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. 2015 Mar 25;10(3):e0121802. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121802

Social Communication in Mice – Are There Optimal Cage Conditions?

Allain-Thibeault Ferhat 1,2,3, Anne-Marie Le Sourd 1,2,3, Fabrice de Chaumont 4, Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin 4, Thomas Bourgeron 1,2,3,5, Elodie Ey 1,2,3,*
Editor: Georges Chapouthier6
PMCID: PMC4373896  PMID: 25806942

Abstract

Social communication is heavily affected in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. Accordingly, mouse models designed to study the mechanisms leading to these disorders are tested for this phenotypic trait. Test conditions vary between different models, and the effect of these test conditions on the quantity and quality of social interactions and ultrasonic communication is unknown. The present study examines to which extent the habituation time to the test cage as well as the shape / size of the cage influence social communication in freely interacting mice. We tested 8 pairs of male mice in free dyadic social interactions, with two habituation times (20 min and 30 min) and three cage formats (rectangle, round, square). We tested the effect of these conditions on the different types of social contacts, approach-escape sequences, follow behavior, and the time each animal spent in the vision field of the other one, as well as on the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations and their contexts of emission. We provide for the first time an integrated analysis of the social interaction behavior and ultrasonic vocalizations. Surprisingly, we did not highlight any significant effect of habituation time and cage shape / size on the behavioral events examined. There was only a slight increase of social interactions with the longer habituation time in the round cage. Remarkably, we also showed that vocalizations were emitted during specific behavioral sequences especially during close contact or approach behaviors. The present study provides a protocol reliably eliciting social contacts and ultrasonic vocalizations in adult male mice. This protocol is therefore well adapted for standardized investigation of social interactions in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Introduction

Neuropsychiatric diseases affect heavily the social life of patients. In many cases, social communication is affected and becomes atypical. The patients get isolated in their social environment, due to a lack of interest for social interactions or atypical ways of interacting. Genetic studies of neuropsychiatric diseases led to the identification of several susceptibility genes for autism spectrum disorders (ASD) [1,2] or schizophrenia [3]. Mice remain one of the privileged mammalian animal models to study neuropsychiatric disorders, given the relative easiness of genetic modifications in this species.

Mice are social animals using olfactory, visual, tactile and acoustic signals to communicate [4–7]. Acoustic signals are one of the easiest communication signal types to measure and quantify. No convincing evidence of vocal learning in mice exists at the moment, and the contextual usage (especially in adult mice) as well as the perception levels of these acoustic signals remain unclear and need further investigations (reviewed in [8]); however, mouse ultrasonic vocalizations could still be considered as a reliable proxy to model the genetic bases of social communication deficits, excluding vocal learning processes [9,10]. Indeed, usage and structure of ultrasonic vocalizations varied with the contexts of emission and affective states (reviewed in [11]). Therefore, social interactions and vocal communication in mice can be used as proxies to examine the validity of mouse models for neuropsychiatric diseases [10,12–14].

One issue in different tests used to evaluate social interactions and communication is to stimulate free social interactions without forcing them, i.e., favoring voluntary approaches instead of incidental contacts. The aim is to get a maximum of spontaneous affiliative social interactions. For this purpose, the shape of the test cage as well as the time the tested animal is habituated to it are supposed to be determinant (Fig. 1A). A preliminary scanning of the literature of mouse models of ASD was not informative to highlight any relationship between cage size and social contact in free social interactions. Indeed, the duration of the recording had a major influence on the proportion of time spent in contact during that test. The shorter the test, the higher the percentage of time was spent in contact (S1 Table).

Fig 1. Methods used to examine the influence of cage shape/size on social interactions in mice.

Fig 1

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(A) Setting used to track with Mice Profiler the occupant male (red) and the new-comer male (green) during social interactions in a rectangle, a round and a square cage. (B) Behavioral events detected by Mice Profiler during social interactions between the occupant (red) and the new-comer (green). (C) Spatial occupation of the interaction cage by the occupant (red) and the new-comer (green) for the eight pairs of mice in the three cage types. Yellow traces represent the overlap of the two spatial occupations.

