Abstract
Background
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) can be suggested as an alternative for surgical lung volume reduction surgery for severe emphysema patients. This article intends to evaluate by systematic review the safety and effectiveness of BLVR using a one-way endobronchial valve.
Methods
A systematic search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, as well as eight domestic databases up to December 2013, was performed. Two reviewers independently screened all references according to selection criteria. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criterion was used to assess quality of literature. Data from randomized controlled trials were combined and meta-analysis was performed.
Results
This review included 15 studies. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) improved in the intervention group compared with the control group (mean difference [MD]=6.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.31–10.11). Six-minute walking distance (MD=15.66, 95% CI: 1.69–29.64) and cycle workload (MD=4.43, 95% CI: 1.80–7.07) also improved. In addition, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire score decreased (MD=4.29, 95% CI: −6.87 to −1.71) in the intervention group. In a subgroup analysis of patients with complete fissure, the FEV1 change from baseline was higher in the BLVR group than in the control group for both 6 months (MD=15.28, P<0.001) and 12 months (MD=17.65, P<0.001), whereas for patients with incomplete fissure, FEV1 and 6-minute walking distance showed no change. One-year follow-up randomized controlled trials reported deaths, although the cause of death was not related to BLVR. Respiratory failure and pneumothorax incidence rates were relatively higher in the BLVR group, but the difference was not significant.
Conclusion
BLVR may be an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of severe COPD patients with emphysema, based on existing studies.
Keywords: endobronchial valve, bronchoscopic valve lung volume reduction, systematic review, meta-analysis
Introduction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease characterized by irreversible abnormal lung inflammation and shows progressive airflow limitation.1 It is the fifth leading cause of death in high-income countries2 and is one of the major public health problems across the world. According to the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), it is predicted that COPD will be the third cause of death in 2020.3 To reduce hyperinflation, lung volume reduction surgery for severe emphysema has been performed for over 30 years. Surgery-related complications and mortality are the main concerns with this form of treatment.4
Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) was introduced to maintain the effect of lung volume reduction and also reduce surgery-related complications and mortality.5 Many studies of BLVR have been published, with the majority of study designs being case series. Therefore, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been recommended for evidence enhancement.6 Recently, the US and Europe have reported results of multicenter RCTs using unilateral bronchial valves for BLVR, but meta-analysis is not yet published.7,8 This study is a systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of BLVR using unilateral bronchial valves in COPD with emphysema.
Materials and methods
Search strategy
A literature search was performed using eight domestic research databases, including KoreaMed, and core databases such as MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library up to December 2013. Key question and patient intervention comparators and outcomes were defined under the advice of expert groups. The presearch included 148 article abstracts. Extensive searches of databases using the terms “endoscopic lung volume reduction”, “bronchoscopic lung volume reduction”, “endobronchial valve”, and “BLVR” were performed. Terms were related to the intervention and modified according to each database’s index term, such as Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) and EMTREE.
Inclusion/exclusion criteria
Studies that met the following criteria were included: 1) study population is people with COPD with severe emphysema; 2) intervention is BLVR using a unilateral bronchial valve; 3) study design is an RCT, a cohort study, or a case series; 4) reported one of the predetermined outcomes; and 5) published in Korean or English.
Studies on animal trial or preclinical studies and non-original articles such as reviews, editorials, letters, and comments were excluded. Articles not published in either Korean or English and studies with duplicate subjects (study using the same outcome indicators published in duplicate) were also excluded.
Types of outcome measures
Primary outcome was lung function at forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Secondary outcomes were 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), cycle workload (Watt), quality of life: St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score, dyspnea scale: modified Medical Research Council score, and safety issues: major complications (death, pneumothorax, massive hemoptysis) and minor complications (pneumonia, minor hemoptysis, COPD exacerbation).
