Effectiveness and Safety of MLC601 in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease: A Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background

MLC601 is a possible modulator of amyloid precursor protein processing, and in a clinical trial study MLC601 showed some effectiveness in cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of MLC601 in the treatment of mild to moderate AD as compared to 3 approved cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) including donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine.

Methods

In a multicenter, nonblinded, randomized controlled trial, 264 volunteers with AD were randomly divided into 4 groups of 66; groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 received donepezil, rivastigmine, MLC601 and galantamine, respectively. Subjects underwent a clinical diagnostic interview and a cognitive/functional battery including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog). Patients were visited every 4 months, and the score of cognition was recorded by the neurologists.

Results

There were no significant differences in age, sex, marital status and baseline score of cognition among the 4 groups. In total, 39 patients (14.7%) left the study. Trend of cognition changes based on the modifications over the time for MMSE and ADAS-cog scores did not differ significantly among groups (p = 0.92 for MMSE and p = 0.87 for ADAS-Cog).

Conclusion

MLC601 showed a promising safety profile and also efficacy compared to 3 FDA-approved ChEIs.

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive deterioration together with behavioral disturbances and declining activities of daily living [1]. It is the leading cause of dementia, accounting for nearly 70% of dementia cases worldwide [2]. In the recent decade, the prevalence of dementia increased as the proportion of the elderly population expanded. The number of subjects with dementia has been doubling every 20 years and will reach 81.1 million by 2040 [3]. Although significant progress has been made in both understanding some of the mechanisms of AD pathology and developing therapeutic agents, these efforts have had no impact on decreasing disease prevalence and have had limited effects on improving the clinical course of AD [4].

Since 1993, five drugs have been marketed for the treatment of AD. Its current treatment includes cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) [5,6,7], and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blockers [8]. In spite of enormous research efforts, these treatments are sometimes regarded as having only ‘symptomatic’ rather than ‘disease-modifying’ effects, although the utility of this distinction has been questioned [9]. In other words, current medications cannot cure AD but may help lessen or stabilize signs and symptoms of AD for a limited time. In spite of enormous research efforts, only a few symptomatic treatment options currently exist [10].

However, adequate dementia management requires a wide range of interventions to help maximize the patient's independence, increase his/her self-confidence and relieve the burden to the caregiver [11]. We are in desperate need of readily available safe interventions that modify disease course [12]. In the last decades, also several natural products have been tested for preventing the onset of dementia or delaying its progression [13]. Despite being widely used and tested, the efficacy of such natural medication in the prevention and treatment of dementia still remains controversial.

MLC601 is a traditional Chinese medicine that has shown both neuroprotective and neurodegenerative properties in several controlled studies of ischemic injury to the brain [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. However, it has been shown that MLC601 is a possible modulator of amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and has implications as a putative therapeutic strategy for the treatment of poststroke dementia and AD [22]. In a clinical trial study, MLC601 showed favorable tolerability and encouraging effectiveness on cognitive function in AD patients during 18 months of treatment when compared to rivastigmine [23].

In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of MLC601 in the treatment of mild to moderate AD as compared to the 3 approved ChEIs donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. In addition, we aimed to determine the side effects in 4 study groups. For this reason, we monitored the cognitive changes and side effects during the 16-month follow-up.

Materials and Methods

Participants

Patients with mild to moderate AD who fulfilled our inclusion criteria were recruited for the study. The inclusion criteria were age >60 years, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores ranging from 10 to 26, ability to sign an informed consent form and a possible diagnosis of AD. Diagnosis was made according to the criteria for AD of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 4 [24].

Brain magnetic resonance imaging was done to rule out significant central nervous system lesions. Ischemic dementia was excluded according to clinical and laboratory tests, brain imaging study, and a Hachinski Ischemic Scale [25] score <4. Exclusion criteria were: psychiatric or mental disorders, serious physical illness, other neurological diseases, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, liver or renal disease, addiction, other causes of dementia than AD, being already on ChEI treatment at study entry, participation in another treatment trial within the prior 16 months and contraindications to ChEIs.

Study Design

We designed our study as a multicenter, nonblinded, randomized controlled clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of MLC601 in the treatment of mild to moderate AD as compared to the 3 approved ChEIs donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. A total of 927 patients with AD were screened, and after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 264 eligible volunteers with AD were randomly divided into 4 groups of 66; groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 received donepezil, rivastigmine, MLC601 and galantamine, respectively. A sample size of 54 in each group was calculated to detect a 5-point score difference in effect size with a standard deviation of 8 for 5% precision and 90% power. It was increased to 66 subjects to enhance power. Simple randomization was performed using computer-generated random allocation sequence. The study protocol is shown as a flowchart in figure 1.