To avoid these influences, a standardized test was developed for the characterization of social deficits in mouse models of ASD and is now broadly used [13]. The three-chambered test has been designed in the laboratory of J. N. Crawley to evaluate the interest for a conspecific (constrained under a cup) as well as the preference for an unfamiliar conspecific over a familiar one [15]. Variables measured are usually the time spent in each compartment and the time spent sniffing the cups with the conspecifics (e.g., [16–19]). The advantage of this test is its standardization. Its major weakness is that social interactions are constrained, allowing only a very limited evaluation of social communication even for the sniffing time supposed to be the most representative of social interest [20]. This test allows the detection of social deficits; it gives however no qualitative indication about social interactions and represents only a quantitative estimation for social interest and conspecific recognition. A complementary test to counterbalance this weakness is the same-sex free dyadic interactions test [9,17,18,21,22]. Mice are left free to interact in a test cage. Both mice can be introduced together at the same time (situation not considered here), or one animal (the occupant, usually the tested mouse of a specific genotype) can be habituated to the test cage, while the second one is introduced later (the new-comer, usually from a commercially available control strain). The last situation allows to distinguish between occupant and new-comer, i.e., the emitter and the receiver of most interactions, respectively. This test does not encompass as many standardized elements as the three-chambered test since animals are freely interacting and cannot be controlled. The analysis of this type of interactions is more time-consuming and more prone to subjective interpretations. New software nevertheless allow to reduce these subjective elements in the analyses (e.g., EthoVision XT from Noldus Information Technology, The Netherlands, or Mice Profiler from Icy software [23,24]). The elicited interactions are closer to ethological behaviors, even if the motivation of the animals is usually manipulated (through social isolation and habituation to the test cage for the occupant, and group housing for the new-comer, situation considered in the present study). Data extracted allow a qualitative description of the interactions.

We designed the present study to test specifically the influence of the cage shape/size and the habituation time that vary in a controlled way. We aimed at testing whether same-sex social interactions occurring in a reasonably sized test cage with reduced habituation time are not forced in comparison with social interactions in larger cages with longer habituation time. We used the semi-automated module Mice Profiler from Icy software [23], that allows a comparison over a large panel of events, states and sequences of events within social interactions to get as much details as possible on these interactions in each condition.

We hypothesized that social interactions in the round cage will be the most different from the rectangle and the square cages. Indeed, corners in test cages appear to be very often used by animals (see Fig. 1C), and therefore their absence might lead to major modifications of the interactions. Given our previous experiments, two habituation times have been chosen close enough not to have a large influence on social interactions. The reason of this comparison is very pragmatic: the shorter habituation time will be convenient to spare some time for each animal and to improve testing efficiency.

Material and Methods

Upon arrival, seven-week old C57BL/6J male mice (Charles River Laboratories, L’Arabesle, France) were housed in groups of four in a colony room maintained at 23±1°C on a 12:12 hour light/dark cycle, with lights on at 8:00 AM. Mice had access to food and water ad libitum. One week after their arrival, the 48 males considered as occupants were socially isolated for 3 weeks before the experiments to increase their social motivation and reduce their aggressiveness [21,22]. The 12 mice used as new-comers were kept in groups of four males throughout the experiment. The experiments were conducted when animals were 11 weeks of age. Behavioral experiments were approved by the ethical committee CETEA Institut Pasteur n°89.

