Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR logoLink to Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR
. 2015 Apr 1;9(4):ZZ02–ZZ05. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/10727.5809

Correction

PMCID: PMC4381297  PMID: 25866739

Vivek Kumar Sharma, Senthil Kumar Subramanian, Vinayathan A, Sarah R, Balasubramaniam SR, Velkumary S,Study of Effect of Age and Gender Related Differences on Common Paper and Pencil Neurocognitive Tests in Adolescents (Published in Journal of Cilinical and Diagnostic Research. 2014 November: 8(11):). BC05-BC10

In this article typo errors were noticed. A correction has been done in the Title and [Table/Fig-1a,b,c],[Table/Fig-8],[Table/Fig-9a,b] and [Table/Fig-10a,Table/Fig-10b].

[Table/Fig-1a]:

Age wise comparison of neurocognitive test

Parameters Overall Male Female
N F p-value N F p-value N F p-value
Height (cm) 421 83.044 <0.001 240 77.408 <0.001 181 19.273 <0.001
Weight (kilogram) 421 90.009 <0.001 240 90.364 <0.001 181 16.325 <0.001
LCT omission 415 2.062 .069 238 1.376 0.234 177 1.551 0.177
LCT commission 415 1.358 0.239 238 0.963 0.441 177 0.627 0.680
LCT time (seconds) 415 13.967 <0.001 238 10.211 <0.001 177 6.244 <0.001
TTA (seconds) 437 39.847 <0.001 248 21.502 <0.001 189 18.353 <0.001
TTB (seconds) 405 32.792 <0.001 237 20.655 <0.001 168 12.717 <0.001
RFFT Designs 439 103.442 <0.001 250 52.390 <0.001 189 52.676 <0.001
RFFT Rotations 439 6.696 <0.001 250 4.360 0.001 189 2.030 .076
RFFT Perseverations 439 85.339 <0.001 250 51.391 <0.001 189 31.250 <0.001
Open in a new tab

LCT – Letter cancellation test, TTA - Trail making test part A, TTB – Trail making test part B, RFFT –Ruff figural fluency test. Analyzed using one way ANOVA, P<0.05 is considered statistically significant

[Table/Fig-1b]:

Agewise comparison of neurocognitive tests

Parameters Age(yr) Mean ± SD p-value 1 year difference p-value 2 year difference p-value 3 year difference
Overall Male Female Overall Male Female Overall Male Female Overall Male Female
LCT time (seconds) 12 117.71 ± 25.58 119.29 ± 24.83 116.43 ± 26.41 12 vs 13 1.000 1.000 1.000 12 vs 14 1.000 1.000 1.000 12 vs 15 0.117 1.000 0.083
13 115.56 ± 24.76 114.78 ± 23.62 116.56 ± 26.51 13 vs 14 1.000 0.990 1.000 13 vs 15 0.640 1.000 0.126 13 vs 16 0.030 0.658 0.198
14 117.80 ± 19.47 123. 17 ± 20.65 111.14 ± 15.83 14 vs 15 0.144 0.937 1.000 14 vs 16 0.004 0.002 1.000 14 vs 17 <0.001 <0.001 0.012
15 108.47 ± 16.61 114.13 ± 15.75 102.81 ± 15.71 15 vs 16 1.000 1.000 1.000 15 vs 17 0.002 0.002 0.634
16 104.85 ± 18.88 106.13 ± 19.73 102.05 ± 16.99 16 vs 17 0.058 0.260 1.000
17 94.73 ± 12.80 96.35 ± 13.60 90.95 ± 10.02
TTA (seconds) 12 45.78 ± 6.23 46.32 ± 6.87 45.33 ± 5.72 12 vs 13 1.000 1.000 1.000 12 vs 14 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 12 vs 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
13 46.16 ± 6.59 46.05 ± 6.79 46.29 ± 6.43 13 vs 14 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 13 vs 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 13 vs 16 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
14 40.15 ± 4.16 40.10 ± 3.67 40.20 ± 4.70 14 vs 15 1.000 1.000 1.000 14 vs 16 0.418 1.000 0.432 14 vs 17 0.003 0.133 0.125
15 38.61 ± 4.90 38.26 ± 4.62 38.97 ± 5.23 15 vs 16 1.000 1.000 1.000 15 vs 17 0.728 1.000 1.000
16 38.10 ± 6.17 38.65 ± 6.47 36.86 ± 5.35 16 vs 17 1.000 1.000 1.000
17 36.77 ± 4.74 36.96 ± 4.54 36.36 ± 5.20
TTB (seconds) 12 115.95 ± 28.73 113.26 ± 30.10 118.12 ± 27.75 12 vs 13 1.000 1.000 1.000 12 vs 14 1.000 1.000 1.000 12 vs 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
13 115.64 ± 30.23 118.55 ± 29.38 111.68 ± 31.45 13 vs 14 0.001 0.001 0.001 13 vs 15 0.001 0.001 0.001 13 vs 16 <0.001 <0.001 0.007
14 112.10 ± 33.16 115.74 ± 31.85 107.54 ± 34.77 14 vs 15 <0.001 <0.001 0.006 14 vs 16 0.001 0.001 0.041 14 vs 17 <0.001 <0.001 0.001
15 82.72 ± 21.78 83.32 ± 20.77 82.03 ± 23.21 15 vs 16 1.000 1.000 1.000 15 vs 17 1.000 1.000 1.000
16 87.61 ± 21.80 89.34 ± 23.79 83.55 ± 15.97 16 vs 17 0.136 0.172 1.000
17 75.77 ± 19.53 75.80 ± 20.37 75.70 ± 17.79
Open in a new tab

