Abstract
Relation of antiplatelet therapy (APT) discontinuation with the risk of serious cardiovascular events has not been fully addressed yet. This study is aimed to evaluate the risk of ischemic event after APT discontinuation based on long-term APT status of large cohort. In the CREDO-Kyoto Registry Cohort-2 enrolling 15939 consecutive patients undergoing first coronary revascularization, 10470 patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention either with bare-metal stents (BMS) only (N=5392) or sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) only (N=5078). Proportions of patients taking dual-APT were 67.3% versus 33.4% at 1-year, and 48.7% versus 24.3% at 5-year in the SES and BMS strata, respectively. We evaluated daily APT status (dual-, single- and no-APT) and linked the adverse events to the APT status just 1-day before the events. No-APT as compared with dual- or single-APT was associated with significantly higher risk for stent thrombosis (ST) beyond 1-month after SES implantation (cumulative incidence rates beyond 1-month: 1.23 versus 0.15/0.29, P<0.001/P<0.001), while higher risk of no-APT for ST was evident only until 6-month after BMS implantation (incidence rates between 1- and 6-month: 8.43 versus 0.71/1.20, P<0.001/P<0.001, and cumulative incidence rates beyond 6-month: 0.31 versus 0.11/0.08, P=0.16/P=0.08). No-APT as compared with dual- or single-APT was also associated with significantly higher risk for spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke regardless of the types of stents implanted. Single-APT as compared with dual-APT was not associated with higher risk for serious adverse events, except for the marginally higher risk for ST in the SES stratum. In conclusion, discontinuation of both aspirin and thienopyridines was associated with increased risk for serious cardiovascular events including ST, spontaneous MI and stroke beyond 1-month after coronary stenting.
Introduction
Early reports suggested that premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy (APT) was the most potent predictor of stent thrombosis (ST) after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation [1–6]. However, evaluating the influence of APT discontinuation on cardiovascular events is quite complex because of the diversity including timing of discontinuation after coronary stent implantation, reasons for discontinuation, mode of APT after discontinuation, duration of discontinuation, and restart of APT. Many previous reports evaluating the impact of APT discontinuation on ST could not fully address these complex features of APT discontinuation [1–20]. Furthermore, there was only 1 previous report that systemically evaluated the impact of APT discontinuation after coronary stenting on spontaneous myocardial infarction (MI) [18] and no report for stroke. Therefore, in an attempt to understand further the influences of APT discontinuation on serious cardiovascular events after coronary stenting, we linked daily status of APT administration (both aspirin and thienopyridines) to subsequent ST, spontaneous MI, and stroke utilizing the long-term follow-up data from a large Japanese observational registry of patients who underwent sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) or bare-metal stents (BMS) implantation.
Materials and Methods
Study Design and Population
The Coronary REvascularization Demonstrating Outcome study in Kyoto (CREDO-Kyoto) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)/coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) registry cohort-2 is a physician-initiated non-company sponsored multicenter registry enrolling consecutive patients undergoing first coronary revascularization procedures at 26 centers in Japan from January 2005 to December 2007 (S1 Appendix). The design and patient enrollment of the registry has been described previously [21]. Among 15939 study patients, 10470 patients were included in the current analysis, including 5078 patients treated with SES only and 5392 patients treated with BMS only (Fig 1). We recently reported the long-term clinical outcome of SES as compared with BMS in this registry [22]. In the current analysis, we evaluated the relation between APT discontinuation and serious cardiovascular events in the SES and BMS strata. The recommended APT regimen was aspirin (> = 81mg daily) indefinitely and thienopyridine (200 mg ticlopidine or 75 mg clopidogrel daily) for at least 3 months after SES implantation, and for at least 1 month after BMS implantation.
Fig 1. Study Flow.
BMS = bare-metal stents, CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting, CREDO-Kyoto = Coronary REvascularization Demonstrating Outcome study in Kyoto, DES = drug-eluting stent, IQR = interquartile range, PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents.
Ethics
The research protocol (S1 Protocol) was approved by the local ethics committees in all of 26 participating medical centers (Kyoto University Hospital, Kishiwada City Hospital, Tenri Hospital, Hyogo Prefectural Amagasaki Hospital, Kitano Hospital, Koto Memorial Hospital, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Maizuru Kyosai Hospital, Nara Hospital Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Nishi-Kobe Medical Center, Kansai Denryoku Hospital, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, University of Fukui Hospital, Shizuoka City Shizuoka Hospital, Hamamatsu Rosai Hospital, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Japanese Red Cross Wakayama Medical Center, Shimabara Hospital, Kagoshima University Medical and Dental Hospital, Shizuoka General Hospital, Kurashiki Central Hospital, Mitsubishi Kyoto Hospital, Kumamoto University Hospital, Shimada Municipal Hospital, and Juntendo University Shizuoka Hospital). Because of retrospective enrollment, written informed consents from the patients are waived; however, we exclude those patients who refuse participation in the study when contacted for follow-up. Patient records was anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis.
Study Endpoints
The outcome measures for the current analysis were Academic Research Consortium definite ST, spontaneous MI, and stroke [23]. Spontaneous MI was defined as type 1 in the universal classification [24]. Stroke was defined as ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke either occurring during the index hospitalization or requiring hospitalization with symptoms lasting >24 hours.