All experiments were conducted between 9:30 AM and 6:00 PM. Two pairs of mice were tested simultaneously with an opaque separation between the two cages. Pairs tested together underwent the same habituation time, but cage shape/size was balanced between right and left for each trial. Parameters tested in the experiment were the habituation time to the test cage (20 min or 30 min) and the shape and surface of the experimental Plexiglas cage (rectangle: 50 × 25 cm [1250 cm2], round: 50 cm diameter [1963.5 cm2], square: 50 cm side [2500 cm2]; height: 30 cm in all cases). The occupant mouse was left 20 min or 30 min for habituation in the experimental cage (100 lx; clean sawdust bedding [9]). After this time, an unfamiliar male mouse (the new-comer) was introduced. The two animals were allowed to freely interact for 8 min [9,21]. Social interactions were videotaped continuously (high-resolution CamTech Super-Hi-Res video camera; 25 fps). Ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded simultaneously (sampling frequency: 250 kHz, 16-bit accuracy). Audio recording hardware (UltraSoundGate 416–200, Condenser ultrasound microphone Polaroid/CMPA) and software (Avisoft SASLab Pro Recorder) were from Avisoft Bioacoustics (Berlin, Germany). Previous experiments suggested that ultrasonic vocalizations were mainly emitted by the occupant; the contribution of the new-comer (if any) was negligible [22]. At the end of the experiment, mice were returned to their respective home cages and none of the occupants were used again. Between each interaction test, the experimental cage was emptied from bedding, and new fresh bedding was used.

Given the important number of conditions tested (6 conditions: habituation time: 20 min or 30 min; cage shape: rectangle, round, or square), we tested and analyzed only 8 pairs of mice per condition to limit the number of animals involved. Mice Profiler provides sufficiently detailed information to extract robust data with such a sample size for each condition (see supplementary information in [23]). The experimenters were blind of the conditions of the tested animals for data analyses (except for video scoring, where the experimenter could see the shape of the cage but was not aware of the habituation time). Social interactions were encoded on compressed video files (704 x 576 pixels; Fig. 1A). Using the plugin Mice Profiler from Icy software [23], we measured several behavioral events (Fig. 1B):

  • - time spent in contact (threshold: 1 cm),

  • - types of contacts: nose-to-nose, oro-genital from the occupant’s point of view and oro-genital from the new-comer’s point of view,

  • - follow behavior (i.e., the occupant follows the new-comer, both animals moving),

  • - approach behavior (i.e., the occupant approaches the new-comer, the new-comer approaches the occupant),

  • - escape behavior (i.e., the occupant escapes from the new-comer, the new-comer escapes from the occupant),

  • - approach-escape sequences (i.e., occupant approaches new-comer & new-comer escapes, new-comer approaches occupant and occupant escapes, occupant approaches new-comer & occupant escapes, new-comer approaches occupant & new-comer escapes),

  • - the time each animal spent in the vision field of the other one, both for the occupant and the new-comer when they are not moving.

  • - stop behavior (i.e., the occupant does not move, or the new-comer does not move).

We detected manually ultrasonic vocalizations with the software Avisoft SASLab Pro (Avisoft, Germany; FFT-length: 1024 points, 75% overlap; time resolution: 0.853 ms; frequency resolution: 293 Hz; Hamming window). We measured the latency for the first ultrasonic vocalization as well as the total number of ultrasonic vocalization and their duration.

We used non-parametric statistical tests given the non-normal distribution of the data and the small sample-sizes (8 pairs of animals per condition). We used a Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test to evaluate the effect of the cage shape for each habituation time separately. When significant differences emerged, we used Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests to identify where the difference stemmed from in 2-by-2 comparisons. To evaluate the effect of the habituation time for each cage shape separately, we used Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests. All statistical results are compiled in the S2 Table. All analyses were conducted with the computing and statistical software R (R Developmental Core Team 2009).

Results

We tested the effect of the cage shape/size and the habituation time on different events and sequences of events occurring in affiliative social interactions between adult male mice. Results are presented for the first 4 min of the recordings. Results for the complete 8-min recordings are overall similar to the ones for the first 4-min recordings unless otherwise specified (data not shown; S2 Table for statistical analyses).

The habituation time to the test cage influenced the time spent in contact only in the round cage, with the time spent in contact being significantly longer after 30-min habituation than after 20-min habituation (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 10, p = 0.021; Fig. 2). There was no significant effect of the cage shape/size on the time spent in contact after 20-min habituation and after 30-min habituation (Fig. 2).

