Abstract
Objectives:
To provide evidence of the clinical efficacy of Xuebijing (XBJ) on blood coagulation in patients with sepsis.
Methods:
We conducted this meta-analysis in The People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China between December 2013 and May 2014. We searched a number of databases for relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published before December 2013 using the keywords ‘Xuebijing’, ‘coagulation’ and ‘sepsis’. Statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.2 from the Cochrane Collaboration.
Results:
Fourteen RCTs involving 867 patients were included. Compared with placebo, XBJ injection significantly improved platelets (mean differences [MD] = 42.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.42 - 61.86, p<0.00001), shortened the activated partial thromboplastin time (MD = -4.81, 95% CI: -7.86 - [-1.76], p=0.002), shortened the prothrombin time (MD = -2.33, 95% CI: -4.15 - [-0.51], p=0.01), and shortened the thrombin time (MD = -2.05, 95% CI: -3.52 - [-0.58], p=0.006). However, no significant difference was found between the XBJ injection and the placebo group for fibrinogen (MD = 0.21, 95% CI: -0.38 - 0.81, p=0.48).
Conclusion:
Xuebijing injection may improve coagulopathy in patients with sepsis. High-quality and large sample clinical trials are needed for confirmation.
In 2012, the international guidelines for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock conference defined sepsis as the presence (probable or documented) of infection together with systemic manifestations of infection.1 Ranging from the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and its complications, septic shock, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), sepsis represents the leading cause of death in intensive care patients. A significant cause of infective systemic manifestations in sepsis is the uncontrolled release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines.2 A variety of inflammatory mediators and cytokines may directly or indirectly confuse the body’s coagulation, and result in an abnormal clotting mechanism.3 Xuebijing (XBJ), which has been extensively used for treating sepsis in China, is an intravenous injection consisting of 5 traditional Chinese medicines (safflower, Radix Paeoniae Rubra, angelica, Chuanxiong, salvia miltiorrhiza).4 It can improve microcirculation and blood coagulation dysfunction based on the theory of anti-endotoxin, anti-inflammatory, regulating immune function, scavenging oxygen free radicals and stabilizing vascular endothelial cells simultaneously.5-8 Previous studies have showed that XBJ is effective for sepsis,9 and this drug has been approved by the State Food and Drug Administration of China for clinical use. We conducted this meta-analysis to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive picture of the clinical efficacy of XBJ on blood coagulation in patients with sepsis.
Methods
This meta-analysis was conducted in the People’s Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China, between December 2013 and May 2014. We included all relevant studies published before December 2013 in the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang database, MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library based on the following search terms: 1) “xuebijing” [Supplement Concept]; 2) “blood coagulation”, or “coagulation”, or “clotting”; 3)‘sepsis’; 4) “blood platelets”, “partial thromboplastin time”, “prothrombin time”, “thrombin time”, or “fibrinogen”.
We included studies in this meta-analysis if: 1) they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs); 2) used a parallel design or crossover design of XBJ versus placebo treatment; 3) duration of treatment was ≥ 72 hours; 4) reported data on platelet (PLT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), thrombin time (TT), and fibrinogen (FIB); 5) excluded the factors that can cause changes in PLT and coagulation (for example, original thrombotic diseases, cancer, hematological disorders, connective tissue disease and use of anticoagulants); 6) These studies were published in English or Chinese.
Abstracts of cited articles were reviewed by 2 independent investigators to determine their relevance. Discrepancies were resolved by consensus or, as needed, with a third investigator and confirmed by consensus. When there were multiple reports from the same trial, the most complete and recently reported data was chosen. The quality of included articles was further assessed using the Jadad criteria.10 The scores ranged from 0 to 5 (a high score indicating high quality).
The statistical analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.2 (RevMan, The Nordic Cochrane Center, Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark), 2013. For efficacy measures, mean changes in PLT, APTT, PT, TT, and FIB as continuous variables were assessed. For these continuous variables, weighted mean differences (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for changes from baseline were calculated. A p-value <0.05 was considered to be statically significant. Heterogeneity was tested by the Q statistic (significance level at p<0.10) and the I2 statistic (significance level at I2>50%).11 A random-effects model was used if the Q or I2 statistic was significant. Otherwise, a fixed-effects model was used.
Results
The initial literature search retrieved 1236 relevant articles. Nine hundred and sixty-four articles were excluded after scanning the titles. Two hundred and nineteen articles were excluded after carefully reading the abstracts. Then, 39 articles were excluded for various reasons (duplicate, review, case report, no required data), and finally 14 RCTs12-25 were retained for meta-analysis. Pooled analysis included 867 patients. Overall, the included studies were of adequate methodologic quality (mean Jadad score 3.429 for included studies, all studies had a score ≥3). Included studies, basic characteristics of enrolled patients, and details of drug therapy are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Basic characteristics of included studies of enrolled patients with sepsis and details of drug therapy.
