Abstract
Purpose
To report a case of corneal decompensation due to the Ex-PRESS® mini glaucoma shunt device (Ex-PRESS).
Patient and methods
A 75-year-old man had pseudoexfoliation glaucoma in his right eye. He underwent filtration surgery with Ex-PRESS. His intraocular pressure was 7 mmHg after 9 months.
Results
We observed partial decompensation of the corneal endothelium adjacent to the filtering bleb. Specular microscopy revealed a marked decrease in the endothelial cell density at the center of the cornea.
Conclusion
Anterior segment optical coherence tomography is very useful for evaluating corneal edema and the position of Ex-PRESS. It is important to follow up with an examination of the corneal endothelial cells.
Keywords: Ex-PRESS, bullous keratopathy, trabeculectomy, complication, cornea
Introduction
The Ex-PRESS® mini glaucoma shunt device (Ex-PRESS) was designed to shunt the aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the subconjunctival space using a filtration bleb.1 Ex-PRESS is a stainless steel, nonvalved, flow-restricting implant that was developed as an alternative to trabeculectomy and other types of glaucoma filtration surgery for patients with open-angle glaucoma.1 Glaucoma filtration surgery with Ex-PRESS has some merits that might be better for high-risk patients – eg, it is associated with fewer complications of early postoperative hypotony and it does not require iridectomy.2,3 In recent years, the use of glaucoma filtration surgery with Ex-PRESS has been increasing.
One of the postoperative complications of glaucoma filtration surgery is corneal endothelium dysfunction. If endothelial cell loss occurs more rapidly than normal, the endothelium will not be able to maintain its function, resulting in bullous keratopathy and a loss of vision. The rates of corneal endothelial cells decreasing after glaucoma filtering surgery have tended to vary widely among different studies.4,5
To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe corneal decompensation resulting from a filtration surgery with Ex-PRESS.
Patient and methods
A 75-year-old man presented with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma in the right eye. He had hypertension with systemic disease. He had undergone cataract surgery 3 years earlier. His intraocular pressure (IOP) was elevated above 31 mmHg despite topical antiglaucoma therapy, and his best-corrected visual acuity was 0.9. His mean deviation from the Humphrey visual field test (Humphrey Field Analyzer; Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany) was −20.72 dB.
Retrobulbar anesthesia was administered. A standard fornix-based conjunctival incision was made to gain exposure to the scleral bed adjacent to the limbus. A single scleral flap with a size of 3.5 mm × 3.5 mm was created. A mitomycin C (MMC) solution of 0.04 mg/mL was applied for 4 minutes. At this point, the eye was in a complete enclosed space, and thus MMC could not flow into the anterior chamber. Then, the treated area was irrigated with about 100 mL of balanced salt solution. The scleral flap was lifted, and a 25 gauge needle was horizontally inserted into the anterior chamber at the surgical limbus to create a path for Ex-PRESS. The 25 gauge needle was inserted into the anterior chamber from the sclera–cornea transition zone parallel to the iris. Then, Ex-PRESS was inserted into the anterior chamber. The scleral flap was sutured using a 10-0 nylon suture in three places. The conjunctiva was meticulously closed with a 10-0 nylon suture.
Results
Early postoperative complications were not noted during the first 2 months after the surgery. The postoperative IOP remained under 10 mmHg until 9 months after the surgery without any glaucoma drops. The best-corrected visual acuity was 0.6 at 6 months after the surgery. However, at 9 months after the surgery, we observed partial decompensation of the corneal endothelium resulting in a well-demarcated clear zone of the cornea and a second zone with thickening of the cornea with a Descemet membrane fold and a partial bullous keratopathy in the area adjacent to the filtering bleb (Figure 1A). The best-corrected visual acuity decreased to 0.3 at that time. The conjunctival bleb was maintained and confirmed with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) (SS-1000 CASIA; Tomey Corporation, Nagoya, Japan).
Figure 1.
Photographs of the eye at 9 months after Ex-PRESS surgery.