Fig 2. Limited influence of habituation time and cage shape/size on the time spent in contact.

Fig 2

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Time in contact (< 1 cm) was measured during the first 4 min of interaction after 20 min (left panel) or 30 min (right panel) habituation time in three cage types. (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests: n = 8 pairs of mice per condition; *: p<0.05; data are presented as mean +/- sem).

The effects of the habituation time and of the cage shape/size were also limited in the different types of contacts (Fig. 3). There was a significant effect of habituation time in the round cage only on the total duration of nose-to-nose contacts (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 6, p = 0.005; Fig. 3A). This contact was significantly longer after 30-min habituation than after 20-min habituation in the round cage. There was no significant difference due to habituation time in the total duration of the occupant sniffing the ano-genital region of the new-comer and in the total duration of the new-comer sniffing the ano-genital region of the occupant (Fig. 3B and 3C). Concerning cage shape/size, we did not find any significant effect neither in the 20-min habituation condition nor in the 30-min habituation condition on the total time spent in nose-to-nose contacts (Fig. 3A), on the total time spent by the occupant sniffing the ano-genital region of the new-comer (Fig. 3B), and on the total time spent by the new-comer sniffing the ano-genital region of the occupant (Fig. 3C).

Fig 3. Limited effect of habituation time and cage shape/size on the duration of different types of contact.

Fig 3

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Contact (< 1 cm) was measured during the first 4 min of interaction after 20 min (left panel) or 30 min (right panel) habituation time in three cage types. (A) Time spent in mouth-to-mouth contact. (B) Time spent by the occupant (occ) sniffing the ano-genital region of the new-comer. (C) Time spent by the new-comer (nc) sniffing the ano-genital region of the occupant. (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests: n = 8 pairs of mice per condition; *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01; data are presented as mean +/- sem).

The total duration of the occupant following the new-comer did not differ significantly according to the cage shape and the habituation time (all p-values >0.05; Fig. 4A). No significant effect of habituation time and cage shape/size had been found on the duration of the stop behaviors (Fig. 4B and 4C). No significant differences between the 20-min and the 30-min habituation conditions had been found in any cage shape/size for the number of occurrences of the occupant approaching the new comer (Fig. 5A), the number of occurrences of the new-comer approaching the occupant (Fig. 5B), and the number of occurrences of the new-comer escaping from the occupant (Fig. 5D). The number of occurrences of the occupant escaping from the new-comer had been significantly higher after 30-min habituation than after 20-min habituation in the round cage (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 8 p = 0.013). The number of occurrences of the occupant escaping from the new-comer had also been significantly lower after 30-min habituation than after 20-min habituation in the square cage (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 55.5 p = 0.016; Fig. 5C).

Fig 4. No significant effect of habituation time and cage shape/size on the duration of the follow and stop behaviors.

Fig 4

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Measures were taken after 20 min (left panel) or 30 min (right panel) habituation time in three cage types. (A) Time spent by the occupant (occ) following the new-comer (nc) in the first 4 min of interaction. (B) Time spent by the occupant (occ) not moving during the first 4 min of interaction. (C) Time spent by the new-comer (nc) not moving during the first 4 min of interaction. (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests: n = 8 pairs of mice per condition; data are presented as mean +/- sem).

Fig 5. Limited effect of habituation time and cage shape/size on the number of approach or escape behaviors.

Fig 5

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Measures were taken during the first 4 min of interaction after 20 min (left panel) or 30 min (right panel) habituation time in three cage types. (A) Number of occurrences of the occupant (occ) approaching the new-comer. (B) Number of occurrences of the new-comer (nc) approaching the occupant. (C) Number of occurrences of the occupant (occ) escaping from the new-comer. (D) Number of occurrences of the new-comer (nc) escaping from the occupant. (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests: n = 8 pairs of mice per condition; *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01; data are presented as mean +/- sem).

