Abstract
Objective
To investigate the protein and mRNA expression of NEDD9 in gastric cancer (GC) tissues, adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues, and normal gastric mucosa tissues, and analyze its relationship with the pathological features and prognosis of GC.
Methods
Forty cases of GC tissues, 20 cases of adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues, and 40 cases of normal gastric mucous tissues were collected. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to examine the expression of NEDD9 protein in various tissues. Situ hybridization and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were applied to detect the expression of NEDD9 mRNA in various tissues. The correlation of NEDD9 expression with invasion and metastasis of GC was analyzed.
Results
The protein expression level of NEDD9 was significantly higher in GC tissues than in adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues and normal gastric mucous tissues (P<0.05). The protein expression level of NEDD9 was positively related to the invasion depth of carcinoma and tumor lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), but unrelated to age, sex, tumor size, and clinical classification of cancer (P<0.05). The mRNA expression level of NEDD9 was also significantly higher in GC tissues than in adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues and normal gastric mucous tissues (P<0.05), and positively related with the tumor lymph node metastasis and invasion depth of carcinoma (P<0.05).
Conclusion
NEDD9 is involved in the occurrence and development of GC, and it may be an important biological marker of GC metastasis and infiltration.
Keywords: immunohistochemistry (IHC), invasion, metastasis
Introduction
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers worldwide, with the characteristics of high incidence, concealed onset, high risk of metastasis, and high mortality. The geographic distribution of incidence and mortality of GC varies remarkably worldwide, with the mortality rate in the People’s Republic of China accounting for 42% of the whole world.1–3 Several agents targeting specific molecules have been investigated for the treatment of GC in many preclinical and clinical studies. During the past few decades, the mortality of GC has declined, mainly due to its early detection by endoscopic techniques, surgical techniques, and advances in chemotherapy.4–6 However, the prognosis of patients diagnosed with GC continues to be dismal, despite improving surgical and adjuvant treatment approaches, with 5-year overall survival less than 25%.7 The main causes for treatment failure and death among GC patients are tumor invasion and metastasis.8 The occurrence and development of GC is a complex, multistage process involving multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations of oncogenes, tumor growth factors, tumor suppressor genes, genetic stability, cell cycle regulators, and signaling molecules.9 Thus, identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic tumor biomarkers for GC diagnosis and novel therapeutic targets for treatment have become the focus in this field.
Proteins of the Crk-associated substrate (CAS) family (BCAR1,10 NEDD9,11 EFS/SIN,12 CASS4/HEPL13) are integral players in normal and pathological cell biology. A growing number of studies have found that increased expression of Cas proteins contributes to human tumor aggressiveness. CAS proteins act as scaffolds to regulate protein complexes controlling migration and chemotaxis, cell cycle, differentiation, apoptosis, and progenitor cell function.14 Overexpression of CAS proteins has been strongly linked to poor prognosis and increased metastasis in cancer, as well as resistance to first-line chemotherapeutics in multiple types of tumor including breast cancer, lung cancer, glioblastoma, and melanoma.14 Of the CAS proteins, BCAR1 and NEDD9 have been the most intensively studied. BCAR1 overexpression confers invasiveness to cultured cells, and promotes mammary tumorigenesis and lung metastasis in MMTV-HER2 and other mouse models of cancer.15,16 BCAR1 overexpression also correlates with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients.17,18 NEDD9 is an important cytoskeletal protein molecule found in 1992, and its function is associated with cell adhesion, migration and invasion, regulation of cell cycle, and apoptosis.19–21 Previous studies have indicated that elevated NEDD9 expression levels contribute to cancer metastasis in multiple cancer types, such as breast cancer, melanoma, glioblastoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer, liver cancer, and cervical cancer.22–30 Other NEDD proteins, including NEDD4 and NEDD8, have also been demonstrated to play a critical role in the development and progression of human cancers, thus they are considered as promising targets for therapeutic intervention.31,32 More recently, two studies detected the tissue expression of NEDD9 by immunohistochemistry and evaluated the prognostic significance of NEDD9 in patients with GC. Their results showed that the expression of NEDD9 was upregulated in GC, and that high expression of Nedd9 significantly correlated with cancer progression and poor prognosis in GC.9,33 These results suggest an important role of NEDD9 in the progression of GC.