Data collection and analysis
Selection of studies and quality assessment
Each stage, from the literature search to the application of selection criteria and data extraction, was independently undertaken by two researchers. Study selection was carried out by predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. An expert group consisting of respiratory medicine and evidence-based medicine specialists and thoracic surgery specialists in COPD guided each stage. Quality assessment of selected studies was carried out using tools of the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network.9
Data extraction and management
According to a preagreed data extraction format, two investigators independently extracted data for review. Continuous variables such as mean change from baseline, median range, and standard deviation were converted according to the formula in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.10 The extracted data syntheses were performed both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Measurement and treatment effect
The mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from each individual RCT were calculated, and meta-analysis using a fixed effect model was performed.11 Two RCTs7,8 were included in the meta-analysis. One set of data from an RCT12 was not included, because the comparator and follow-up period were different. Statistical analysis was performed using Cochrane RevMan version 5.2 and Comprehensive Meta Analysis software.
Results
Study characteristics
A total of 1,016 studies were retrieved from the database. After exclusion of duplicates, 678 studies remained. Finally, 15 studies were selected according to the selection and exclusion criteria (Figure 1): three RCTs,7,8,12 one cohort study,13 and eleven case studies.14–24 All studies used a duckbill-type endobronchial valve. Six studies used a Zephyr® valve and eight studies used an Emphasys® valve (Table 1).
Figure 1.
Flow diagram for identification of selected articles.
Abbreviation: BLVR, bronchoscopic lung volume reduction.
Table 1.
Characteristics of selected studies
| No | Study type | Author (year) | Location | Population (N) | Intervention group (N)/valve | Comparison (N) | Quality* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | RCT | Herth et al (2012)7 | Europe | Emphysema (171) VENT | EBV for BLVR (111)/Zephyr® valve | Medical treatment (60) | 1+ |
| 2 | RCT | Sciurba et al (2010)8 | USA | Heterogeneous emphysema (321) VENT | EBV for BLVR (220)/Zephyr® valve | Medical treatment (101) | 1+ |
| 3 | RCT | Ninane et al (2012)12 | Europe | Emphysema (73) | EBV for BLVR (37)/IBV valve | Sham bronchoscopy (36) | 1+ |
| 4 | Retrospective cohort | Brown et al (2012)13 | USA | Emphysema (421) VENT | EBV for BLVR (289)/Zephyr® valve | Medical treatment (132) | 2+ |
| 5 | Case series | Venuta et al (2012)21 | Italy | Emphysema (40) | EBV for BLVR (40)/Zephyr® valve | 3 | |
| 6 | Case series | Santini et al (2011)20 | Italy | Emphysema (9) | EBV for BLVR (9)/Zephyr® valve | 3 | |
| 7 | Case series | D’Andrilli et al (2009)15 | Italy | Emphysema (7) | EBV for BLVR (7)/Zephyr® valve | 3 | |
| 8 | Case series | Hopkinson et al (2011)17 | UK | COPD patients underwent BLVR (19) | EBV for BLVR (19)/Emphasys® valve | 3 | |
| 9 | Case series | Kotecha et al (2011)19 | Australia | Emphysema (23) | EBV for BLVR (23)/Emphasys® valve | 3 | |
| 10 | Case series | Chung et al (2010)14 | Australia | COPD with emphysema (8) | EBV for BLVR (8)/Emphasys® valve | 3 | |
| 11 | Case series | de Oliveira et al (2006)16 | Brazil | Emphysema (19) | EBV for BLVR (19)/Emphasys® valve | 3 | |
| 12 | Case series | Wan et al (2006)23 | People’s Republic of China | Emphysema (98) | EBV for BLVR (98)/Emphasys® valve | 3 | |
| 13 | Case series | Hopkinson et al (2005)18 | UK | COPD with emphysema (19) | EBV for BLVR (19)/Emphasys® valve | 3 | |
| 14 | Case series | Venuta et al (2005)22 | Italy | Emphysema (13) | EBV for BLVR (13)/Emphasys® valve | 3 | |
| 15 | Case series | Yim et al (2004)24 | People’s Republic of China | Emphysema underwent BLVR (20) | EBV for BLVR (20)/Emphasys® valve | 3 |
Note:
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network criteria were used for quality assessment of literature.9
Abbreviations: RCT, randomized controlled trial; VENT, Endobronchial Valve for Emphysema Palliation Trial; EBV, endobronchial valve; BLVR, bronchoscopic lung volume reduction; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Clinical effectiveness
Two RCTs included in the meta-analysis compared the intervention group with the control group that performed only medical treatment. Each outcome measure, such as FEV1, 6MWD, cycle workload, and SGRQ, was reported (Figure 2). Six months after, the mean change from baseline and standard error were calculated for each group. The MDs with 95% CI were compared between the intervention group and the control group. The FEV1 improved in the intervention group compared with the control group (MD=6.71). 6MWD and cycle workload in the intervention group also increased (MD=15.66, MD=4.43). The SGRQ score in the intervention group decreased compared with the control group (MD=−4.29).