LCT – Letter cancellation test, TTA - Trail making test part A, TTB – Trail making test part B, Analyzed using one way ANOVA with bonferroni post hoc test., P<0.05 is considered statistically significant

[Table/Fig-1c]:

Agewise comparison of neurocognitive tests

Parameters Age(yr) Mean ± SD p-value 1 year difference p-value 2 year difference p-value 3 year difference
Overall Male Female Overall Male Female Overall Male Female Overall Male Female
RFFT Designs 12 11.91 ± 2.85 11.35 ± 3.10 12.36 ± 2.57 12 vs 13 1.000 0.248 1.000 12 vs 14 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 12 vs 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
13 12.44 ± 3.21 13.24 ± 2.84 11.47 ± 3.41 13 vs 14 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 13 vs 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 13 vs 16 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
14 17.29 ± 2.87 17.24 ± 2.58 17.34 ± 3.22 14 vs 15 <0.001 0.082 0.017 14 vs 16 <0.001 0.003 0.007 14 vs 17 <0.001 <0.001 0.057
15 19.64 ± 3.23 19.44 ± 3.16 19.84 ± 3.34 15 vs 16 1.000 1.000 1.000 15 vs 17 1.000 1.000 1.000
16 20.10 ± 4.02 19.98 ± 4.41 20.38 ± 3.01 16 vs 17 1.000 1.000 1.000
17 20.40 ± 3.39 20.73 ± 3.53 19.72 ± 3.03
RFFT Rotations 12 5.89 ± 2.25 5.82 ± 2.04 5.95 ± 2.44 12 vs 13 1.000 1.000 1.000 12 vs 14 1.000 1.000 1.000 12 vs 15 1.000 1.000 1.000
13 5.63 ± 2.12 5.68 ± 2.29 5.56 ± 1.93 13 vs 14 1.000 1.000 1.000 13 vs 15 1.000 1.000 1.000 13 vs 16 0.000 0.002 0.285
14 5.92 ± 2.48 6.12 ± 2.61 5.69 ± 2.32 14 vs 15 1.000 1.000 1.000 14 vs 16 0.001 0.037 0.449 14 vs 17 0.189 1.000 1.000
15 6.02± 2.98 6.47 ± 3.12 5.53 ± 2.81 15 vs 16 0.004 0.357 0.276 15 vs 17 0.442 1.000 0.869
16 7.55 ± 2.91 7.73 ± 2.89 7.14 ± 2.99 16 vs 17 1.000 1.000 1.000
17 6.91 ± 1.81 6.98 ± 1.74 6.76 ± 1.96
RFFT Perseverations 12 22.05 ± 4.05 22.50 ± 4.34 21.69 ± 3.80 12 vs 13 1.000 1.000 1.000 12 vs 14 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 12 vs 15 0.001 0.001 0.001
13 21.79 ± 4.24 21.07 ± 4.01 22.65 ± 4.40 13 vs 14 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 13 vs 15 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 13 vs 16 0.001 0.001 0.001
14 16.67 ± 3.93 16.37 ± 3.73 17.03 ± 4.17 14 vs 15 0.026 0.305 0.489 14 vs 16 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 14 vs 17 0.001 0.001 0.052
15 14.42 ± 4.35 14.09 ± 3.80 14.78 ± 4.91 15 vs 16 0.001 0.018 0.393 15 vs 17 0.261 0.728 1.000
16 11.33 ± 4.56 11.00 ± 4.75 12.10 ± 4.11 16 vs 17 0.717 1.000 1.000
17 12.73 ± 4.31 12.25 ± 4.32 13.72 ± 4.20
Open in a new tab