Notes: (A) A photograph of the anterior segment of the right eye. Ex-PRESS is visible at the temporal upper region. The cornea was thickened by edema at the region corresponding to Ex-PRESS. (B) Ex-PRESS, as visualized by gonioscopy. Ex-PRESS is inserted from the cornea, not from the trabecular meshwork. (C and D) The corneal thickness visualized by anterior segment optical coherence tomography. The Ex-PRESS device is shown as a region of high density, and the area of the cornea is very thick. Ex-PRESS is buried within the cornea.
Abbreviation: Ex-PRESS, Ex-PRESS® mini glaucoma shunt device.
When we checked the position of Ex-PRESS with AS-OCT and gonioscopy, we found that Ex-PRESS was inserted from the cornea, not the trabecular meshwork (Figures 1B–D). The cornea adjacent to the bleb appeared to be very thick. The endothelial cell density rapidly decreased during the 9 months after the surgery (Figure 2). The central corneal endothelial cells appeared to be enlarged, while the peripheral corneal endothelium at the side opposite the bleb had regularly-shaped margins (Figure 3).
Figure 2.
Changes of endothelial cell density at the center of the eye.
Notes: The corneal endothelial density was rapidly decreased. (A) Before operation (2,228 cells/mm2); (B) 1 month after surgery (2,228 cells/mm2); (C) 2 months after surgery (2,136 cells/mm2); (D) 3 months after surgery (1,561 cells/mm2); (E) 9 months after surgery (587 cells/mm2). The scale bar is 100 micrometer.
Figure 3.
The results of corneal cell density at various parts of the cornea at 9 months after surgery.
Notes: (A) Upper temporal; (B) upper central; (C) upper nasal; (D) lower temporal; (E) lower central; (F) lower nasal part of the cornea. In upper corneal parts (A–C), the endothelial cell density could not be analyzed. In the lower parts (D–F), the cell density could be determined. The numbers of endothelial cell density of D, E and F are 534, 1135, and 1411 (cells/mm2), respectively. The scale bar is 100 micrometer.
Discussion
Bullous keratopathy is one of the most severe postoperative complications of glaucoma filtration surgery. As to the cause of corneal endothelium decompensation, there are several hypotheses. Sagoo et al6 reported that anterior chamber inflammation may play a major role in the pathogenesis of bullous keratopathy. The authors demonstrated that inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor induce corneal endothelium apoptosis through the production of nitric oxide. Yamamoto et al7 reported that serious corneal endothelial dysfunction was caused by an unusual streaming of the aqueous flow that should be present after filtration surgery. The application of MMC may have an additional toxic effect on the endothelium and may result in a partial bullous keratopathy.8,9 In a laboratory experiment using human corneas that had been obtained from transplantation, a toxic effect of MMC to the endothelium was noted by McDermott et al.10 In addition, contact with a foreign body, such as the Ex-PRESS device, may cause corneal endothelium decompensation.11
In this case, the cause of the corneal decompensation was not clear and, indeed, multiple causes might have participated. However, we speculated that the main cause was the physical contact between the corneal endothelium and Ex-PRESS. It is difficult to determine whether the Ex-PRESS device has actually come into contact with the corneal endothelium by gonioscopy. Using AS-OCT, however, the position and angle of the Ex-PRESS can be seen more clearly. In our case, the tip of the Ex-PRESS was in the anterior chamber, with almost all portions of the needle buried among the cornea. Ex-PRESS might have touched the corneal endothelium during eye blinking, causing the corneal edema and Ex-PRESS to come into contact. AS-OCT is very useful for evaluating the region of corneal edema. The present case suggests that it is important to avoid touching the corneal endothelium or the iris with the EX-PRESS device but, in some cases, it can be difficult to determine whether or not the Ex-PRESS device attached intraoperatively. Surgeons thus need to exercise caution in regard to the insertion angle of the Ex-PRESS device.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this is the first report of the clinical complications of Ex-PRESS as a possible cause of corneal decompensation. Surgeons should be aware of the possibility of this side effect in order to identify patients at risk for this complication before surgery.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
References
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