Are Podoplanin and Ezrin Involved in the Invasion Process of the Ameloblastomas?

Abstract

The association between podoplanin and ezrin in the process of odontogenic tumors invasion has been suggested, but was not studied yet. Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between podoplanin and ezrin expressions in the odontogenic epithelium of ameloblastomas. Forty-seven ameloblastomas were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using anti-podoplanin and anti-ezrin antibodies. The expressions of both proteins were evaluated using a score method and the comparison and association between these proteins were verified, respectively, by Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test and by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, using a statistical significance level of 0.05. The majority of tumors (87.2%) exhibited strong membranous expression of podoplanin in the peripheral cells. Cytoplasmic expression of ezrin in the peripheral cells of ameloblastomas was stronger than its membranous expression. No statistically significant correlation was observed between podoplanin and ezrin. However, there was statistically significant difference between membranous podoplanin and membranous ezrin expressions, between cytoplasmic podoplanin and membranous ezrin expressions, and between cytoplasmic podoplanin and cytoplasmic ezrin expressions. There was no statistical difference between membranous podoplanin and cytoplasmic ezrin expressions. These results suggest a synergistic role of both proteins in the process of invasion of ameloblastomas.

Introduction

Emerging studies of podoplanin (PDPN) have shown that this transmembrane glycoprotein plays a role in cellular movements with a high demand of actin cytoskeleton remodeling,^1-3 a primordial condition to the development of benign and malignant tumors. The overexpression of PDPN by oral cancer cells, especially in the invasive front of the tumor has been associated to poor clinical outcome and lymph nodal metastasis.^4-10

Particularly in benign odontogenic tumors, including ameloblastomas, keratocystic odontogenic tumors, calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors, adenomatoid odontogenic tumors and odontomas,^11-22 the PDPN expression by neoplastic cells has been basically found in the periphery of odontogenic islands and cords, regions responsible by the local invasion of the tumor. Furthermore, it was previously showed^11,18,22 that membranous and cytoplasmic immunostaining of podoplanin in follicular ameloblastomas are predominantly seen in the peripheral columnar cells of tumoral islands while the reticulum stellate-like cells, located in the central areas, do not present positivity for this protein. An interesting and recent study showed that PDPN expression is increased in the tumoral invasive front of recurrent ameloblastomas when compared with the central region.²² Additionally, the expression of PDPN basically is restricted to the basal and supra-basal layers of the cystic lining in unicystic ameloblastomas.^18,22 These data suggest the participation of PDPN in the local invasion of ameloblastomas but the mechanisms by which this protein contributes for this process are still a mystery. Recent investigations showed that podoplanin increases cell motility through interaction of this protein with ERM (ezrin, radixin and moesin) proteins family and subsequent modulation of the Rho proteins and actin cytoskeleton.^2,23,24 According to Martin-Villar et al.,² the PDPN directly binds ezrin, activating RhoA, a protein belonging to the family of GTPases. This linkage induces the phosphorylation of ezrin, promoting the actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in vitro.² Therefore, the ezrin and podoplanin proteins are involved in maintenance of the cellular shape and polarity through cytoskeleton.^25-27 Clinical investigations showed that overexpression of ezrin by malignant epithelial cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma has been associated to poor clinical outcome and lower survival rate of the patients,^28-31 similar to findings of the podoplanin in cancer studies mentioned above. So far, neither the expression of ezrin in the ameloblastomas, nor its relation with podoplanin expression have been studied. Thus, the aim of this study was to contribute with the knowledge of the interaction of ezrinpodoplanin in ameloblastomas, particularly in the process of local invasion of these tumors.

Materials and Methods

Ethics statement

This study was approved by the Ethic Committee in Human Research of the Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (CAAE #03924312.0.0000.5417).

Patient and tumor samples

Paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of ameloblastomas were collected from the archives of the Laboratory of Pathology in the Department of Stomatology of Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, between 1980 and 2009. These samples were previously analyzed by Tjioe et al.¹⁸ and updated to 2013. The inclusion criteria were: i) patients with diagnosis of solid ameloblastoma or of unicystic ameloblastoma, based on the clinical, radiographic and microscopic data; ii) representative sections of the tumor for microscopic analysis. The diagnosis of ameloblastoma was reviewed according to the World Health Organization histological classification of odontogenic tumors.³² A total of 47 ameloblastomas were selected for immunohistochemistry analysis of the podoplanin and ezrin expressions.