Fig. 1.

The profile of the study.

MLC601 (NeuroAid, Moleac Pte. Ltd, Singapore; 0.4 g per capsule) was prescribed as one capsule three times daily. MLC601 contains 5 animal components (0.0665 g Hirudo, 0.0285 g Cornu saigae tataricae, 0.095 g Buthus martensii, 0.0665 g Eupolyphaga seu steleophaga and 0.0285 g Calculus bovisartifactus) and 9 herbal components (0.114 g radix Paeoniae rubra, 0.57 g radix astragali, 0.114 g radix Salvia miltiorrhizae, 0.114 g Rhizoma chuanxiong, 0.114 g radix Angelicae sinensis, 0.114 g radix polygalae, 0.114 g Prunus persica, 0.114 g Carthamus tinctorius and 0.114 g Rhizoma acori tatarinowii). Patients in the other 3 groups received standard medication of ChEIs according to clinical response and recommended maximum or tolerable dose.

Ethical Issues

The study protocol was explained to each patient and his/her caregivers, and they provided written informed consent. The study was designed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Ethics Committee at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The participants were allowed to discontinue the study at any time. Medications other than the mentioned antidementia ones were allowed to be taken.

Outcome Measures

At screening, all patients underwent a detailed medical history taking, physical and neurological examinations, clinical interview, and laboratory evaluations. Almost all clinical trials on the symptomatic therapy for AD use MMSE and/or the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) [26]. Therefore, all subjects underwent a clinical diagnostic interview and a cognitive/functional battery including MMSE and ADAS-Cog. Patients were visited every 4 months, and the score of cognition was recorded by the neurologists.

Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale – Cognitive Subscale

ADAS-Cog was constructed by Rosen et al. [27] to measure the cognitive aspects of AD. The standard ADAS-Cog includes 11 items, of which 7 are short cognitive tests: Word recall, Naming (objects and fingers), (Following) Commands, Constructional praxis, Ideational praxis, Orientation and Word recognition, and 4 are scales rated by the clinician: Remembering test instructions, Spoken language ability, Word-finding difficulty and Comprehension [28]. The majority of studies with ADAS-Cog use the standard scale described above, which represents the most widely adopted cognitive outcome measure in AD trials. The score ranges from 0 to 70, with higher scores indicating greater cognitive impairment.

Mini-Mental State Examination

MMSE was used to measure the cognitive aspects of mental status [29]. It contains 10 items including Orientation, Registration, Attention, Recall, Language, Naming, Repetition, Comprehension, Reading ability, Writing ability and Visual construction. The MMSE scale ranges from 0 to 30, and the higher the score the better the cognitive performance.

Safety Measures

Safety was evaluated monthly by recording adverse events reported by the participants and their study partner and vital signs. We also performed physical and neurological examinations, and laboratory tests including complete cell blood count, serum blood urea nitrogen, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and international normalized ratio.

Statistical Analysis

The SPSS software, version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill., USA), was used to perform the statistical analyses. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. The χ² test and ANOVA were used to analyze qualitative and quantitative variables, respectively. In order to compare changes over time for MMSE and ADAS-Cog scores between the 4 patient groups, repeated measures analysis was performed.

Results

The baseline characteristics of the 264 patients are shown in table 1. There were no significant differences in age, sex, marital status and baseline score of cognition among the 4 groups. Educational status did not differ statistically among groups (PV = 0.59; table 2).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of the subjects

Variable	Donepezil	Rivastigmine	MLC601	Galantamine	p value
Total	66	66	66	66	_
Age, years	71.8± 5.5	73.2 ± 4.7	71.8 ± 5.7	72.5 ± 5.2	0.375
Female	41 (62.1%)	35 (53.0%)	37 (56.1%)	37 (56.1%)	0.759
Married	55 (83.3%)	56 (84.8%)	58 (87.9%)	57 (86.4%)	0.893
MMSE	17.6± 2.8	17.1 ± 3.1	17.7 ± 1.6	17.9 ± 1.9	0.303
ADAS-Cog	27.8 ± 6.5	29.6 ± 7.7	27.5 ± 4.1	27.3 ± 5.0	0.100

Table 2.