The effects of the cage shape/size were not significant in both the 20-min and the 30-min habituation conditions on the number of occurrences of the occupant approaching the new-comer (Fig. 5A), the number of occurrences of the new-comer approaching the occupant (Fig. 5B), and the number of occurrences of the new-comer escaping from the occupant (Fig. 5D). There had been only a significant effect of the cage shape/size in the 30-min habituation condition on the number of occurrences of the occupant escaping from the new-comer (Kruskal-Wallis test: Df = 2, X = 11.67, p = 0.003; Fig. 5D). Indeed, the occupant escaped from the new-comer significantly more frequently in the round cage in comparison with the rectangle cage (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 12, p = 0.040) and in comparison with the square cage (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 60.5, p = 0.003) after 30-min habituation. The occupant also escaped from the new-comer significantly more frequently in the rectangle cage in comparison with the square cage after 30-min habituation (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 51.5, p = 0.045). Results for the duration of the same behavioral events were similar (data not shown).

Very limited influence of the cage shape/size and habituation time had been found on sequences of approach-escape behaviors (Fig. 6). There had been no significant effect of the habituation time on the frequency of occurrence (Fig. 6) and the duration (data not shown) of the three following types of sequences: “occupant approaches new-comer & new-comer escapes” (Fig. 6A), “new-comer approaches occupant and occupant escapes” (Fig. 6B), and “new-comer approaches occupant & new-comer escapes” (Fig. 6D). Only a significant effect of habituation time had been found for the sequence “occupant approaches new-comer & occupant escapes” in the square cage (Fig. 6C). Indeed, the sequence “occupant approaches new-comer & occupant escapes” occurred significantly less frequently in the 30-min habituation condition than in the 20-min habituation condition in the square cage (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 59.5, p = 0.004). No significant differences in the frequency of occurrences (Fig. 6) and in the duration (data not shown) of the four types of sequences emerged between the cage shapes in the 20-min habituation condition. There had been nevertheless a significant effect of cage shape/size in the 30-min habituation condition for the sequence “occupant approaches new-comer & occupant escapes” (Kruskal-Wallis test: Df = 2, X = 6.33, p = 0.042), which occurred significantly more frequently in the round cage in comparison with the square cage (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 54, p = 0.023; Fig. 6C).

Fig 6. Limited effect of habituation time and cage shape/size on the number of occurrences of different types of approach-escape sequences.

Fig 6

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Measures were taken during the first 4 min of interaction after 20 min (left panel) or 30 min (right panel) habituation time in three cage types. (A) Number of occurrences of the sequence “occupant approaches new-comer & new-comer escapes”. (B) Number of occurrences of the sequence “new-comer approaches occupant and occupant escapes”. (C) Number of occurrences of the sequence “occupant approaches new-comer & occupant escapes”. (D) Number of occurrences of the sequence “new-comer approaches occupant & new-comer escapes”. (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests: n = 8 pairs of mice per condition; *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01; data are presented as mean +/- sem).

We also examined the effect of cage shape/size and habituation time on the time spent by the animals in the vision field of each other when the animals are not moving. The occupant kept the new-comer in its vision field significantly longer after 20-min habituation than after 30-min habituation in the round cage only (Mann-Whitney U-test: U = 51, p = 0.049; Fig. 7A). No significant effect of habituation time had been found on the time the new-comer kept the occupant in its vision field (Fig. 7B). The cage shape/size did not appear to have a significant influence on the time spent by each animal in the vision field of the other one during stop situations for both the 20-min habituation condition and the 30-min habituation condition during the first 4 min of interactions (Fig. 7). In contrast, over the 8 min of interactions, there was a significant effect of cage shape/size on both the time the occupant kept the new-comer in its vision field (Kruskal-Wallis test: Df = 2, X = 8.14, p = 0.017) and the time the new-comer kept the occupant in its vision field (Kruskal-Wallis test: Df = 2, X = 7.27, p = 0.026). Both measures were more elevated in the round cage in comparison with the rectangle cage (Mann-Whitney U-tests: U = 5, p = 0.003; U = 11, p = 0.028; data not shown).