Podoplanin and ezrin immuno-expressions in ameloblastomas

Formalin-fixed, 4 µm sections of ameloblastomas were obtained for podoplanin and ezrin immunoexpressions by odontogenic epithelium cells. After antigen retrieval using 10 mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0, in a domestic pressure cooker (model Eterna 4½ L; Nigro, Araraquara, Brazil) for 4 min, endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked by incubating in 3% H₂O₂ for 20 min. Each ameloblastoma section was incubated overnight at 4°C in a 1:200 dilution of the primary monoclonal anti-podoplanin antibody (D2-40 clone, Dako North America, Inc., Carpinteria, CA, USA, code#3619-1) or in a 1:1000 dilution of the anti-ezrin antibody (3C12 clone, LabVision Co., Freemont, CA, USA, code#MS-661P). Primary antibody dilutions were made in a phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)/bovine serum albumin (#A2153, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) solution. After the primary antibody incubation, each section was incubated using the Advance HRP Link System (Dako Inc., Carpinteria, CA, USA; #K4067) for 30 min at 37°C. Both antibodies (podoplanin and ezrin) were detected using 3,3’diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich; #D-5637). Sections were counterstained with Mayer s hematoxylin before being dehydrated and cover slipped. Palatine tonsils and gut were used as the positive control for anti-podoplanin and anti-ezrin antibodies, respectively. The primary antibody was omitted during immunohistochemical staining for the negative control. Computer-assisted analysis of 10 invasive tumor front fields (magnification 400x) in each ameloblastoma sample was performed to evaluate the cytoplasmic and/or membranous immunoreactivity of podoplanin and ezrin by odontogenic epithelial cells. The tumor invasive front was defined according to Piffkò et al.³³ as the 3-6 tumor cell layers or detached tumor cell groups at the advancing edge of the tumors.

The images in each ameloblastoma were digitally captured with a camera (Axiocam MR3; Zeiss, Jena, Germany) attached to a light microscope (Axioskop 2 Plus; Zeiss) and recorded by Axiovision software (Axiovision 4.6; Zeiss). A combined score³⁴ for PDPN and ezrin expressions by odontogenic epithelial cells was based on: i) the intensity of the immunostaining by odontogenic epithelial cells (0, absent; 1, weak; 2, moderate; 3, strong; 4, very strong); and ii) the percentage of positive odontogenic epithelial cells (0, 0% positive cells; 1, <25% positive cells; 2, 25-50% positive cells; 3, 50-75% positive cells; 4, >75% positive cells). The final immunostaining score was determined by the sum of i) + ii) and it ranged from 0 to 8 (0, absent; 1-4, weak; 5-8, strong). Membranous and cytoplasmic podoplanin and ezrin expressions by odontogenic epithelial cells of ameloblastomas were analyzed separately.

Statistical analysis

The correlation between PDPN and ezrin expressions by odontogenic epithelial cells of the ameloblastomas was calculated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. The comparison between the cytoplasmic and membranous expressions of PDPN and ezrin in ameloblastomas was verified by Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests.

Results

Clinical features

Table 1 summarizes the distribution of tumors according to the histopathological type and clinical features. The patients’ ages ranged from 9 to 68 years, with a median of 32.2 years. It was observed a predominance of females (68.1%) in relation to males (31.9%). The most common location was the posterior mandible (55.4%; 26 tumors), followed by concomitant posterior and anterior mandible in 5 tumors, anterior mandible (4 tumors), posterior maxilla (3 tumors) and anterior maxilla (1 tumor). In 8 ameloblastomas it was not possible to register the locations of the tumors.

Table 1.

Clinical features and histopathological classification of the 47 ameloblastomas.