Educational status in the 4 study groups

Education	Donepezil	Rivastigmine	MLC601	Galantamine	Total
Illiterate	6 (9.1%)	4 (6.1%)	2 (3.0%)	1 (1.5%)	13 (4.9%)
Lettered	8 (12.1%)	5 (7.6%)	6 (9.1%)	8 (12.1%)	27 (10.2%)
Middle school	7 (10.6%)	11 (16.7%)	13 (19.7%)	9 (13.6%)	40 (15.2%)
Diploma	32 (48.5%)	26 (39.4%)	31 (47.0%)	30 (45.5%)	119 (45.1%)
College	13 (19.7%)	20 (30.3%)	14 (21.2%)	18 (27.3%)	65 (24.6%)

Safety Profile

Thirty-nine patients (14.7%) left the study. Finally, 57 (86.4%; 63.1% female), 53 (80.3%; 54.7% female), 59 (89.4%; 54.2% female) and 56 (84.8%; 53.5% female) patients in group 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, completed 16 months of follow-up. The dropout numbers were not different among groups. The reasons for dropout were investigated and included death, patient's or caregiver's desire, unsatisfactory efficacy and presence of severe side effects (p = 0.52). The two most common causes of dropout were unsatisfactory efficacy (8.7%) and adverse effects (4.1%). The causes of dropout and dropout numbers are shown in table 3. Two deaths due to pneumonia were registered in the donepezil and rivastigmine groups.

Table 3.

Causes of dropout and dropout number

Causes of dropout	Donepezil	Rivastigmine	MLC601	Galantamine	Total
No exit	57 (86.4%)	53 (80.3%)	59 (89.4%)	56 (84.8%)	225 (85.2%)
Patient's or caregiver's desire	1 (1.5%)	1 (1.5%)	1 (1.5%)	0	3 (1.1%)
Adverse effects	2 (3.0%)	5 (7.6%)	0	4 (6.1%)	11 (4.1%)
Unsatisfactory efficacy	5 (7.6%)	6 (9.1%)	6 (9.1%)	6 (9.1%)	23 (8.7%)
Death	1 (1.5%)	1 (1.5%)	0	0	2 (0.7%)

The mean number of side effects was statistically significant among groups (p < 0.0001) with the least events in the MLC601 group (table 4). Frequency distribution of side effects is presented in table 5.

Table 4.

Mean of side effects in the 4 study groups

	Number	Mean ± SD	95% confidence interval		Minimum	Maximum
			lower bound	upper bound
Donepezil	66	1.86 ± 2.49	1.24	2.48	0	9
Rivastigmine	66	2.86 ± 3.28	2.05	3.67	0	10
MLC601	66	0.51 ± 1.29	0.19	0.83	0	6
Galantamine	66	2.37 ± 3.0	1.64	3.11	0	10
Total	263	1.90 ± 2.76	0.17	1.56	2.24	10

Table 5.

Frequency distribution of side effects in the 4 study groups

Side effect	Donepezil	Rivastigmine	MLC601	Galantamine	p value
Nausea	14 (21.2%)	15 (22.7%)	6 (9.1%)	21 (31.8%)	0.01*
Vomiting	4 (6.1%)	8 (12.1%)	1 (1.5%)	10 (15.2%)	0.02*
Diarrhea	5 (7.6%)	9 (13.6%)	3 (4.5%)	5 (7.6%)	0.28
Anorexia	15 (23.1%)	11 (16.7%)	4 (6.1%)	17 (25.8%)	0.01*
Weight loss	4 (6.1%)	7 (10.6%)	1 (1.5%)	3 (4.5%)	0.15
Abdominal discomfort	3 (4.5%)	7 (10.6%)	0	9 (13.6%)	0.01*
Tenesmus	4 (6.1%)	14 (21.2%)	4 (6.1%)	4 (6.1%)	0.005*
Abdominal pain	8 (12.1%)	9 (13.6%)	4 (6.1%)	10 (15.2%)	0.38
No cardiac chest pain	8 (12.1%)	7 (10.6%)	3 (4.5%)	13 (19.7%)	0.06
Fatigue	2 (3.0%)	9 (13.6%)	3 (4.5%)	5 (7.6%)	0.08
Sialorrhea	0	1 (1.5%)	0	4 (6.1%)	0.03*
Constipation	9 (13.6%)	10 (15.2%)	0	6 (9.1%)	0.01*
Hyperhidrosis	3 (4.5%)	3 (4.5%)	0	2 (3.0%)	0.37
Gastrointestinal bleeding	0	1 (1.5%)	0	2 (3.0%)	0.29
Cardiac arrhythmia	0	1 (1.5%)	0	0	0.39
Palpitation	5 (7.6%)	4 (6.1%)	1 (1.5%)	5 (7.6%)	0.38
Light-headedness	2 (3.0%)	8 (12.1%)	2 (3.0%)	4 (6.1%)	0.09
Hallucination	3 (4.5%)	3 (4.5%)	0	1 (1.5%)	0.26
Drowsiness	1 (1.5%)	5 (7.6%)	0	0	0.009*
Depression	2 (3.0%)	5 (7.6%)	0	2 (3.0%)	0.11
Dizziness	4 (6.1%)	15 (22.7%)	1 (1.5%)	8 (12.1%)	0.001*
Headache	9 (13.6%)	14 (21.2%)	1 (1.5%)	13 (19.7%)	0.004*
Insomnia	11 (16.7%)	16 (24.2%)	0	8 (12.1%)	<0.0001*
Confusion	5 (7.6%)	7 (10.6%)	0	5 (7.6%)	0.08