In the present study, to further determine the roles of NEDD9 in the occurrence and development of GC, we detected the expression of NEDD9 protein and mRNA in 40 GC tissues, 20 cases of adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues, and 40 cases of normal gastric mucosa by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, in situ hybridization, and RT polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and explored their relationship with tumor invasion and metastasis.
Materials and methods
Materials
The postoperative pathological specimens of 40 patients with GC between January 2008 and August 2010 were collected from the general surgery department of the People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China, including 27 males and 13 females with the median age of 55 years (ranging from 32 to 71 years) (Table 1). All specimens were confirmed gastric adenocarcinoma through pathology.
Table 1.
Clinical and pathological data of 40 patients with gastric cancer
| Parameters | Number of cases |
|---|---|
| Age (years) | |
| <60 | 17 |
| ≥60 | 23 |
| Sex | |
| Male | 29 |
| Female | 11 |
| Tumor size (cm) | |
| <5 | 25 |
| ≥5 | 15 |
| Extent of invasion | |
| T1–2 | 18 |
| T3–4 | 22 |
| Tumor differentiation grade | |
| I–II | 26 |
| III | 14 |
| Number of lymphatic metastasis | |
| <3 | 17 |
| ≥3 | 23 |
No treatment was given before surgery. Specimens were extracted from cancer tissues with a distance of within 3 cm to neoplastic foci. Twenty cases of moderate-to-severe dysplasia were obtained, and 40 cases of gastroenterology endoscopy biopsy which had been diagnosed normal gastric mucosa through pathology were also collected as control.
Methods
Immunohistochemistry
An SP immunohistochemical staining kit was purchased from American ZYMED Company. NEDD9 mouse anti-human monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal rabbit anti-human NEDD9 antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz, USA. The dyeing process was conducted according to the instructions on SP Series kits.
Uniform standards and a double-blind method were applied in the evaluation of dyeing results. All samples were evaluated and scored independently by two pathologists. A 2-point scoring method was used to determine the proportion of NEDD9 positive cells, which were classified into five grades: grade 0, positive cells <1%; grade 1, positive cells 2%–25%; grade 2, positive cells 26%–50%; grade 3, positive cells 51%–75%; and grade 4, positive cells >75%. The extent of dyeing was also scored and classified into four grades: grade 0, no dyeing; grade 1, weak dyeing; grade 2, moderate dyeing; and grade 3, strong dyeing. The total score was calculated by multiplying the two results, then the samples were divided into four categories according to the following grades: grades 0–1 for (−); grades 2–4 for (+), grades 5–8 for (++), and grades 9–12 for (+++).34
Western blot
The experimental procedure involved the following: construction of standard curve; measurement of protein concentration; extraction of total tissue protein; preparation of gel electrophoresis; electrophoresis; transmembrane and antibody incubation; and developing and fixing. X-ray film was cut into moderate size in the darkroom, then placed on the film wrapped well with plastic wrap, exposing for 3 minutes. The film was put into the developer and developing was stopped after the appearance of band, then fixed after washing, contrasted internally, and the expression of β-actin in the sample detected as the internal contrast by the same method.
In situ hybridization
The experimental procedures were as follows: the slice was dewaxed in the water with the routine method; endogenous catalase was inactivated; the membrane was permeated; mRNA nucleic acid fragments were exposed; fixed; prehybridization; cleansed after hybridization; freshly prepared 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium substrate solution was dropped; light was avoided and color appeared; nuclear fast red staining was performed; dehydrate graded alcohol; transparent xylene; and seal neutral gum.35
For the judgment of results, 10 visions were selected under high magnification, then judgment was made according to the extent of dyeing and the percentage of positive cells (grade 0, positive cells <1%; grade 1, 2%–25%; grade 2, 26%–50%; grade 3, 51%–75%; grade 4 >75%). The ratings for the extent of dyeing were as follows: grade 0, no dyeing; grade 1, weak dyeing; grade 2, moderate dyeing; grade 3, strong dyeing. The total score was calculated by multiplying the two results and the samples were divided into four categories according to the following grades: 0–1 (−); 2–4 (+); 5–8 (++); and 9–12 (+++).