Variable	N	%
Gender
Female	32	68.1
Male	15	31.9
Age
0 to 19	8	17
20 to 39	20	42.5
40 to 59	6	12.8
≥ 60	3	6.4
Unknown	10	21.3
Location
Posterior mandible	26	55.4
Anterior mandible	4	8.5
Posterior maxilla	3	6.4
Anterior maxilla	1	2.1
Anterior and posterior mandible	5	10.6
Unknown	8	17
Histopathological classification
Follicular	21	44.7
Plexiform	14	29.8
Unicystic (luminal)	7	14.9
Unicystic (mural)	4	8.5
Mixed	1	2.1
Total	47	100

Podoplanin expression by odontogenic epithelial cells of ameloblastomas

The podoplanin expression was detected in the lymphatic vessels (internal positive control immunostaining) and in the odontogenic epithelial cells of the ameloblastomas.

The expression of podoplanin in follicular ameloblastomas was predominantly observed in the peripheral cells of tumoral islands, while the central cells exhibited weak/absent immunostaining (Figure 1A). On the other hand, the plexiform ameloblastomas showed the podoplanin expression in the peripheral cells as well as in the central part of some tumors (58% of cases) (Figure 1C). Acanthomatous areas (Figure 1B) and focal areas of granular cells did not present immunoreaction to anti-podoplanin antibody. The expression of podoplanin was quite variable in the unicystic ameloblastomas. Few tumors presented a restricted immunostaining to the basal layer (Figure 1D), while in others its positivity was spread throughout the extension of the tumoral odontogenic epithelium.

Figure 1.

Immunohistochemical reactivities for podoplanin (A,C) and ezrin (B,D) in follicular ameloblastoma with acanthomatous areas (A,B) and plexiform ameloblastoma (C,D). A) Podoplanin positivity is confined to the outer odontogenic cells (arrows) while the reticulum stellate-like (asterisks) and acanthomatous cells are negative for the protein. B) Ezrin is positive in all odontogenic cells and structures, namely outer, inner and acanthomatous cells. C) In plexiform ameloblastoma, a homogeneous expression of podoplanin (C) as well as of ezrin (D) is found in the whole tumor.

Membranous and cytoplasmic immunostaining of podoplanin were analyzed in each ameloblastoma, and was predominantly positive in membranous area. These results can be seen in Table 2. There was no statistically significant difference between membranous and cytoplasmic podoplanin expressions by peripheral odontogenic epithelial cells of the ameloblastoma (P=0.157). Furthermore, most central cells of the tumors (84.8%) showed weak or absent podoplanin expression.

Table 2.

Podoplanin immunoexpression by odontogenic epithelial cells in ameloblastomas.

Podoplanin
	Membranous		Cytoplasmic		P
	N	%	N	%
Absent	6	12.8	1	2.1
Weak	0	0	1	2.1	0.157*
Strong	41	87.2	45	95.8
Total	47	100	47	100

*Wilcoxon test; statistical significant at P<0.05.

Ezrin expression by odontogenic epithelial cells of ameloblastomas

In a general way, the expression of ezrin was positive for both peripheral and central cells of follicular, plexiform and unicystic tumors (Figure 2 A-D). The acanthomatous areas showed strong expression of this protein in the tumors (Figure 2D).

Figure 2.

Immunohistochemical reactivities for podoplanin (A,C) and ezrin (B,D) in acanthomatous ameloblastoma (A,B) and unicystic ameloblastoma (C,D). A) Podoplanin is expressed in the outer cells (arrows) of both types of ameloblastomas, while the acanthomatous central cells (asterisk) are negative (A,C). On the other hand, ezrin presents positivity in the whole tumor parenchyma (B, D).

Contrarily from podoplanin, there was a predominance of cytoplasmic ezrin expression by odontogenic epithelial cells of the ameloblastomas in comparison with membranous expression, and this difference was statistically significant (P=0.000), as illustrated in Table 3. Sixty-three percent of tumors exhibited strong positivity for ezrin in the odontogenic epithelial cells located in the center of cords and islands of ameloblastomas (Figure 3B).

Table 3.

Ezrin immunoexpression by odontogenic epithelial cells in ameloblastomas.

Ezrin
	Membranous		Cytoplasmic		P
	N	%	N	%
Absent	29	61.7	5	10.6
Weak	4	8.5	5	10.6	0.000*
Strong	14	29.8	37	78.8
Total	47	100	47	100

*Wilcoxon test; statistical significant at P<0.05.