Figure 2.
Forest plots of effectiveness outcomes – mean change differences from baseline between BLVR group and control group.
Abbreviations: BLVR, bronchoscopic lung volume reduction; ΔFEV1, change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second; SE, standard error; IV, independent variable; CI, confidence interval; Δ6MWD, change in 6-minute walking distance; ΔCycle workload, change in cycle workload; ΔSGRQ, change in St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.
Although not included in the meta-analysis, the other RCT12 reported that for BLVR compared with the sham procedure (bronchoscopy) over 3 months, computed tomography (CT) lung volume and number of SGRQ responders were increased in the intervention group by 24.2% (8/33) compared with the control group (0/33). However, FEV1 and 6MWD were no different between the two groups.
One retrospective cohort study13 performed quantitative CT image analysis before and after the procedure. After 6 months of observation of lung volume, target lobe volume in the intervention group decreased from baseline (−0.451 cc, P<0.0001), but not in the control group (−0.0051 cc, P=0.70).
Clinical effectiveness according to fissure completeness
The subgroup was evaluated for the presence of complete fissure, and several outcomes were compared. The results are shown in Table 2. For patients with complete fissure, the FEV1 change from baseline in the BLVR group was higher than in the control group for both 6 months (MD=15.29, P<0.001) and 12 months (MD=17.65, P<0.001). However, for the patients with incomplete fissure, mean change of FEV1 and 6MWD was not different.
Table 2.
Clinical outcomes in change from baseline according to fissure
| Outcome | Author (year) | Quality | N
|
Percent change difference between BLVR vs control
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 months
|
12 months
|
|||||||||
| BLVR | Control | MD (95% CI) | SE | Difference (P) | MD (95% CI) | SE | Overall mean (P) | |||
| Complete fissure | ||||||||||
| ΔFEV1 (%) | Herth et al (2012)7 | 1+ | 44 | 19 | 14 (5.16 to 22.84) | 4.51 | 15.29 (P<0.001) | 17 (3.91 to 30.09) | 6.68 | 17.65 (P<0.001) |
| Sciurba et al (2010)8 | 1+ | 68 | 33 | 16.2 (8.80 to 23.50) | 3.75 | 17.9 (9.8 to 25.9) | 4.11 | |||
| Δ6MWD (%) | Herth et al (2012)7 | 1+ | 44 | 19 | −8 (−34.3 to 18.28) | 13.41 | 5.86 (P=0.193) | 3 (−19.32 to 25.32) | 11.39 | 3.80 (P=0.311) |
| Sciurba et al (2010)8 | 1+ | 68 | 32 | 7.7 (−1.80 to 17.20) | 4.85 | 3.9 (−4 to 11.8) | 4.03 | |||
| ΔCycle workload | Herth et al (2012)7 | 1+ | 44 | 19 | 7.0 (1.80 to 12.20) | 2.65 | 6 (0.21 to 11.79) | 2.95 | ||
| ΔSGRQ | Herth et al (2012)7 | 1+ | 44 | 19 | −9 (−17.07 to −0.93) | 4.12 | −4 (−10.64 to −2.65) | 3.39 | ||
| Incomplete fissure | ||||||||||
| ΔFEV1 (%) | Herth et al (2012)7 | 1+ | 67 | 40 | 2 (−5.81 to 9.81) | 3.98 | 2.0 (P=0.399) | 2 (−6.06 to 10.06) | 7.69 | 2.48 (P=0.335) |
| Sciurba et al (2010) | 1+ | 29 | 56 | 2 (−3.9 to 7.9) | 3.01 | 2.8 (−3.8 to 9.4) | 3.37 | |||