Fig 7. Limited effect of habituation time and cage shape/size on the time spent by one individual in the vision field of the other one.

Fig 7

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Measures were taken during the first 4 min of interaction after 20 min (left panel) or 30 min (right panel) habituation time in three cage types. (A) Time spent by the new-comer in the vision field of the occupant. (B) Time spent by the occupant in the vision field of the new-comer. (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests: n = 8 pairs of mice per condition; *: p<0.05; data are presented as mean +/- sem).

Finally, we tested the effect of the cage shape/size and the habituation time on the latency for the first ultrasonic vocalization, the number of ultrasonic vocalizations and the mean duration of the calls. No significant differences emerged between the habituation time conditions for each cage shape and between cage shapes for each habituation time condition for the latency of the first ultrasonic vocalization (Fig. 8A), the number of ultrasonic vocalizations emitted per minute (Fig. 8B) and the mean duration of ultrasonic vocalizations (Fig. 8C).

Fig 8. No significant effect of habituation time and cage shape/size on the vocal behavior of the pairs of interacting mice.

Fig 8

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Measures were taken during the first 4 min of interaction after 20 min (left panel) or 30 min (right panel) habituation time in three cage types. (A) Latency for the first ultrasonic vocalization. (B) Number of ultrasonic vocalizations emitted by minute. (C) Mean duration of ultrasonic vocalizations. (Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U-tests: n = 8 pairs of mice per condition; data are presented as mean +/- sem).

The behavioral events during which ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded did not vary significantly with habituation time or cage shape/size (Fig. 9). In all conditions, between 30% and 50% of ultrasonic vocalizations were emitted during social contacts. Many vocalizations were recorded when the occupant was behind the new-comer, and much fewer in the reverse situation. This would explain why very few vocalizations were recorded during nose-to-nose contacts and when the new-comer was sniffing the ano-genital region of the occupant, while many vocalizations were recorded when the occupant was sniffing the ano-genital region of the new-comer. For vocalizations not emitted during contact, a high proportion of vocalizations recorded when the occupant was approaching the new-comer (with either the new-comer or the occupant escaping). In contrast, much fewer vocalizations were recorded when the new-comer was approaching the occupant (with either the occupant escaping, or the new-comer escaping).

Fig 9. Contexts of ultrasonic vocalization emission during social interactions.

Fig 9

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Proportion of ultrasonic vocalizations emitted during social events during the first 4 min of interactions (A) after 20 min habituation in the rectangular cage, (B) after 20 min habituation in the round cage, (C) after 20 min habituation in the square cage, (D) after 30 min habituation in the rectangular cage, (E) after 30 min habituation in the round cage, (F) after 30 min habituation in the square cage. Social events are presented in the following order: contact < 1 cm, nose-to-nose contact, occupant sniffing ano-genital region of new-comer, occupant sniffing ano-genital region of new-comer, occupant behind new-comer, new-comer behind occupant, occupant not moving, new-comer not moving, occupant approaches new-comer & new-comer escapes, new-comer approaches occupant and occupant escapes, occupant approaches new-comer & occupant escapes, new-comer approaches occupant & new-comer escapes, occupant following new-comer, new-comer in the vision field of occupant, occupant in the vision field of new-comer (n = 8 pairs of mice per condition; data are presented as mean +/- sem).

Discussion

Using different settings for cage shape/size and habituation time, we ascertained mouse social behaviors and sequences of social behaviors, as well as ultrasonic vocalizations. We found very little difference caused by the cage shape/size in these features (Fig. 10). Only the habituation time had some minor effect on social behaviors most often in the round cage, with the longer habituation time favoring social interactions.

Fig 10. Limited effects of habituation time and cage shape/size on behavioral events during adult male mouse social interactions.

Fig 10

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Most comparisons were non-significant (green boxes: p > 0.05), while only a few effects of habituation time and cage shape/size were detected (orange boxes: p < 0.05, red boxes: p < 0.01).