Figure 3.

Immunohistochemical reactivities for podoplanin (A) and ezrin (B) in follicular ameloblastoma. This figure illustrates the strong membranous and cytoplasmic expressions of both proteins in the outer cells of the tumoral epithelial islands of ameloblastoma.

Association between podoplanin and ezrin expressions in ameloblastomas

In order to verify whether podoplanin expression was directly or inversely associated to ezrin expression, the Spearman’s rank correlation test was employed. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between membranous and/or cytoplasmic expressions of both antibodies (P>0.05, Table 4). On the other hand, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test demonstrated statistically significant difference between membranous podoplanin and membranous ezrin expressions (P=0.000); cytoplasmic podoplanin and membranous ezrin expressions (P=0.000) and between cytoplasmic podoplanin and cytoplasmic ezrin expressions (P=0.021). There was no statistical difference between membranous podoplanin and cytoplasmic ezrin expressions (P=0.285), as illustrated in the Table 5.

Table 4.

Correlation between membranous and cytoplasmic expressions of podoplanin and ezrin by peripheral cells in ameloblastomas.

	Membranous podoplanin	Cytoplasmic podoplanin
Membranous ezrin	R=-0.18 P=0.233	R=-0.21 P=0.163
Cytoplasmic ezrin	R=-0.06 P=0.708	R=-0.14 P=0.337

R, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient; P, statistical significance at <0.05.

Table 5.

Association between membranous and cytoplasmic expressions of podoplanin and ezrin in the peripheral cells in ameloblastomas.

	Membranous podoplanin	Cytoplasmic podoplanin
Membranous ezrin	P=0.000	P=0.000
Cytoplasmic ezrin	P=0.285	P=0.021

Wilcoxon test; P, statistical significance at <0.05.

Discussion

The podoplanin expression by epithelial cells of the benign odontogenic tumors has been recently described,^11-21 but its exact biologic function in those cells remains unclear.

In recent years, our research group has been particularly interested in understanding the significance of podoplanin expression in odontogenic tumors.^11,18 Its marked concentration in the outer cells of odontogenic neoplastic epithelium has lead us and other authors to postulate few theories about its function in this location, such as a possible role in the proliferative activity¹⁸ and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).¹⁵ However, both studies did not show correlation between PDPN and those activities markers expressions. Then, an interesting study performed by Martín-Villar et al. demonstrated that the PDPN directly binds ezrin, activating RhoA. This linkage induces the phosphorylation of ezrin and promotes the actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in vitro.² This finding encouraged us to investigate if PDPN and ezrin are co-located in the periphery of odontogenic benign tumors such as ameloblastomas.

In our updated samples of ameloblastomas, the podoplanin expression was very similar to the previous studies conducted in our laboratory,^11,18 i.e. practically restricted to the periphery of islands and strands of epithelial odontogenic cells. Again, the central acanthomatous e reticulum-stellate like cells faintly expressed PDPN. It either corroborates other previous studies.^{11,15,18,19,21,22} Podoplanin expression is also observed in other odontogenic tumors, such as odontomas,¹⁴ keratocystic odontogenic tumors, calcifying cystic odontogenic tumors,^11,19 and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors.^11,21 In such neoplasias, its high positivity in the peripheral odontogenic epithelial cells and negativity in central and more differentiated cells and structures are likewise seen, confirming our results in the present study.

To our knowledge, this is the first report of the ezrin expression in an odontogenic tumor. In our ameloblastomas, ezrin expression was encountered in all cellular types of ameloblastoma and this positivity was consistently observed in almost all samples. Its expression included the peripheral odontogenic cells of islands and cords of odontogenic cells and reached the central portion of the tumor. Curiously, the acanthomatous and reticulumstellate-like cells also exhibited strong staining of ezrin. In order to quantify and compare PDPN and ezrin expressions in the ameloblastomas, we evaluated both immunostainings in the cytoplasm and plasmatic membrane of peripheral odontogenic cells, separately, and by a scoring system. Surprisingly, despite of strong membranous and cytoplasmic PDPN and cytoplasmic ezrin expressions in the majority of tumor, there was not a positive significant correlation between their immunoexpressions by odontogenic epithelial cells (P>0.05). The explanation for this could be the low number of absent/weak expressed ameloblastomas. Hence, we decided to include a comparative test.

