.

Gangliosides are major components of cell membranes and are particularly enriched in the mammalian brain where they represent the major lipid constituents of the neuronal cell surface. In the central nervous system, gangliosides have a close connection with many neurophysiological functions related to neurogenesis, proliferation, synaptogenesis, and synaptic transmission.

At the beginning of the 1970s, scientists in the USA and England found that GM1 affects nerve remodeling[7,8]. Before the 1990s, Bassi et al[9] injected a small amount of GM into injured brains of rats. They found many neural lateral buds (dendrons and axons) sprouting out from the injured brains, and lateral buds reconstructed the impaired neural network, which enabled paralyzed rats to stand up. Brain gangliosides, natural components of neuronal membranes, play a role in several neuronal events, such as development, differentiation, and regeneration, perhaps by enhancing the effect of trophic factors[10,11,12,13]. Animal studies have demonstrated that GM1 has a marked effect on the nervous system by promoting functional recovery of dopaminergic and cholinergic activities after lesions[12,13], and by protecting neurons against retrograde degeneration[14,15,16]. These findings indicate the possible therapeutic usefulness of GM1 in treatment of central nervous system diseases. Recent studies have shown that GM1 may have effects on fatigue[17,18], but the detailed mechanism still needs to be investigated.

Since GM1 appears to be important, we performed a bibliometric analysis based on the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCI-E) published by the Institute of Scientific Information to identify the global research and to improve the understanding of research trends in GM1 research over the decades.

DATA SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY

Design

We performed a bibliometric study.

Time and setting

The study was performed at the Medical College of Hebei University of Engineering on November 18, 2011.

Data retrieval

In this study, bibliometric methods were used to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate research trends in the GM1 field. SCI-E, a searchable database of publications that is maintained by the Institute for Scientific Information in Philadelphia, PA, USA, was used.

For bibliometric analyses, the SCI-E was searched using the keywords “GM1”, “monosialoganglioside” or “ganglioside” and the publishing duration was limited from 1898 to 2011 to compile a bibliography of all articles related to GM1. The advanced query formulation was “(ts=GM1 not ts=gangliosidosis) or ts=monosialoganglioside or ts=Ganglioside not (ts=Gangliosidosis or ts=trisialo-ganglioside or ts=disialo-ganglioside or ts=GDl or ts=GD2 or ts=GD3 or ts=GT or ts=GQ1b)”. A total of 10 126 documents were searched, and the data were downloaded on November 18, 2011.

Inclusive criteria

Articles closely related to GM1 studies were included.

Exclusive criteria

• (1)Articles related to gangliosidosis, disialo-ganglioside, trisialo-ganglioside or ganglioside GQib were excluded.
• (2)Document types including meeting abstracts, reviews, proceedings papers, notes, and letters were also excluded.

The analyses combined Web of Science data and Excel was used for statistics. All articles referring to GM1 research during previous years were assessed using the following aspects: publication outputs of authors, the output distribution in subject categories and journals, the publication outputs of countries, and citations.

RESULTS

Document type of publication output from 1942 to 2011

The distribution of document types identified by the SCI-E was analyzed. Thirteen document types were found in 10 126 publications from 1942 to 2011. Articles (8 004) were the most frequently used document type comprising 79.0%, followed by meeting abstracts (1 046; 10.33%), reviews (523; 5.17%), proceedings papers (482; 4.76%) and note (264; 2.61%). remaining types of articles were letter (98), editorial material (78), correction (26), book chapter (10), discussion (3), reprint (3) and book review (1).

Because journal articles represented the majority of document types that were also peer reviewed within this field, only the 8 004 original journal articles were used for further analysis as the relevant citable items, and all others were excluded.

Publication output from 1942 to 2011 by decade (Figure 1)

Figure 1.

Decade publication output (total publications: 8 004). The 2010s only included documents in 2010 and 2011.

Research on GM1 could been found in the SCI-E from 1942, it was developed in the 1970s, greatly increased in the 1980s, and reached a peak in the 1990s, and it slightly decreased in 2000. Research from 2010 is at the beginning, and the develop tendency remains unclear. There were only 75 articles before the 1970s, and therefore, we analyzed articles on GM1 studies in the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and 2010s (only 2010 and 2011 were included).

Number of author outputs from 1970 to 2011 (Figure 2)

Figure 2.

Distribution of author output in each decade from 1970 to 2011. The 2010s only included documents in 2010 and 2011.