| Δ6MWD (%) | Herth et al (2012)7 | 1+ | 67 | 40 | 5 (−5.44 to 15.44) | 5.33 | 5.21 (P=0.071) | 5 (−2.73 to 12.73) | 3.94 | 4.62 (P=0.145) |
| Sciurba et al (2010)8 | 1+ | 29 | 56 | 5.3 (−1.5 to 12.2) | 3.49 | 4.5 (−2.7 to 11.8) | 3.70 | |||
| ΔCycle workload | Herth et al (2012)7 | 1+ | 67 | 40 | 3 (−1.78 to 7.78) | 2.44 | 4 (−1.09 to 9.09) | 2.60 | ||
| ΔSGRQ | Herth et al (2012)7 | 1+ | 67 | 40 | −3 (−8.48 to 2.80) | 2.80 | 0 (−5.48 to 5.48) | 2.80 | ||
Abbreviations: BLVR, bronchoscopic lung volume reduction; MD, mean difference; CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; ΔFEV1, change in forced expiratory volume in 1 second; Δ6MWD, change in 6-minute walking distance; ΔCycle workload, change in cycle workload; ΔSGRQ, change in St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.
In addition, one case series study reported that 5-year survival rate of the fissure group was 83.3%, whereas the nonfissure group was 24.0% by log-rank test (P=0.0036).21
Safety-related outcomes
Three RCTs reported safety:7,8,12 two of them7,8 compared BLVR with medical treatment, and the other RCT12 compared BLVR with sham bronchoscopy. Firstly, one of the RCTs7 compared BLVR with medical treatment and found that mortality over 12 months occurred in 5.4% of the BLVR group of 111 participants and in 6.7% of the control group of 60 participants, although it was not statistically different. An independent committee of the RCT judged that the death and the BLVR procedure were not related. Respiratory failure occurred only in the intervention group (9.0%). However, after 12 months, the occurrence of respiratory failure was not different between the two groups. The incidence of pneumothorax after the procedure occurred only in the intervention group (8.2%), yet the incidence of pneumothorax was not statistically different. Massive hemoptysis occurred only in the intervention group (0.9%).
In the other RCT study,8 death occurred only in the intervention group (2.7%) of 220 participants, although there was no significant difference between the two groups (P=0.19). Causes of death were three cases of respiratory failure not associated with BLVR, one ischemic colitis, one cancer, and one massive hemoptysis. Respiratory failure occurred only in the intervention group (1.4%). Pneumothorax occurred only in the BLVR group (4.1%). One massive hemoptysis occurred in the intervention group. There was no statistically significant difference between the BLVR group and the control group.
One RCT12 compared BLVR with bronchoscopy as a sham procedure. During the 3-month follow-up period, adverse events were classified according to severity grade: serious, severe, moderate, or mild. Serious adverse events were seen in the intervention group in 18.9% of 37 participants and in 11.1% of the control group of 36 participants. The incidence rate was not different between the two groups (P=0.214).
