Abstract
Introduction and hypothesis
Tactile imaging (TI) is the high-definition pressure mapping technology which allows recording pressure patterns from vaginal walls under applied load and during pelvic floor muscle contraction. The objective of this study was to identify new tactile imaging and muscle contraction markers to characterize female pelvic floor conditions.
Methods
The study subjects included 22 women with normal and prolapse conditions. They were examined by a new vaginal tactile imaging probe that images the entire vagina, the pelvic floor support structures, and pelvic floor muscle contractions.
Results
We identified 11 parameters as potential markers to characterize the female pelvic floor conditions. These parameters correlate with prolapse conditions, patient age, and parity.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the tactile imaging markers such as pressure, pressure gradient, and dynamic pressure response during muscle contraction may be used for further quantitative characterization of female pelvic floor conditions.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00192-014-2549-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This video is also available to watch on http://videos.springer.com/. Please search for the video by the article title.
Keywords: Biomechanical properties, Vaginal tissue, Tactile imaging, Prolapse, Elasticity
Aim of the video
The objective of this study was to identify new tactile imaging and muscle contraction markers to characterize female pelvic floor conditions.
Methods
Vaginal tactile imaging [1, 2] allows 3-D quantitative elasticity assessment of pelvic floor support structures and carries a potential in assessment of surgical repair. We designed a new vaginal tactile imaging probe that images the entire vagina, the pelvic floor support structures, and pelvic floor muscle contractions. The probe has an orientation sensor, temperature sensors, and 96 pressure sensors positioned every 2.5 mm along both sides of the probe. The examination procedure includes four steps.
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Step 1.
Probe insertion: This step provides the pressure responses (P) for vaginal anterior and posterior compartments along the entire vaginal length. We can use this information to calculate pressure gradients (grP) and anatomical dimensions.
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Step 2.
Probe elevation: This step provides the pressure responses for the apical anterior and posterior compartments that are related to pelvic floor support structures.
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Step 3.
Probe rotation: This step provides the pressure patterns for the left and right sides of the vagina (circumferential tactile image from vaginal walls).
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Step 4.
Pelvic floor muscle contractions: This step provides the muscle dynamic pressure responses (dP) of the pelvic floor muscle contraction recorded from opposite sides along the entire vaginal length.
In 2013 we enrolled 22 subjects into an observational study (NCT01848626). Two patients were excluded from the data analysis because they had previously had pelvic floor surgery. The analyzed data set included 20 subjects aged from 41 to 70 years. Among them four had normal pelvic floor conditions, four stage I, seven stage II, four stage III, and one stage IV prolapse. A standard physical examination was performed, including a bimanual pelvic examination, Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q), assessment of tissue rigidity, and assessment of pelvic floor muscle tone. The tactile imaging data from all examinations were reviewed in a blinded fashion with no knowledge of the subject’s pelvic floor conditions to avoid bias in the data review process. The clinical information was then added to this data set after the tactile imaging data (pressure, pressure gradients, muscle contracting response) were finalized. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p a), paired t test (p t), and Pearson’s correlation coefficients (r) were calculated to determine whether the various parameters showed dependence on the pelvic floor conditions. The subjects were asked to complete an assessment of comfort and pain levels for the tactile imaging procedure.
Results
All 22 patients were successfully examined using the Vaginal Tactile Imager (VTI). We identified the following parameters as potential markers to characterize the female pelvic floor conditions. Site 1 corresponds to the lower one third of the vagina and site 2 to the upper one third of the vagina. We found that nine parameters are sensitive to prolapse conditions (p < 0.05 for one-way ANOVA and/or p < 0.05 for t test with correlation factor r from −0.73 to −0.56). These parameters demonstrate a mild-moderate correlation with women age and parity (see Table 1). During step 4 the VTI allows observation of contraction capability of five pelvic floor muscles. Part of the identified markers also demonstrates correlation with patient age and parity. A typical examination consisting of four steps takes 1–2 min. Of the patients, 54 % classified VTI comfort level as more comfortable than manual palpation, 36 % as the same, and 10 % as less comfortable than manual palpation. Of the patients, 73 % classified VTI pain as none, 24 % as mildly painful, and 3 % as a painful.
Table 1.
Summary for 11 parameters identified as potential markers for pelvic floor characterization
| No. | Marker location | Measured/calculated value | Interpretation | Examination step (no.) | One-way ANOVA, p vs prolapse staging | t test, p vs prolapse staging | Correlation coefficient, r vs prolapse staging | Correlation coefficient, r vs age | Correlation coefficient, r vs parity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Anterior site 1 | Pressure | Tactile feedback | Probe insertion (1) | 0.011 | 0.006 | −0.73 | −0.17 | −0.22 |
| 2 | Anterior site 1 | Pressure gradient | Tissue elasticity | Probe insertion (1) | 0.089 | 0.020 | −0.61 | −0.13 | −0.23 |
| 3 | Posterior site 1 | Pressure | Tactile feedback | Probe insertion (1) | 0.008 | 0.012 | −0.71 | −0.71–0.39 | −0.37 |
| 4 | Posterior site 1 | Pressure gradient | Tissue elasticity | Probe insertion (1) | 0.014 | 0.020 | −0.69 | −0.40 | −0.31 |
| 5 | Posterior site 1 | Pressure | Tactile feedback | Probe elevation (2) | 0.030 | 0.013 | 0.63 | 0.52 | −0.26 |
| 6 | Posterior site 2 | Pressure | Tactile feedback | Probe rotation (3) | 0.35 | 0.061 | −0.40 | 0.26 | 0.13 |
| 7 | Sides site 1 | Pressure | Muscle strength | Probe rotation (3) | 0.091 | 0.048 | −0.66 | −0.26 | −0.11 |
| 8 | Anterior site 1 | Pressure change | Muscle strength | Muscle contraction (4) | 0.102 | 0.057 | −0.58 | 0.24 | 0.00 |
| 9 | Anterior site 2 | Pressure change | Muscle strength | Muscle contraction (4) | 0.067 | 0.016 | −0.56 | 0.11 | −0.33 |
| 10 | Posterior site 1 | Pressure change | Muscle strength | Muscle contraction (4) | 0.080 | 0.019 | −0.61 | 0.15 | −0.21 |
| 11 | Posterior site 2 | Pressure change | Muscle strength | Muscle contraction (4) | 0.046 | 0.58 | 0.39 | −0.20 | −0.27 |
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that the tactile imaging markers such as pressure, pressure gradient, and dynamic pressure response during muscle contraction may be used for further quantitative characterization of female pelvic floor conditions.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
(MP4 90696 kb)
Acknowledgments
The study was supported/funded by NIH/NIA Grant AG034714.
Conflicts of interest
H. van Raalte: grant/research support; shareholder of Advanced Tactile Imaging, Inc. V Egorov: grant/research support; CEO and shareholder of Advanced Tactile Imaging, Inc.
Footnotes
Consent
Written informed consents were obtained from all subjects enrolled in this study for publication of this video article and any accompanying images. Specifically, we have consents for using patient data and the findings from the study in scientific publications. No images of enrolled patients were included in the video.
References
- 1.Egorov V, van Raalte H, Sarvazyan AP. Vaginal tactile imaging. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2010;57(7):1736–1744. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2010.2045757. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Egorov V, van Raalte H, Lucente V. Quantifying vaginal tissue elasticity under normal and prolapse conditions by tactile imaging. Int Urogynecol J. 2012;23(4):459–466. doi: 10.1007/s00192-011-1592-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
(MP4 90696 kb)