Analysis of risk of bias showed that 6 trials reported the detailed methods of sequence generation and allocation concealment.14,18,19,21,23,25 Blinding was performed properly in all included trials. All trials were free from incomplete outcome data and free from selective outcome reporting as well as other sources of bias. A total of 14 trials had a low or moderate risk of bias. The risk of bias is summarized in Table 1.
The results of meta-analysis showed that XBJ injection can significantly improve PLT (MD = 42.14, 95% CI: 22.42 - 61.86, p<0.00001, Figure 1), shorten the APTT (MD = -4.81, 95% CI: -7.86 - [-1.76], p=0.002, Figure 2), shorten the PT (MD = -2.33, 95% CI: -4.15 - [-0.51], p=0.01, Figure 3), shorten the TT (MD = -2.05, 95% CI: -3.52 - [-0.58], p=0.006, Figure 4). However, no significant difference was found between the Xuebijing injection and the placebo group in FIB change (MD = 0.21, 95% CI: -0.38 - 0.81, p=0.48, Figure 5).
Figure 1.
Meta-analysis of platelet change of Xuebijing injection for sepsis. IV - inverse variance, CI - confidence interval
Figure 2.
Meta-analysis of activated partial thromboplastin time change of Xuebijing injection for sepsis. IV - inverse variance, CI - confidence interval
Figure 3.
Meta-analysis of prothrombin time change of Xuebijing injection for sepsis. IV - inverse variance, CI - confidence interval
Figure 4.
Meta-analysis of thrombin time change of Xuebijing injection for sepsis. IV - inverse variance, CI - confidence interval
Figure 5.
Meta-analysis of fibrinogen change of Xuebijing injection for sepsis. IV - inverse variance, CI - confidence interval
Discussion
The pathogenesis of sepsis is not yet entirely clear, but endotoxin, inflammatory mediators/cytokines, and/or endothelial cell damage are more reliable reasons.26 Most patients with sepsis have coagulation dysfunction,27 and pathological manifestations show a large number of micro thrombus formation in microcirculation. Some scholars have inferred sepsis-induced organ dysfunction essentially due to microcirculation.28 If we can antagonize endotoxins, remove inflammatory mediators, repair endothelial cells, block the coagulation dysfunction and improve microcirculation in patients with sepsis, we may relieve the development of sepsis to severe sepsis, septic shock, and even MODS.
The examination of coagulation disorders in patients with sepsis showed prolonged TT, PT, and APTT, with decreased FIB or PLT, even the occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. By observing the changes of TT, PT, APTT, FIB, and PLT, we can conclude the efficacy of XBJ for coagulopathy in patients with sepsis. In this study, we found that, compared with the control group, coagulation function was significantly better in the XBJ group.
The meta-analysis showed XBJ can significantly improve blood coagulation dysfunction in patients with sepsis based on active anti-infective and other supportive symptomatic treatment. But, XBJ itself can not directly inhibit and kill pathogenic microorganisms. When sepsis occurs, only based on active anti-infective and other support symptomatic treatment, XBJ can exert its protective function of organs and improve blood coagulation dysfunction. Therefore, we do not recommend the application XBJ alone in the treatment of sepsis.
In conclusion, the present study evaluated the clinical efficacy of XBJ could be a credible alternative for sepsis patients who have abnormal blood coagulation. We included 14 RCT’s in the meta analysis, with a mean Jadad score 3.429, making the conclusions of this systematic analysis reliable. More high-quality, large sample, randomized, multicenter clinical trails are needed to confirm clinical efficacy of XBJ on blood coagulation in patients with sepsis.
Footnotes
Related Articles
Kesici S, Turkmen UA, Kesici U, Altan A, Polat E. Effects of enteral and parenteral glutamine on intestinal mucosa and on levels of blood glutamine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-10 in an experimental sepsis model. Saudi Med J 2012; 33: 262-271.
Kesici U, Kesici S, Polat E, Agca B, Turkmen UA, Ozcan D, et al. Effects of intra-abdominal pressure increase on intestinal ischemia and bacterial translocation in experimental sepsis model. Saudi Med J 2011; 32: 813-817.
Abdul-Karim ET, Mohammed SF. Study of clinical characteristics, presentation, and complications among patients with congenital coagulation disorders. Saudi Med J 2010; 31: 299-303.