The PDPN positivity, as expected,^11,15,18 was equally distributed among the cytoplasm and plasmatic membrane of ameloblastomas (P=0.157). The expression of ezrin was predominantly strong in the cytoplasm of the peripheral cells of the tumors. Its membranous expression, on the other hand, was absent in the majority of ameloblastomas (P=0.000). We found that cytoplasmic ezrin and membranous PDPN expressions were similar (P=0.285). In other words, both patterns of immunostaining were strongly observed in the peripheral epithelial odontogenic cells of ameloblastomas. Interestingly, Madan et al.²⁸ and Martín-Villar et al.² demonstrated that these above cited cellular locations of expression of ezrin and PDPN refer to their active forms.

Our and others’ previously published data suggested that the membranous positivity of PDPN in ameloblastomas apparently was related to the local invasion of this odontogenic tumor.^11,18,22 Additionally, although ezrin expression has not been studied in odontogenic tumors, Madan et al. showed that the cytoplasmic ezrin is associated with poorer prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper aerodigestive tract.²⁸ Together, these data suggest a potential role of membranous PDPN and cytoplasmic ezrin in the local expansion of these benign odontogenic tumors and malignant squamous cell carcinomas in the head and neck region. On the other hand, the membranous PDPN x membranous ezrin, and cytoplasmic ezrin x cytoplasmic PDPN in the outer odontogenic cells of ameloblastomas (Table 5) showed statistically significant difference (P<0.005), i.e. the active forms of both antibodies were significantly more pronounced than their inactive forms. PDPN as well as ezrin are constitutively expressed in a broad variety of human tissues in physiological conditions,^35,36 in order to maintain the cellular shape and polarity. When the cells present a low remodeling cytoskeletal demand, PDPN and ezrin remain, respectively, expressed in the cytoplasm and membrane of the cells or even absent. Meanwhile, when cellular movement is required, their locations shift to the plasmatic membrane (PDPN) and cytoplasm (ezrin),^28,36 respectively. Thus, the strong expression of ezrin in the central as well as in the peripheral cells of ameloblastomas may be important to maintain their cellular shape. We opted to do not include the central region of the ameloblastomas in our detailed evaluation because the stellate-reticulum-like cells are often rip of the cuts due to their delicate structure and either because it is difficult to distinguish the cytoplasm and plasmatic membrane in such cells. However, the acanthomatous component of the ameloblastomas presented a markedly positivity (Figure 2B). As ezrin presents numerous binders,^26,35 it is possible that this protein participates in the squamous metaplasia of the central cells associated with other partners. All the above data show that podoplanin and ezrin together are expressed in the invasive area of the odontogenic epithelium of ameloblastomas, suggesting that both proteins may have a role in the tumoral growth. In the last years, the PDPN has emerged as a potential marker of tumoral invasion, metastasis and poor prognosis of some types of cancer.^4,6-11 A critical event during the tumor development is the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) which occurs when an epithelial cell loses its epithelial markers, such as E-cadherin, and begins to express mesenchymal markers, such as N-cadherin and vimentin, decreasing their cohesiveness and acquiring migratory characteristics.^2,3 It was demonstrated that podoplanin is able to mediate a particular mechanism of malignant invasion, independent of the cadherin switch and EMT.²⁴ According to Wicki and Christofori,³ the podoplanin can induce the cellular actin cytoskeleton rearrangement binding with proteins ERM (ezrin, radixin e moesin).

The coincident expressions of podoplanin and ezrin in the peripheral odontogenic cells of ameloblastomas, together with the available clinical and in vitro data,^2,11,18,22 suggest a synergic role of both proteins in the promotion of actin cytoskeletal activity, contributing to the local spread of ameloblastomas. However, further investigations employing molecular biology methods are necessary to confirm this hypothesis in odontogenic tumors.

Our results prove that podoplanin and ezrin are strongly expressed by the periphery of the tumor odontogenic epithelium and suggest a synergic role of both proteins in the process of invasion of ameloblastomas.

Funding Statement

Funding: this study was supported by the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) with grants #2012/08278-5 and #2012/13411-6.