RT-PCR
The experimental procedures involved the following: synthetic primer; extraction of total tissue RNA; determination of the purity and integrity; RNA integrity measurement; RT-PCR reaction; and analysis of PCR products.
For the judgment of results, DNA bands were scanned and analyzed with a Gel-Doc2000 gel imaging analysis system and the expression level of NEDD9 mRNA was determined according to the ratio between the NEDD9 density and β-actin density.
Statistical methods
SPSS version 13.0. software was used for statistical analysis. unpaired t-test was used to compare the means between two groups; analysis of variance was used to compare means among three or more groups. The chi-square test was used to assess differences of categorical data. Probability level less than 0.05 was used as a criterion of significance.
Results
NEDD9 protein expression in tissues
Immunohistochemical detection results
NEDD9 was primarily localized in cytoplasm, and was highly expressed in GC tissue. The positive expression rate of NEDD9 in GC tissue was 92.5% (37/40), adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue was 40.0% (8/20), and normal gastric mucosa tissue was 7.5% (3/40). The difference was statistically significant (P<0.01) (Table 2). The score of GC immunohistochemistry was 5.88±0.46, which was higher than that of adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue (2.35±0.59) and normal gastric mucosa (0.73±0.15) (Figure 1). χ2 was 58.534, P<0.01 (Table 2; Figures 1 and 2).
Table 2.
Expression of NEDD9 proteins in each group of tissue
| Group | Number of cases | − | + | ++ | +++ | χ2, P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastric carcinoma tissue | 40 | 3 | 10 | 21 | 6 | |
| Adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue | 20 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 58.534, <0.01 |
| Normal gastric mucosa tissue | 40 | 37 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
Figure 1.
Comparison of rating on NEDD9 protein expression in each tissue type.
Figure 2.
Comparison of NEDD9 protein expression in each tissue type (SP ×400).
Notes: (A) Normal gastric mucosa tissue. (B) Adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue. (C) Gastric carcinoma tissue.
The detection results of Western blot
NEDD9 protein was highly expressed in GC tissue and the expression level in GC, adjacent atypical hyperplasia, and normal gastric mucosa tissues was, respectively, 0.863±0.029, 0.635±0.046, and 0.322±0.024. The difference among the three groups was statistically significant (F=16.171, P<0.01) (Table 3; Figures 3 and 4).
Table 3.
NEDD9 protein expression in each tissue group tested by Western blot
| Group | n | Relative content of NEDD9 protein | F (P) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gastric carcinoma tissue | 40 | 0.863±0.029 | |
| Adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue | 20 | 0.635±0.046 | 16.171 (<0.01) |
| Normal gastric mucosa tissue | 40 | 0.322±0.024 |
Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Figure 3.
Comparison of NEDD9 protein expression in each tissue type.
Figure 4.
NEDD9 protein expression in each tissue type.
Notes: 1= gastric carcinoma tissue; 2= adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue; 3= normal gastric mucosa tissue.