References
- 1.Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive Care Med. 2013;39:165–228. doi: 10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Jedynak M, Siemiątkowski A, Rygasiewicz K. Molecular basics of sepsis development. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2012;44:221–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Ding H, Cao XY, Ma XG, Zhou WJ. Endothelial cell injury with inflammatory cytokine and coagulation in patients with sepsis. World J Emerg Med. 2013;4:285–289. doi: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.issn.1920-8642.2013.04.008. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Qi F, Liang ZX, She DY, Yan GT, Chen LA. A clinical study on the effects and mechanism of xuebijing injection in severe pneumonia patients. J Tradit Chin Med. 2011;31:46–49. doi: 10.1016/s0254-6272(11)60011-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Jiang M, Zhou M, Han Y, Xing L, Zhao H, Dong L, et al. Identification of NF-κB inhibitors in Xuebijing injection for sepsis treatment based on bioactivity-integrated UPLC-Q/TOF. J Ethnopharmacol. 2013;147:426–433. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Li CS, Jin M, Wu JY, Wu CJ. [Effect of XueBiJing injection upon related proinflammatory factors and blood coagulation factors of vascular endothelial cells in severe septic patients] Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2009;89:2744–2747. Chinese. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Gao YL, Chai TF, Yao YM. [Advancement in the research of mechanism of immune dysfunction in sepsis and the regulatory effects of Xuebijing injection] Zhanghua Shao Shang Za Zhi. 2013;29:162–165. Chinese. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.He XD, Wang Y, Wu Q, Wang HX, Chen ZD, Zheng RS, et al. Xuebijing protects rats from sepsis challenged with Acinetobacter baumannii by promoting annexin A1 expression and inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines secretion. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:804940. doi: 10.1155/2013/804940. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Li N, Jiang LW, Yu L, Zhang WH. [Systematic review of Xuebijing injection for the treatment of sepsis] Chinese Journal of Modern Drug Application. 2013;7:8–11. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJ, Gavaghan DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials. 1996;17:1–12. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21:1539–1558. doi: 10.1002/sim.1186. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Liu XR, Ren XS, Xu J, Li JH, Wang J. [Efficacy of Xuebijing injection in the treatment of sepsis coagulation dysfunction] Chin J TCM WM Crit Care. 2006;13:252. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 13.Ming ZQ, Yu LM, Lv YX, Wang LW, Lv SM. [The effect of Xuebijing injection on cruor function in sepsis illness] Journal of Emergency in Traditional Chinese Medicine. 2007;16:40–41. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Zhang HW, Wei LY, Zhang XP, Qiu F, Wang BM, Hu YL. [Effect of Xuebijing injection on blood coagulation in sepsis patients after severe trauma] The Journal of Practical Medicine. 2008;24:4272–4273. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Jin M, Li CS. Effect of Xuebijing injection on blood coagulation and prognosis of severe sepsis. Chin J Intern Med. 2009;48:235–236. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 16.Wang L. [Xuebijing injection in the treatment of sepsis coagulation dysfunction] Journal of Practical Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine. 2009;23:86–87. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 17.Zhang LH, Li XW, Wang SM. [Clinical observation of Xuebijing on blood coagulation in sepsis patients] Proceeding of Clinical Medicine. 2009;18:510–511. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 18.Liu XF, Li WF, Zhao L, Lin ZF. [Clinical study of Xuebijing injection on protection of organ function of patients with severe sepsis in Intensive care unit] Chin J TCM WM Crit Care. 2010;17:20–23. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 19.Zhang XJ, Zhang ZD, Mu E, Liang YJ, Luan ZG, Zheng Z, et al. [The therapeutic effects of early administration of Xuebijing injection on patients with severe sepsis] Chin J TCM WM Crit Care. 2010;17:172–174. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Su Y, Dong ZH, Fu PR, Yu HC. [Effects of Xuebijing injection on severe septic patients’ platelet count and mean platelet volume] Chin J Care Med. 2011;31:599–601. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 21.Yao L, Zhou XM, Wang HM, Zhao JJ, Cui J, Wang H, et al. [The effect of Xuebijing injection on coagulation dysfunction of patients with sepsis] Chinese Journal of General Practice. 2011;9:1032–1034. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 22.Ge SM, Hu ZJ, Liu LX, Yu B. [The therapeutic effects of Xuebijing injection on blood coagulation and renal function in patients with sepsis] Modern Preventive Medicine. 2012;39:1323–1324. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 23.Yang TX, Li XQ, Xia M, Zeng HL. [Clinical observation of early application Xuebijing injection in the treatment of sepsis] Chinese Journal of Information on TCM. 2012;19:69–70. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 24.Zhang M, Sun LD, Zhao ZY. [Effect of Xuebijing on coagulation in patients with sepsis] Chin J Misdiagn. 2012;12:813. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 25.Zhang LN, Ma XC. [Clinical study of Xuebijing for patients with sepsis] Journal of Shenyang Medical College. 2013;15:28–29. Chinese. [Google Scholar]
- 26.Sagy M, AI-Qaqaa Y, Kim P. Definitions and pathophysiology of sepsis. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2013;43:260–263. doi: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.10.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Boisramé-Helms J, Kremer H, Schini-Kerth V, Meziani F. Endothelial dysfunction in sepsis. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2013;11:150–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Levi M, Schultz M, van der Poll T. Sepsis and thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013;39:559–566. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1343894. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]