RFFT – Ruff figural fluency test, Analyzed using one way ANOVAwith bonferroni post hoc test,P<0.05 is considered statistically significant

[Table/Fig-8]:

Comparison of neurocognitive tests between male and female

Parameters Gender N Mean ± SD p-value
Age (yr) Female 189 14.16 ± 1.69 0.001
Male 250 14.71 ± 1.73
Height (cm) Female 181 1.51 ± 0.08 <0.001
Male 240 1.56 ± 0.12
Weight (Kilogram) Female 181 44.38 ± 7.24 <0.001
Male 240 47.67± 10.03
LCT omission Female 177 1.20 ± 1.69 0.181
Male 238 1.01 ± 1.27
LCT commission Female 177 0.20 ± 0.49 0.353
Male 238 0.16 ± 0.46
LCT time (seconds) Female 177 108.40 ± 22.12 0.208
Male 238 111.14 ± 21.72
TTA (seconds) Female 189 41.35 ± 6.64 0.349
Male 248 40.75 ± 6.68
TTB (seconds) Female 168 99.67 ± 31.29 0.528
Male 237 97.69 ± 30.98
RFFT Designs Female 189 16.25 ± 4.77 0.020
Male 250 17.34 ± 4.82
RFFT Rotations Female 189 6.00 ± 2.45 0.025
Male 250 6.54 ± 2.55
RFFT Perseverations Female 189 17.71 ± 5.73 0.001
Male 250 15.78 ± 5.96
Open in a new tab

LCT – Letter cancellation test, TTA - Trail making test part A, TTB – Trail making test part B, RFFT – Ruff figural fluency test, Analyzed using unpaired t test, P<0.05 is considered statistically significant

[Table/Fig-9a]:

Agewise comparison of neurocognitive tests between male and female

Parameters Gender 12 13 14
N Mean ± SD p-value N Mean ± SD p-value N Mean ± SD p-value
Height (cm) F 41 1.44 ± 0.08 0.006 32 1.48 ± 0.07 0.630 33 1.52 ± 0.06 0.120
M 33 1.39 ± 0.07 41 1.48 ± 0.08 34 1.55 ± 0.09
Weight (kilogram) F 41 38.93 ± 7.59 0.006 32 41.75 ± 5.67 0.171 33 43.58 ± 3.79 0.448
M 33 34.97 ± 3.10 41 39.93 ± 5.51 34 44.47 ± 5.61
LCT omission F 42 0.83 ± 1.19 0.524 32 0.88 ± 1.18 0.350 29 1.83 ± 2.48 0.103
M 34 0.68 ± 0.88 41 1.12 ± 1.05 36 1.06 ± 1.17
LCT commission F 42 0.24 ± 0.48 0.397 32 0.25 ± 0.44 0.871 29 0.24 ± 0.58 0.532
M 34 0.15 ± 0.44 41 0.27 ± 0.50 36 0.17 ± 0.38
LCT time (seconds) F 42 116.43 ± 26.41 0.631 32 116.56 ± 26.51 0.763 29 111.14 ± 15.83 0.012
M 34 119.29±24.83 41 114.78 ± 23.62 36 123.17 ± 20.65
TTA (seconds) F 42 45.33 ± 5.72 0.495 34 46.29 ± 6.43 0.874 35 40.20 ± 4.70 0.921
M 34 46.32 ± 6.87 41 46.05 ± 6.79 39 40.10 ± 3.67
TTB (seconds) F 42 118.12±27.75 0.468 28 111.68 ± 31.45 0.365 28 107.54 ± 34.77 0.333
M 34 113.26 ± 30.10 38 118.55 ± 29.38 35 115.74 ± 31.85
RFFT Designs F 42 12.36 ± 2.57 0.127 34 11.47 ± 3.41 0.016 35 17.34 ± 3.22 0.882
M 34 11.35 ± 3.10 41 13.24 ± 2.84 41 17.24 ± 2.58
RFFT Rotations F 42 5.95 ± 2.44 0.806 34 5.56 ± 1.93 0.802 35 5.69 ± 2.32 0.447
M 34 5.82 ± 2.04 41 5.68 ± 2.29 41 6.12 ± 2.61
RFFT Perseverations F 42 21.69 ± 3.80 0.389 34 22.65 ± 4.40 0.110 35 17.03 ± 4.17 0.467
M 34 22.50 ± 4.34 41 21.07 ± 4.01 41 16.37 ± 3.73
Open in a new tab

F-Female,M -Male, LCT – Letter cancellation test, TTA - Trail making test part A, TTB – Trail making test part B, RFFT – Ruff figural fluency test, Analyzed using Analyzed using unpaired t test, P<0.05 is considered statistically significant

