Sir,
In India, deceased kidney transplantation accounts for <2% of all transplants.[1] Shortage of donors has led to kidneys with congenital anatomical variations being used for renal transplantation. The most common anatomical variation of kidney is the horseshoe kidney.
A 49-year-old diabetic and hypertensive man on hemodialysis were referred to us for a renal transplantation. The only donor was his 44-year-old wife with a horseshoe kidney with double renal arteries and veins. The isthmus was supplied by the left lower polar artery arising from left common iliac artery and was draining through both side lower polar veins. A diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid scan showed a glomerular filtration rate of 89 ml/min and non-obstructed normal functioning kidneys.
Surgical approach was via a left flank incision. The vascular pedicle was dissected, and the lower polar artery and vein were isolated. The isthmus was transacted, and suture ligated [Figure 1]. After perfusion, the kidney was transplanted, with the renal vein anastomosed to the external iliac vein and the main renal artery to the internal iliac artery. The lower renal artery was anastomosed to the right deep inferior epigastric artery. There was no intraoperative or postoperative complication. Patient was discharged on the 7th day after surgery with a creatinine level of 1.0 mg/dl.
Figure 1.
Donor nephrectomy specimen showing transected isthmus and two renal arteries
Surgery of horseshoe kidney is generally complex as it is frequently associated with vascular and ureteral abnormalities. Owing to the complex vascular and urinary collection system abnormalities, 17 of 80 kidneys in deceased donors could not be transplanted after division.[2] Only a third of all horseshoe kidneys contain a single renal artery per side.[3] During the separation of a fused renal isthmus, the urinary collection system may be injured, and a urinary fistula may develop.[2] All of these factors make separation of horseshoe kidney difficult in living donors.
In literature, there are only a few case reports of using horseshoe kidney in living donors.[4,5] In living donors, the site to divide the kidney should be made only after the vascular and collecting system anatomy have been meticulously evaluated preoperatively using CT angiography.[5]
The routine use of CT angiograms helps in the delineation of vascular and urological anatomy in the evaluation of donors. Horseshoe kidney can be successfully used as donor kidney for live renal transplantation with good results if vascular and collecting system anatomy is amenable to transplantation. This may expand the living donor pool.
References
- 1.Sakhuja V, Sud K. End-stage renal disease in India and Pakistan: Burden of disease and management issues. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003:S115–8. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.63.s83.24.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Stroosma OB, Schurink GW, Smits JM, Kootstra G. Transplanting horseshoe kidneys: A worldwide survey. J Urol. 2001;166:2039–42. doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65501-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Perlmutter AD, Retik AB, Bauer SB. Campbell's Urology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1986. Anomalies of the urinary tract. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Sezer TO, Solak I, Sozbilen M, Firat O, Yilmaz M, Toz H, et al. A horseshoe kidney from a live donor as a renal transplant: Case report. Exp Clin Transplant. 2013;11:454–7. doi: 10.6002/ect.2012.0214. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Goyal A, Gaitonde K, Sagade SN, Shah BV, Kamat MH. Transplantation of horseshoe kidney from living-related donors: Report of two cases. Transplant Proc. 2003;35:32–4. doi: 10.1016/s0041-1345(02)03898-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]