The relationship between NEDD9 protein expression in gastric carcinoma tissue and clinical biology characteristics of GC
There were no significant correlations between NEDD9 protein expression level and the following indexes: sex, age, tumor size, and differentiation grade (all P>0.05), but NEDD9 protein expression was positively correlated with the depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Correlation between NEDD9 protein expression in gastric carcinoma tissue and clinical biology characteristics of gastric cancer
| Clinicopathological parameters | n | NEDD9 protein expression level | t | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 0.394 | 0.731 | ||
| <60 | 17 | 0.754±0.11 | ||
| ≥60 | 23 | 0.769±0.08 | ||
| Sex | 0.636 | 0.533 | ||
| Male | 29 | 0.769±0.10 | ||
| Female | 11 | 0.738±0.11 | ||
| Tumor size (cm) | 1.245 | 0.229 | ||
| <5 | 25 | 0.738±0.12 | ||
| ≥5 | 15 | 0.790±0.04 | ||
| Depth of invasion | 3.752 | <0.001 | ||
| T1–2 | 18 | 0.694±0.10 | ||
| T3–4 | 22 | 0.816±0.03 | ||
| Tumor differentiation grade | 0.686 | 0.501 | ||
| I–II | 26 | 0.751±0.10 | ||
| III | 14 | 0.781±0.12 | ||
| Number of lymph node metastases | 3.498 | 0.03 | ||
| <3 | 17 | 0.687±0.11 | ||
| ≥3 | 23 | 0.808±0.04 |
NEDD9 mRNA expression in each tissue type
Detection results of in situ hybridization
NEDD9 mRNA was mainly localized in cytoplasm, with the positive signal of a bluish-purple color. In GC tissue, adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue, and normal gastric mucosa tissue, NEDD9 mRNA expression decreased gradually over time. The score of NEDD9 mRNA expression in GC tissue was 5.325±0.47, which was significantly higher than the score of adjacent atypical hyperplasia (2.6±0.59) and normal gastric mucosa (0.875±0.19) (χ2=36.202, P<0.01) (Table 5; Figure 5).
Table 5.
Comparison of NEDD9 mRNA positive rate in each tissue group
| Group | Number of cases | − | + | ++ | +++ | χ2, P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gastric carcinoma tissue | 40 | 4 | 14 | 17 | 5 | |
| Adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue | 20 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 36.202, <0.01 |
| Normal gastric mucosa tissue | 40 | 35 | 3 | 2 | 0 |
Figure 5.
Comparison of NEDD9 mRNA expression in each tissue type (ISH, BCIP/NBT, ×400).
Notes: (A) Gastric carcinoma tissue. (B) Adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue. (C) Normal gastric mucosa tissue.
Abbreviations: BCIP/NBT, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium; ISH, in situ hybridization.
RT-PCR detection results
RT-PCR product detected by gel electrophoresis showed that the length of NEDD9 mRNA amplification product was 139 bp and the length of β-actin amplification product was 268 bp. The results indicated that, in normal mucosa, NEDD9 mRNA expression was very low (positive rate 0.5%). However, the expression in GC tissue (82.5%) and adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue (40.0%) was significantly higher (χ2=49.102, P<0.01). The gel grayscale scanning of positive samples indicated that the expression level in GC tissue, adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue, and normal gastric mucosa tissue was gradually decreased. Analysis of variance showed that comparison among different groups was statistically different (F=469.461, P<0.01) (Tables 6 and 7; Figure 6).
Table 6.
Comparison of the positive rate of NEDD9 mRNA expression in each tissue group
| Group | n | NEDD9 mRNA expression
|
χ2 (P) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| − | + | Positive rate (%) | |||
| Gastric carcinoma tissue | 40 | 7 | 33 | 82.5 | |
| Adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue | 20 | 12 | 8 | 40.0 | 49.102 (<0.01) |
| Normal gastric mucosa tissue | 40 | 38 | 2 | 0.5 | |
Table 7.
Comparison of relative content of NEDD9 mRNA expression in each tissue group
| Group | n | Relative content of mRNA | F (P) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gastric carcinoma tissue | 40 | 0.762±0.094 | |
| Adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue | 20 | 0.398±0.048 | 469.461 (<0.001) |
| Normal gastric mucosa tissue | 40 | 0.123±0.029 |
Note: Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
Figure 6.
Comparison of NEDD9 mRNA expression in each tissue type.
Notes: 1= gastric carcinoma tissue; 2= adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissue; 3= normal gastric mucosa tissue.
Abbreviation: M, marker.
The relationship between NEDD9 expression in gastric carcinoma tissue and clinical biology characteristics of GC
NEDD9 expression was correlated with depth of tumor invasion and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). However, no significant associations of NEDD9 expression with sex, age, tumor size, and differentiation grade were found (all P>0.05) (Table 8).
Table 8.