[Table/Fig-9b]:

Agewise comparison of neurocognitive tests between male and female

Parameters Gender 15 16 17
N Mean ± SD p-value N Mean ± SD p-value N Mean ± SD p-value
Height (cm) F 32 1.55 ± 0.06 0.036 19 1.60 ± 0.07 0.037 24 1.54 ± 0.07 0.001
M 34 1.58 ± 0.08 48 1.64 ± 0.07 50 1.67 ± 0.07
Weight (kilogram) F 32 48.53 ± 6.70 0.457 19 50.21 ± 6.01 0.001 24 48.17 ± 5.26 0.001
M 34 47.26 ± 7.02 48 57.77 ± 6.15 50 55.16 ± 6.76
LCT omission F 32 1.38 ± 2.01 0.892 21 1.33 ± 1.46 0.233 21 1.19 ± 1.40 0.468
M 32 1.44 ± 1.64 46 0.91 ± 1.26 49 0.92 ± 1.44
LCT commission F 32 0.16 ±0.37 0.236 21 0.24 ± 0.77 0.822 21 0.05 ± 0.22 0.463
M 32 0.06 ± 0.25 46 0.20 ± 0.69 49 0.10 ± 0.31
LCT time (seconds) F 32 102.81 ± 15.71 0.005 21 102.05 ± 16.99 0.416 21 90.95 ± 10.02 0.107
M 32 114.13 ± 15.75 46 106.13 ± 19.73 49 96.35 ± 13.60
TTA (seconds) F 32 38.97 ± 5.23 0.564 21 36.86 ± 5.35 0.271 25 36.36 ± 5.20 0.605
M 34 38.26 ± 4.62 48 38.65 ± 6.47 52 36.96 ± 4.54
TTB (seconds) F 30 82.03 ± 23.21 0.815 20 83.55 ± 15.97 0.323 20 75.70 ± 17.79 0.985
M 34 83.32 ± 20.77 47 89.34 ± 23.79 49 75.80 ± 20.37
RFFT Designs F 32 19.84 ± 3.34 0.617 21 20.38 ± 3.01 0.705 25 19.72 ± 3.03 0.223
M 34 19.44 ± 3.16 48 19.98 ± 4.41 52 20.73 ± 3.53
RFFT Rotations F 32 5.53 ± 2.81 0.204 21 7.14 ± 2.99 0.446 25 6.76 ± 1.96 0.619
M 34 6.47 ± 3.12 48 7.73 ± 2.89 52 6.98 ± 1.74
RFFT Perseverations F 32 14.78 ± 4.91 0.522 21 12.10 ± 4.11 0.363 25 13.72 ± 4.20 0.162
M 34 14.09 ± 3.80 48 11.00 ± 4.75 52 12.25 ± 4.32
Open in a new tab

LCT – Letter cancellation test, TTA - Trail making test part A, TTB – Trail making test part B, RFFT – Ruff figural fluency test, Analyzed using Analyzed using unpaired t test, P<0.05 is considered statistically significant

[Table/Fig-10a]:

Correlation between the neurocognitive tests

TTA TTB RFFT Designs RFFT Perseverations
LCT time r-value .121 .320 -.185 .169
p-value .014 <0.001 <0.001 0.001
N 414 398 415 415
TTA r-value .275 -.438 .421
p-value <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
N 404 437 437
TTB r-value -.352 .296
p-value <0.001 <0.001
N 405 405
RFFT Designs r-value -.868
p-value <0.001
N 439
Open in a new tab

LCT – Letter cancellation test, TTA - Trail making test part A, TTB – Trail making test part B, RFFT – Ruff figural fluency test Analyzed using Pearson’s correlation, P<0.05 is considered statistically significant

[Table/Fig-10b]:

Correlation between neurocognitive test after adjusting for group

TTA TTB RFFT Designs RFFT Perseverations
LCT time r-value -.068 .153 .072 -.071
p-value .189 0.003 0.161 0.166
df 377 377 377 377
TTA r-value .027 -.113 .102
p-value 0.595 0.028 0.047
df 377 377 377
TTB r-value -.038 -.033
p-value .459 0.522
df 377 377
RFFT Designs r-value -.754
p-value <0.001
df 377
Open in a new tab

LCT – Letter cancellation test, TTA - Trail making test part A, TTB – Trail making test part B, RFFT – Ruff figural fluency test, Correlation after adjusting for age, P<0.05 is considered statisticallysignificant

Articles from Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research : JCDR are provided here courtesy of JCDR Research & Publications Private Limited

RESOURCES