Previous studies only analyzed the influence of housing conditions on the behavior of the animals (e.g., individually ventilated cages vs. filter-top cages [25], transparent walls vs. cages without view on the room and other cages [26]). In our study, we examined the direct influence of the cage shape/size during a social interaction test. We did not identify major effects of the cage shape/size and the habituation time on the several variables describing social interactions. The present study therefore suggests that the use of a 50 x 25 cm rectangular cage with a 20 min habituation time does not force social interactions, i.e., favor voluntary social approaches. This forcing of social interactions would come from a too small space. In such conditions, mice would come in contact incidentally much more often than in larger spaces during the exploration of the cage. What is still unknown and would need further investigation is to what extent interactions would be forced in a smaller space. Further study should also compare the quantity and quality of spontaneous social interactions with and without habituation to the test cage for the occupant.

We would have expected major differences in the round cage in comparison with the square and the rectangle ones given the absence of corners. Indeed corners are used very often (Fig. 1C) and might represent stop zones, where animals can get stuck. We thought this would lead to major differences for instance in approach/escape sequences and in stop behaviors. Such major differences were not observed. Only a slight increase of escape behaviors of the occupant from the new-comer has been found in the round cage in comparison with other cage types. This suggests that corners in test cages are not leading to major perturbations of social sequences in mice. They are not used as preferred places for stop behaviors, and their absence does not favor follow behavior or impair the different types of social investigations (nose-to-nose, ano-genital sniffing). In contrast, the habituation time had some effect on social interactions mostly in the round cage. This might suggest that the lack of corners renders it more difficult to the animals (used to cages with corners throughout their life) to habituate to such environments. The exploratory phase might last longer in round cages than in cages with corners, delaying the social investigation.

The Mice Profiler module of Icy software from de Chaumont and colleagues [23] was originally tested on mice interacting with a similar protocol as ours, with a rectangular cage and 30 min habituation to the test cage. We compared our data within the rectangular cage and after 30 min habituation to these data for C57Bl/6J male mice. The duration of the follow behavior was slightly shorter in our experiment in comparison with the de Chaumont and colleagues’ study both during the first 4 min of interaction and during the 8 min of interaction [23]. The duration of nose-to-nose contact was lower in our study in comparison with the de Chaumont study, while the total duration of oro-genital sniffing (from both the occupant and the new-comer) was similar between the two studies during the first 4 min of interaction. Overall, most discrepancies were found for the nose-to-nose contact, while data for other behaviors were similar. The fact that mice from the present study were isolated for 3 weeks and those from the de Chaumont study for 4 weeks might explain some of the differences between the durations of the follow behavior and of the types of contacts.

Ultrasonic vocalizations were recorded in all conditions, confirming that two interacting males vocalize together and do not show overt aggressive behaviors during 4 min (and even 8 min) of interactions if the occupant has been isolated for 3 weeks before the test. To what extent social communication is affected by this long period of social isolation remains to be quantified, given the high stress level probably generated by social isolation (that needs to be much shorter or absent in juvenile[27] and in female [18] mice). Spontaneous ultrasonic vocalizations of same-sex groups of males are very rare and usually very simple and short in structure (E. Ey, unpublished data). The present protocol should then be considered as an artificial but reliable way (and not as an ethological way) to evoke ultrasonic vocalizations and affiliative interactions in males, which might be useful in the behavioral characterization of mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders. It is probably the craving for social contacts that triggers these complex ultrasonic vocalizations. Moreover, a similar amount of ultrasonic vocalizations was recorded in the three cage types. This absence of difference in the amount of vocalizations detected suggests that even in the largest cages (square and round cages), where the microphone has to cover a large surface, the level of detection of ultrasonic vocalizations is not different from the smallest cage (rectangle cage). This indication of the recording surface of the ultrasonic microphone used will be helpful to design new recording cages for 24 h continuous recordings in complex environments, including more than two individuals. Such environments will have a more ethological design, more similar to burrows and tunnels, to allow a complete expression of the natural behavioral repertoire of mice [28]. Continuous recordings using synchronized advanced technologies (RFID tracking, triangulation for audio recordings, 3D video recordings) will allow to gather data about spontaneous social communication in groups of mice, during daylight (presumably very reduced) and during nighttime (presumably much more complex than in the artificial classical laboratory settings). Spontaneous social interactions might substantially differ in quality and temporal distribution from the ones evoked in artificial laboratory conditions as in the present study.