In the 1970s, there were 472 authors of 225 documents, with 2.1 authors per article. In the 1980s, there were 1 855 authors of 784 documents, with 2.4 authors per article. In the 1990s, there were 8 651 authors of 3 355 documents, with 2.6 authors per article. In the 2000s, there were 10 401 authors of 3 023 articles, with three authors per article. In the 2010s, there were 2 741 authors of 548 articles, with five authors per article. The number of authors per article has increased in the past decades. The top two productive authors in the 1970s were R Brady and PH Fishman, with 19 and 17 articles, respectively. In the 1980s, the top two productive authors were Tettamanti G and Sonnino S, with 35 and 29 articles, respectively. In the 1990s, the top two productive authors were Kiso M with 88 articles and Hasegawa A with 79 articles, and this amount was greater than that in the 1980s. In the 2000s, although the most productive author, Yuki N published 80 articles, the second most productive author, Koga M, only published 48 articles.

Distribution of output in subject categories

Based on the classification of subject categories in Journal Citation Reports 2010, the article output data was grouped into 250 SCI subject categories. The articles of the top 13 productive subject categories in each decade were analyzed and are shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

Top 13 productive subject categories in each decade

We found that the number of scientific articles per category exhibited constant growth during this period, which indicated that GM1 research has been developing steadily in various categories.

Figure 3 shows the publication output in subject categories that could be found in each decade, including biochemistry and molecular biology, biochemistry & molecular biology, biophysics, neurosciences, clinical neurology and cell biology.

Figure 3.

Decade publication output in the top six subject categories in 15 selected categories. The 2010s only included documents in 2010 and 2011.

The number of publications in each subject category increased in the 1980s, reached a peak in the 1990s, and slightly decreased in the 2000s. The number of publications in biochemistry and molecular biology and neuroscience ranked as the top two subject categories in previous decades. The number of publications in clinical neurology was increased from the 1980s, indicating that GM1 has attracted more attention to clinical physicians.

Publication distribution of countries

The contribution of different countries on publications was based on journal articles in which the address and affiliation of at least one author were provided. The top 10 countries in each decade are shown in Table 2.

Table 2.

The top 10 countries in each decade

We found eight countries that published articles in each decade from the beginning of GM1 research. The amount of publications in these eight countries in each decade is shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4.

Publication number of eight countries in each decade. The 2010s only included documents in 2010 and 2011.

The USA, Japan, and Germany were the three most productive countries, and the USA had the most publication numbers for all decades.

Distribution of output in journals

According to Bradford's law, the core scientific journals on a particular subject publish 33% of all documents on the subject[19]. The core subject journals in each decade are listed in Tables 3–5.

Table 3.

Core subject journals in the 1970s and 1980s

Table 5.

The top 10 journals in the 2010s

Table 4.

The core subject journals in the 1990s and 2000s

In the 1970s, there were 79 papers in seven core subject journals, which equates to 35.11% of all documents.

In the 1980s, there were 265 papers in nine core subject journals, which equates to 33.80%.

Between the 1970s and 1980s, the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal of Neurochemistry, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Biochemistry, Journal of Neurochemistry, Journal of Biological Chemistry, Biochimica ET Biophysica Acta, and Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications remained the core subject journals.

In the 1990s, there were 1 098 papers in 21 core subject journals, which equates to 32.73% of all documents.

In the 2000s, there were 1 005 papers in 25 core subject journals, which equates to 33.24%.

Between the 1990s and 2000s, there were 15 core subject journals, including the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal of Immunology, Journal of Neuroimmunology, Glycobiology, Glycoconjugate Journal, Infection and Immunity, Carbohydrate Research, Journal of Neurochemistry, Neurology, Biochemistry, FEBS Letters, Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Brain Research, and Journal of Neuroscience Research.

Distribution of citations of each decade

According to bibliometric “law”, the main index for evaluating the quality of an article is the amount of citations it garners. Scientometrics has shown that references are considered as “classical references” once an article is cited four or more times[20]. In our analysis, the top five citations in each decade are listed in Tables 6, 7; therefore, they are classical references in the GM1 field.

Table 6.

Top five citations in the 1970s to 2000s

Table 7.

Top five citations in 2010s

DISCUSSION

Bibliometrics is a set of methods used to study or measure texts and information[48]. Based on our bibliometric results, we showed the following research trends in the GM1 field. First, the number of publications in the GM1 field has increased since 1970. Therefore, brain glioma research has been gaining increasing attention for global scholars. Second, subject categories, including biochemistry & molecular biology, biochemistry molecular biology, biophysics, neurosciences, clinical neurology and cell biology are involved in the GM1 field. Because of this broad range, scholars and surgeons in these subjects work hard and readily publish articles on GM1. Lastly, the USA has the highest total number of publications and citations.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Journal of Neurochemistry and Biochemistry were core subject journals in GM1 studies in each decade.

In conclusion, scientists in the USA are the most productive GM1 researchers. In the past 50 years, China's GM1 research has ranked as nine with 99 articles in the 2000s and it was number five with 34 articles in the 2010s. However, the number of publications was still smaller than other countries including the USA, Japan, Germany and Italy. The findings of this study may be of interest for medical staff who are currently undertaking studies and for those who will be researching and studying GM1.