^*p < 0.05, statistically significant.

Efficacy Profile

The mean MMSE scores and the mean changes from baseline at the different visits are shown in table 6. The mean change in MMSE over 16 months for the donepezil group was −0.50 points (±3.5), for the rivastigmine group it was −0.56 points (±2.9), for the MLC601 group −0.45 points (±1.9) and for the galantamine group −0.43 points (±2.6).

Table 6.

Means and standard deviations of MMSE scores in each group

Group	Baseline	4th month	8th month	12th month	16th month
Donepezil	17.66 (2.86)	17.69 (3.92)	18.00 (3.70)	17.56 (3.70)	17.36 (3.71)
Rivastigmine	17.13 (3.15)	16.86 (3.95)	17.19 (3.94)	17.46 (3.45)	17.24 (3.43)
MLC601	17.77 (1.69)	18.15 (2.65)	18.25 (2.50)	17.90 (2.33)	17.47 (2.21)
Galantamine	17.90 (1.92)	18.09 (2.87)	17.88 (3.13)	17.56 (3.02)	17.30 (3.09)

The mean ADAS-Cog scores and the mean changes from baseline at the different visits are shown in table 7. The mean change in ADAS-Cog during 16 months for the donepezil group was 1.6 points (±7.6), for the rivastigmine group it was 1.6 points (±6.7), for the MLC601 group 1.35 points (±5.3) and for the galantamine group 1.2 points (±6.1).

Table 7.

Means and standard deviations of ADAS-Cog scores in each group

Group	Baseline	4th month	8th month	12th month	16th month
Donepezil	27.80 (6.56)	28.10 (8.58)	27.48 (7.67)	28.27 (7.87)	28.87 (7.67)
Rivastigmine	29.69 (7.78)	30.12 (9.39)	29.42 (9.30)	28.62 (7.91)	29.37 (7.63)
MLC601	27.51 (4.19)	27.06 (6.52)	26.75 (5.96)	27.55 (6.15)	28.45 (6.04)
Galantamine	27.37 (5.02)	26.98 (6.45)	27.60 (7.48)	28.40 (7.36)	29.14 (7.65)

The mean differences of both MMSE and ADAS-Cog generally increased during the first 8 months. The trend of cognition changes based on the modifications over time of the MMSE (fig. 2) and ADAS-cog scores (fig. 3) did not differ significantly among groups (p = 0.92 for MMSE and p = 0.87 for ADAS-Cog).

Fig. 2.

Mean changes in MMSE score from baseline in the 4 groups of patients with AD.

Fig. 3.

Mean changes in ADAS-Cog score from baseline in the 4 groups of patients with AD.

Discussion

Current medications cannot cure AD but may help lessen or stabilize symptoms of AD for a limited time. There are five prescription drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) – donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, tacrine and memantine – to treat its symptoms. The first 4 drugs are ChEIs, which can prevent the breakdown of acetylcholine involved in memory, judgment and other thought progress. However, these drugs have common side effects including nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and increased frequency of bowel movements [30]. Additional evidence suggests that the response to ChEIs may be quite variable, with as many as 30-50% of patients showing no observable benefit [31,32], while a smaller proportion (up to 20%) may show a greater than average response (≥7-point ADAS-Cog improvement) [33,34]. In their systematic review, Raina et al. [35] concluded that treatment of dementia with ChEIs and memantine can result in a statistically significant but clinically marginal improvement in measures of cognition and global assessment of dementia.