For the first time, we manage to correlate the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations and the detailed social events extracted from Mice Profiler. We confirmed that ultrasonic vocalizations are not emitted randomly and therefore provide further support for their role in social communication. At the moment, it is still not possible to identify clearly the emitter. The fact that ultrasonic vocalizations are rarely emitted during nose-to-nose contacts could justify using triangulation to localize the emitter since the noses of the two animals are usually not close to one another during ultrasonic vocalization emission.

Ultrasonic vocalizations are supposedly mostly emitted by the occupant during social contacts (especially ano-genital sniffing) and during approach behaviors. The present study also suggested an effect of the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations on the outcome of an approach. The escape behavior of the new-comer or the occupant was often correlated with the emission of ultrasonic vocalizations. When the occupant approaches the new-comer, the later is often less likely to escape and end the contact if more vocalizations were emitted. The correlation between the ultrasonic vocalizations emitted and the type of social interactions described in this study is the first step towards a better understanding of the relationship between the types of vocalizations [29] and the relative positions of mice during social interactions. Future studies should concentrate on identifying call types that are specific to social events and sequences described here. In addition, new social experiments with long term continuous recordings of spontaneous interactions and playback studies should complement these aspects on the functions of these ultrasonic vocalizations, and more specifically on the identification of any sequences of ultrasonic vocalizations triggering specific behaviors in the receiver.

Overall, the present study suggest that a rectangular cage (50 x 25 cm) with 20-min habituation to the test cage is sufficient to elicit non-aggressive interactions between an isolated “occupant” adult male and a socially-housed “new-comer” adult male. A large amount of ultrasonic vocalizations can even be recorded in these conditions. Such a protocol will be useful in a better evaluation of social communication deficits in mouse models of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Supporting Information

S1 Table. Non-exhaustive review of the literature on free social interactions in mouse models of autism spectrum disorders.

Information about the habituation time, the cage shape, the duration of the test, the background of the wild-type strain studied is compiled. Selected articles: [13,16–19,22,30–49].

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file. (74.7KB, pdf)
S2 Table. Statistical tests conducted for all variables describing social interactions and vocal behaviors.

Comparisons were made to identify the effect of habituation time and cage shape/size.

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file. (66.6KB, pdf)

Acknowledgments

We thank Guillaume Dumas for valuable comments on the manuscript. We are also grateful to the two reviewers whose comments noticeably improved the manuscript.

Data Availability

Data are available from Harvard's Dataverse database under the DOI: doi:10.7910/DVN/29079.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the Fondation de France; by the ANR FLEXNEURIM [ANR09BLAN034003]; by the ANR [ANR- 08-MNPS-037-01–SynGen]; by Neuron-ERANET (EUHF-AUTISM); by the Fondation Orange; by the Fondation FondaMentale; by the Fondation Bettencourt–Schueller. The research leading to these results has also received support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115300, resources of which are composed of financial contribution from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) and EFPIA companies’ in kind contribution. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Table. Non-exhaustive review of the literature on free social interactions in mouse models of autism spectrum disorders.

Information about the habituation time, the cage shape, the duration of the test, the background of the wild-type strain studied is compiled. Selected articles: [13,16–19,22,30–49].

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file. (74.7KB, pdf)
S2 Table. Statistical tests conducted for all variables describing social interactions and vocal behaviors.

Comparisons were made to identify the effect of habituation time and cage shape/size.

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file. (66.6KB, pdf)

Data Availability Statement

Data are available from Harvard's Dataverse database under the DOI: doi:10.7910/DVN/29079.

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