Table 1. Summary of the PTM code on HDAC4.
Post translational modification
| Enzyme | site | Function | refs | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phosphorylation | CaMKII/IV | Ser-246, Ser-467 and Ser-632 | Stimulation of catalytic activity and binding properties | (42) |
| ERK1/2 | Not determined | Nuclear-cytoplasm translocation | (32) | |
| PKA | Y201 | Proteolytic cleavage | (31) | |
| GSK3 | Ser-298, Ser-302 | Regulating HDAC4 proteolytic cleavage and ubiquitylation | (33) | |
| PP2A | Ser-298 | abrogation of catalytic activity and binding properties | (33,43) | |
| SUMOylation | RanBP2 | K559 | Transcriptional repression and enzymatic activity | (38) |
| Ubiquitination | undetermined | undetermined | Regulayin of protein stability | (33) |
| Carbonylation | Trx1 | Cys-667/Cys-669 | nuclear export | (35,36) |
| Proteolytic cleavage | Caspase-3 | D289 | N-terminal inhibits translocate into Nuclear and bind MEF2 | (39, 40) |
Abbreviations: PTM: Post-transcriptional modulation; CaMK: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase; ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2; PKA: Protein kinase A; GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; PP2A: protein phosphatase 2A; Trx1: Thioredoxin 1.