Despite controversies, ChEIs have been promoted during the last 15 years as symptomatic treatment of mild to moderate AD. Several meta-analyses have reported a modest effect of ChEIs on cognition [35,36,37]. The exponential rise in the prevalence, incidence and cost of care for AD make finding therapeutic agents that can delay disease progression an urgent public health concern [38]. Therefore, promising new treatments to slow or stop the progress of AD are urgently needed [39]. The response to ChEIs varies within the AD population. Multiple factors have been outlined that enhance the response to ChEI treatment in AD [40]; however, there are no standard guidelines that define the response to treatment. The choice between ChEIs is largely based upon cost, individual patient tolerability and physician experience as their efficacy appears to be similar [35,37,41].

In a previous study, 124 patients with mild to moderate AD who had previously failed to tolerate or benefit from treatment with rivastigmine were switched to an MLC601 regimen. Two patients were lost to follow-up and 122 completed the 18-month trial. Improved cognitive function was observed in the first 6 months of the regimen (ADAS-Cog = −3.1 ± 10.1; MMSE = 1.2 ± 3.0), and stabilization of cognitive decline was observed over the remaining 12 months (ADAS-Cog = −1.6 ± 7.6; MMSE = 0.8 ± 4.2). Adverse effects were predominantly gastrointestinal and occurred in 7.3% of patients [23]. In the current study, the mean change in MMSE and ADAS-Cog over 16 months for the MLC601 group was −0.45 and 1.35 points (±5.3), respectively. Cognition scores improved in the first 8 months and then declined slightly up to the 16th month in all 4 groups. Side effects were significantly lower in the MLC601 group compared to the other groups. In the 3 approved treatment groups, donepezil showed the lowest mean number of side effects (1.86), which was 3.6 times more than MLC601, and rivastigmine had the highest number of side effects, i.e. 5.6 times more than MLC601. Accordingly, MLC601 dramatically showed minimum adverse events among the 4 groups (1.86:0.51 = 3.6, and rivastigmine 2.81:0.51 = 5.6; table 2). Tolerability is very important in patients with AD since the therapeutic effect is often compromised by the occurrence of adverse events and discontinuation of treatment [42].

Most studies on ChEIs were of short duration, i.e. 6 months, which limited their ability to detect a delay in the onset or progression of dementia [35]. Low completion rates are another difficulty of long-term studies of AD patients, both with or without treatment. Three-year completion rates range between 4 and 39% [43,44,45], making it difficult to fully comprehend the long-term outcomes of treatment in AD [46]. Because ethical constraints prohibit the use of long-term, placebo-controlled studies of ChEIs in AD, the analysis of results from open-label, long-term trials is important. In this study, we monitored the long-term efficacy of MLC601 during the extended follow-up duration over 16 months [26]. Such an adequate follow-up in our study is a notable evidence for monitoring the trend of changes in patients who are on 3 types of ChEIs. In addition, the withdrawal rate was low in this study, and only 14.7% of subjects left the study. This point is another advantage of the study.

There is convergent evidence that overproduction, aberrant aggregation, and decreased elimination of different forms of amyloid beta protein are critical events in the pathogenesis of AD and, therefore, treatment development has focused on these processes [12]. In AD, APP is preferentially processed via the amyloidogenic pathway, producing large amounts of amyloid beta protein that forms the major constituent of senile plaques and tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles [22]. Since MLC601 has some neuroprotective effects, it is possible that it may exert its neuroprotective effects via the regulation of APP processing. MLC601 is a possible modulator of APP processing. Lim et al. [22] found that MLC601 induced a decrease in APP and enhanced the secreted forms of APPα release, suggesting that MLC601 may act by promoting the processing of APP via the nonamyloidogenic pathway.

We did not specifically measure our patients' quality of life, activities of daily living, global outcome and behavior, which should be considered as study limitations. Neither the patients nor neurologists were blinded to medication.

Conclusion

MLC601 has shown a promising safety profile and also efficacy compared to the 3 FDA-approved ChEIs donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine. There is a need to conduct more randomized controlled trials with a combination of MLC601 and ChEIs to find out whether MLC601 may provide additional cognitive and/or functional benefits in AD when combined with ‘first-line’ treatments.

Disclosure Statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.