Fig. 1.

Activation of MAPK–JNK by HEV replicon-synthesized ORF3 in S10-3 cells. a Agarose-gel electrophorogram, showing in vitro transcribed viral genomic RNA. Lanes 1 pSKE2; 2 negative control; 3 DNA marker. b Immune-fluorescence microscopy (IFM), showing co-expressions of HEV ORF2 [chimp sera (1⁰Ab; 1:100) & Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-human IgG (2⁰ Ab; 1:100)] and ORF3 [rabbit anti-ORF3 (1⁰Ab; 1:500) & Alexa 568-conjugated goat anti-rabbit (2⁰Ab; 1:100)] proteins in RNA-transfected cells at day4. c Phospho-ELISA, showing ex vivo activation (%) of phospho-JNK1/2 (day4, p.t.) in cells supporting HEV RNA replication and gene expression: wt: pSKE2-wt (red); GAD: pSKE2-GAD (yellow); Mock: untransfeted (green)