Because the follow-up period of RCT studies was less than 12 months, ten case series studies were selected for safety review. The follow-up observation period ranged from 1 month up to 5 years. Three of the studies19,21,23 reported death, but it was not related to the procedure. Of the major complications, seven pneumothorax cases were reported, and the incidence rate ranged from 2.5% (2/40) to 23% (3/13). Pneumonia distal to valve was 5.2% (1/19) in one study.18
Discussion
BLVR using a one-way valve is a procedure for COPD patients with severe emphysema. Theoretically, a one-way valve inserted into the bronchus helps air outflow from the target lobe during expiration, and blocks air inflow into the lobe during inspiration. This mechanism improves the overall lung function and relieves the symptom of dyspnea by reducing the lung volume of the target lobe.5 However, even after the procedure, there are often collapse failures by collateral ventilation, in which case the effect of the procedure is reduced. The known appropriate population for the BLVR procedure is heterogeneous emphysema patients, and currently two types of bronchial valve are used. One is the duckbill-type valve; the other is the umbrella valve.25 Differences in the structure of these valves may impact on efficacy and safety, so only the duckbill-type valve was considered in this study.
The UK and European health technology assessment reports, based on a synthesis of the literature, did not include RCT studies and focused on case studies. For evaluation of safety and efficacy related to BLVR, these assessments recommended more RCTs.6 In a large RCT study, the Endobronchial Valve for Emphysema Palliation Trial (VENT) was included in the published results. VENT’s selection criteria were similar to those for surgical lung volume reduction.26 Only 6 months of data were available for quantitative synthesis for two of the RCTs included in the meta-analysis, so long-term effect could not be analyzed. One of the RCT studies compared BLVR to sham bronchoscopy, so it was not included in this meta-analysis.12 This was because both the comparator with VENT and the time period were different.12 Based on the result of meta-analysis, BLVR is effective in lung function, such as FEV1, 6MWD, and cycle workload changes, compared with the group who maintained medical treatment. In addition, SGRQ score significantly decreased in the intervention group compared with the control group. One study’s findings based on the modified Medical Research Council reported significant improvement (P=0.04) between the intervention and sham groups. Conversely, during 3-month follow-up of other RCTs, compared with a sham procedure, both FEV1 and 6MWD were not different. These results suggest that the follow-up period after the procedure may influence its effectiveness.12 In one RCT12 and one cohort study,13 in chest CT scans, lung volume increased significantly in the intervention group. One case series21 followed 40 patients’ FEV1 and found improvement for up to 5 years.
A previous study of collateral circulation between lobes reported that minimizing interlobar collaterals is the important key for success of BLVR intervention.27 As identified in VENT, the intact fissure (CT phase 90% intact) is related to a successful BLVR procedure. When complete fissure between lobes had been confirmed on CT, there was less collateral ventilation. This factor then affected the success of a treatment BLVR. Identifying this factor can be important to target group selection.28 In this study, the meta-analysis result shows that the lung function improvement was significant in the complete fissure group as opposed to the incomplete fissure group. Also in the observational case series, studies reported that atelectasis, heterogeneity, and lobe completeness can affect BLVR success.17,28 These results suggest that appropriate patient selection and bronchial valve position identification are an important area of research, and that an evidence-based approach is needed.
In a safety review, VENT7,8 reported deaths in the follow-up period of 12 months, but there was no evidence directly relating these deaths to the intervention group. The incidence rate was not different between intervention group and control group. Complication rates such as respiratory failure and pneumothorax incidence rate were higher compared with the control group, but most complications relieved after valve removal or palliative treatment. Although only having a short follow-up period of 3 months, for the RCT compared with bronchoscopy, the incidence rate of complications was not different between the intervention group and the control group.12 Most patients involved in these studies had severe emphysema and were considered a high-risk population for receiving surgery. Since BLVR is a less invasive procedure than surgery, safety could be determined as acceptable.
There were no studies that directly compared the effect of the BLVR procedure on lung volume reduction as a means to examine its safety. However, when considering the severity of the patient and ethical issues, direct comparison was possible. It can be recommended that indirect comparison or long-term observational studies are used to determine safety and effectiveness.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that BLVR may be an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of severe COPD patients with emphysema, based on existing studies. Furthermore, the intervention showed lung function improvement in patients with complete fissure, whereas patients with incomplete fissure showed no response. Therefore, more studies are needed to further investigate target patient selection and patient safety.
Acknowledgments
This study was funded by the National Evidence-Based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA), Project No HTA-2013-025.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
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