A Case of Disease Improvement after Treatment with Everolimus plus Exemestane in a Patient with Hormone Receptor-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer with Bone Metastases

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and a leading cause of death in women worldwide. Despite significant advances in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, tumor metastasis occurs frequently and is associated with poor long-term prognosis. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a central role in cancer cell growth, proliferation, and resistance to endocrine therapies. Therefore, mTOR inhibitors such as everolimus in combination with nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors might reverse endocrine resistance and improve clinical outcomes in patients. Here, we report on a case of infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the breast with metastases to the bone. Histopathologic analysis showed that the patient was estrogen and progesterone receptor positive and human epidermal growth factor-2 negative. This case represents the clinical spectrum of complications caused by metastasis: the patient experienced a considerable amount of skeletal-related complications, had previously received chemotherapy, and experienced disease progression while taking nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors. After treatment with oral everolimus 10 mg daily plus oral exemestane 25 mg daily, the patient's disease was ameliorated. Combination therapy was well tolerated, with minimal adverse effects that were manageable with concomitant medications. Although further analyses in larger populations are necessary, the addition of everolimus to exemestane might provide an effective new treatment option for patients with bone metastasis.

Introduction

Breast cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and a leading cause of death in women [1]. The standard of care for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive advanced breast cancer is treatment with aromatase inhibitors [2]. Despite success with these agents, a major clinical problem in this patient population is endocrine therapy resistance (primary or acquired). Investigation into the mechanisms responsible for resistance to endocrine therapy has shown that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays an important role [3, 4].

Constitutive activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in long-term estrogen-deprived cell culture models of breast cancer – conditions that mimic treatment with endocrine therapy – suggests that this signaling pathway is involved in endocrine resistance [5, 6]. Therefore, inhibition of mTOR represents a promising therapeutic target in HR-positive breast cancer. Everolimus, an oral mTOR inhibitor, has shown promise in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer [7]; more recently, everolimus in combination with exemestane improved progression-free survival (PFS) in postmenopausal women with ER-positive, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2)-negative, refractory advanced breast cancer that recurred or progressed after previous therapy with the nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor letrozole or anastrozole [8, 9]. Herein, we report a case of primary breast cancer metastasis to distant sites with disease attenuation after treatment with everolimus plus exemestane.

Case Presentation

In October 2007, a 54-year-old woman received a diagnosis of bilateral infiltrating lobular carcinoma with concurrent bone metastases. The patient began a chemotherapy regimen of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide and continued therapy for 4 months. In March 2008, she underwent a bilateral mastectomy, and histopathology revealed an ER- and PR-positive, HER2-negative tumor. After surgery, she received intravenous paclitaxel 175 mg/m² for four doses, followed by oral tamoxifen 20 mg daily. In May 2008, she began radiation therapy for 5 weeks and remained in clinical remission. In August 2009, she underwent oophorectomy, stopped tamoxifen, and began treatment with oral anastrozole 1 mg daily. In September 2011, new lytic bone disease developed in her thoracic spine at T12, but the disease was asymptomatic. This was associated with rising CA 27-29 levels. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with [¹⁸F]-fluorodeoxyglucose identified hypermetabolic lytic vertebral lesions that were confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

In October 2011, the patient began oral everolimus 10 mg daily plus oral exemestane 25 mg daily (the BOLERO-2 trial was closed, but the patient received everolimus as part of her treatment regimen). In addition, the patient began intravenous zoledronic acid 4 mg every 28 days. After 10 weeks of therapy, PET/CT demonstrated diminished activity in all sites (fig. 1). In addition, CA 27-29 levels decreased toward normal. Stomatitis was the chief adverse effect. It appeared within 2 weeks of therapy initiation and was managed with a mixture of topical lidocaine, diphenhydramine, antacid suspension (‘magic mouthwash’), and good oral hygiene. The stomatitis, thought to be attributed to everolimus, was self-limiting and did not require interruption of treatment. Solitary focal lesions appeared intermittently and gradually diminished in size and intensity, and within 3 months of therapy the stomatitis resolved.

Fig. 1.

PET/CT scan with [¹⁸F]-fluorodeoxyglucose of hypermetabolic lytic vertebral lesions before (a) and after (b) 10 weeks of everolimus plus exemestane therapy.

In January 2012, the patient experienced low-grade fever and evening sweats. Zoledronic acid was held, but the fever did not resolve. A fever evaluation with chest X-ray and urine analysis, however, was unrevealing.

In March 2012, restaging using PET revealed continued improvement in bone. The patient then had focal jaw pain without visible stomatitis, but this was shown to be due to a dental abscess. In April 2012, her dental abscess was drained, she received a course of antibiotics, and the fever originally experienced in January resolved. At that time, she was taking acetaminophen, magic mouthwash (described earlier) for pain, and meloxicam for osteoarthritis. In December 2012, her CA 27-29 blood levels rose, and new hypermetabolic lesions were seen on PET and confirmed on MRI. Everolimus and exemestane were stopped in January 2013.

Discussion

Treatment options are limited for postmenopausal women with HR-positive advanced breast cancer who experience disease recurrence or progression. In the BOLERO-2 trial at 18 months’ follow-up, everolimus plus exemestane resulted in a 4.6-month prolongation of the median PFS, from 3.2 months in the placebo plus exemestane group to 7.8 months in the everolimus plus exemestane group [hazard ratio (HR), 0.45; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38–0.54; p < 0.0001] [9]. The objective response rate (ORR) and clinical benefit rate (CBR) were significantly higher in the everolimus plus exemestane group than in the placebo plus exemestane group [9]. The ORR was 12.6% for everolimus plus exemestane and 1.7% for placebo plus exemestane (p < 0.0001); the CBR was 51.3% for everolimus plus exemestane and 26.4% for placebo plus exemestane (p < 0.0001) [9].

This case report presents a woman in her 50s with a diagnosis of advanced breast cancer with bone metastases in distant sites. Within 10 weeks of treatment with everolimus plus exemestane, she experienced disease improvement (as determined radiographically). Previous exploratory analyses of the BOLERO-2 study evaluated the effect of everolimus plus exemestane on bone disease progression. One exploratory analysis determined that everolimus plus exemestane, compared with exemestane alone, reduced the levels of markers indicative of bone turnover [10]. Additionally, the everolimus combination, compared with exemestane alone, reduced the incidence of progressive disease in bone in both the overall patient population and the subset of patients with baseline bone metastases [10]. Another subanalysis of the BOLERO-2 study found that, for patients with bone-only metastases, everolimus plus exemestane, compared with exemestane alone, improved PFS (12.88 vs. 5.29 months; HR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.21–0.53; p < 0.05) [11].

In conclusion, this case report supports the use of everolimus plus exemestane in postmenopausal women with HR-positive advanced breast cancer with bone metastases whose disease progressed on a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. To confirm this finding, future analyses in larger populations of patients with HR-positive breast cancer and bone metastases are necessary.

Disclosure Statement

Dr. Beck has received research support from Roche, Genentech, Eli Lilly, and Novartis. Dr. Mantooth has nothing to disclose.