NEDD9 protein expression in gastric carcinoma tissue and its association with clinical biology characteristics
| Clinicopathological factors | n | NEDD9 mRNA expression level | t | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 1.278 | 0.211 | ||
| <60 | 17 | 0.820±0.206 | ||
| ≥60 | 23 | 0.894±0.125 | ||
| Sex | 0.778 | 0.443 | ||
| Male | 29 | 0.826±0.200 | ||
| Female | 11 | 0.877±0.153 | ||
| Tumor size (cm) | 1.169 | 0.251 | ||
| <5 | 25 | 0.821±0.215 | ||
| ≥5 | 15 | 0.890±0.123 | ||
| Depth of invasion | 6.280 | <0.001 | ||
| T1–2 | 18 | 0.647±0.143 | ||
| T3–4 | 22 | 0.932±0.101 | ||
| Tumor differentiation grade | 1.148 | 0.260 | ||
| I–II | 26 | 0.838±0.171 | ||
| III | 14 | 0.906±0.153 | ||
| Number of lymph node metastases | 5.342 | <0.001 | ||
| <3 | 17 | 0.691±0.158 | ||
| ≥3 | 23 | 0.937±0.103 |
Discussion
The incidence of GC is in the lead among the digestive tract cancers. In spite of many advances in diagnostic mode, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, relatively little improvement has been achieved within the last decade in terms of prognosis and quality of life for patients with GC. Given the frequent failure of conventional treatment strategies, many cancer-related biomarkers have been characterized with the goal of finding promising therapeutic targets and developing novel anticancer therapies. In recent years, several targeted drugs or antibodies and cancer vaccines have been reported.36,37 In fact, identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic tumor markers for GC diagnosis and novel therapeutic targets for treatment are major goals in this field.
The current study showed the protein expression level of NEDD9 was significantly higher in GC tissues than in adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues and normal gastric mucous tissues. The protein expression level of NEDD9 was positively related to the invasion depth of carcinoma and tumor lymph node metastasis, but unrelated to age, sex, tumor size, and clinical classification of cancer. The mRNA expression level of NEDD9 was also significantly higher in in GC tissues than in adjacent atypical hyperplasia tissues and normal gastric mucous tissues, and positively related with the tumor lymph node metastasis and invasion depth of carcinoma. Our results indicate that NEDD9 is involved in the growth and development of GC, and it may be an important biological marker of GC metastasis and infiltration. Three recent studies on expression of NEDD9 in GC patients also showed similar results.9,33,38 Collectively, these results suggest an important role of NEDD9 in the progression of GC.
In fact, elevated expression of NEDD9 has been linked to the progression of many tumors. For instance, in lung adenocarcinoma, the overexpression of NEDD9 protein is significantly correlated with staging and differentiation grade and tumor size in lung adenocarcinoma, which demonstrated a poor prognosis.28 A series of functional, biochemical, and clinical studies have established NEDD9 as a bona fide melanoma metastasis gene. NEDD9 enhanced invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo of both normal and transformed melanocytes, functionally interacted with focal adhesion kinase and modulated focal contact formation, and exhibited frequent robust overexpression in human metastatic melanoma relative to primary melanoma.25 For breast cancers, high NEDD9 expression levels were associated with aggressive breast cancers, including triple-negative breast cancer and ERBB2-overexpressing subtypes.39 Therefore, our findings are consistent with earlier reports that elevated expression of NEDD9 has been implicated as a metastasis promoter with poor progression and prognosis in a variety of tumor types.
Conclusion
The current study indicates that NEDD9 is elevated in GC tissues in terms of both protein and mRNA levels, which were correlated with the depth of infiltration and tumor lymph node metastasis. Based on the findings, the expression of NEDD9 in GC will contribute to the identification of patients at high risk for tumor invasion and metastasis. However, the exact mechanism of NEDD9 overexpression in GC may involve a multitude of epigenetic pathways and needs to be further elucidated. Hopefully, NEDD9 may prove to be a novel molecular biomarker and promising therapeutic target for GC.
Acknowledgments
Key scientific research project of Henan Province: NEDD9 expression in gastric cancer tissue and the study on stomach cancer-NEDD9 of NEDD9-siRNA. Item number: 132102310391.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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