Data Collection
Follow-up data on clinical events together with APT status were collected by the experienced clinical research coordinators in the independent clinical research organization (Research Institute for Production Development, Kyoto, Japan; S1 Appendix). ST, spontaneous MI, and stroke were adjudicated by a clinical event committee (S1 Appendix). Data on APT status during follow-up was collected from the hospital charts in the participating centers (72.3%), letters to patients (19.9%), and telephone call to referring physicians (6.5%). Dates of discontinuation of aspirin and thienopyridine including temporary and permanent discontinuation were reported separately. If the drug was restarted after discontinuation, the dates of restart were also recorded. If we could not identify the exact date of discontinuation in patients not on the drug at follow-up, we adopted the median date between the last day known to have continued the drug and the day of follow-up (8.3% of all discontinuations). Similarly, if we could not identify the exact date of restart in patients on the drug at follow-up, we adopted the median date between the day of discontinuation and the day of follow-up (0.4% of all restart).
Statistical Analysis
We coded the APT status on daily basis and classified the daily APT status as dual-APT, aspirin only, thienopyridine only, and no-APT. If a serious cardiovascular event occurred, this event was linked to the APT status just 1-day before the event. We did not choose the APT status on the day of the event, because it could be influenced by the event. Patients who experienced the endpoint events were censored on the day of the events. Observations without information of APT status 1-day before the corresponding event were excluded from the analysis. Dividing the number of events by the number of patients in each APT status throughout the pre-specified time intervals after the index stent implantation (within 30 days, 31–180 days, 181–365 days, 366–730 days, 731–1095 days, 1096–1460 days, 1461–1825 days, 1826–2190 days, and 2195–2555 days), we estimated the incidence rate during those time intervals. We expressed the incidence rate as the number of events per 100 person-years (Fig 2). Cumulative incidence rate was calculated in the interval from the pre-specified landmark points (31-day, 181-day, 366-day, 731-day, 1096-day, 1461-day, 1826-day, and 2195-day) to the end of follow-up (2788-day).
Fig 2. Schematic Illustration for the Actual Method Calculating the Incidence Rate of Events for Each APT status.
As an example, this figure illustrates how to calculate the incidence rate of stent thrombosis under dual-APT during the interval of 731–1095 days after index SES implantation. For the calculation of incident rate, the numerator is the number of events in patients on dual-APT just 1-day before the event, and the denominator is the total person-days on dual-APT, which is censored after event and expressed as trapezoidal area in the graph. Incidence rate was presented in 100 person-years units. APT = antiplatelet therapy, DAPT = dual-APT, PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention, SES = sirolimus-eluting stents, and ST = stent thrombosis.
Categorical variables were expressed as number and percentages. Continuous variables were expressed as mean +/- SD or median and interquartile range. In the comparison of incidence rates among each APT status, we used the likelihood-ratio chi-square test.
To identify prognostically important factors other than daily APT status, we constructed cox regression models for each endpoint including 39 variables used in our previous report [22]. Based on the results of the cox models, we chose the following 8 variables as risk adjusting variables: age > = 75, male gender, diabetes mellitus, multivessel disease, previous stroke, previous atrial fibrillation, renal dysfunction, and target of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (S1 Table). We then developed the logistic regression models to estimate the risk (odds ratio) of no-APT and single-APT relative to dual-APT about adverse event beyond 1-month after index PCI adjusting for the 8 variables described above, assuming that all observations (patient-day) were independent because our interest was to assess the association between daily APT status and the events on the next day.
The duration from APT discontinuation to the onset of adverse event was compared between the single-APT and no-APT groups, using Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Analysis was made by using JMP 10.0. (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), and Excel 2010 (Microsoft Co., Redmond, WA, USA). P value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results
Baseline Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes through 7-Year
Baseline characteristics were previously described [21]. In brief, the SES stratum as compared with the BMS stratum included fewer patients with acute myocardial infarction presentation and more patients with complex clinical and angiographic characteristics (Table 1). Most of the patients received ticlopidine rather than clopidogrel as the thienopyridine, because in Japan the indication of clopidogrel for coronary stent implantation was approved in October 2007, near the end of the study patient enrollment. Clinical outcome through 7-year indicated that the cumulative incidences of ST and spontaneous MI were similar between the SES and BMS strata, and stroke was the more frequently encountered cardiovascular event than ST and spontaneous MI (Table 2).
Table 1. Baseline Clinical and Procedural Characteristics and Medications.
| SES stratum | BMS stratum | |
|---|---|---|
| (N = 5078) | (N = 5392) | |
| Clinical Characteristics | ||
| Age, years | 68.4±10.4 | 67.9±11.8 |
| Age > = 75 years | 1547 (31%) | 1717 (32%) |
| Male | 3624 (71%) | 3922 (73%) |
| BMI | 23.8±3.4 | 23.7±3.5 |
| BMI <25.0 | 3408 (67%) | 3745 (69%) |
| Hypertension | 4212 (83%) | 4364 (81%) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2069 (41%) | 1787 (33%) |
| Diabetes with insulin therapy | 520 (10%) | 255 (4.7%) |
| Current smoking | 1372 (27%) | 1988 (37%) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 820 (16%) | 2890 (54%) |
| Heart failure | 875 (17%) | 1182 (22%) |
| Shock at presentation | 114 (2.2%) | 499 (9.3%) |
| Multivessel disease | 2966 (58%) | 2420 (45%) |
| Mitral regurgitation grade 3/4 | 164 (3.2%) | 230 (4.3%) |
| LVEF, % | 59.9±12.9 | 57.8±13.1 |
| Previous myocardial infarction | 685 (14%) | 382 (7.1%) |
| Previous stroke | 579 (11%) | 506 (9.4%) |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 403 (7.9%) | 394 (7.3%) |
| eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73m2, not on dialysis | 198 (3.9%) | 234 (4.3%) |
| Dialysis | 228 (4.5%) | 116 (2.2%) |
| Atrial Fibrillation | 404 (8.0%) | 489 (9.1%) |
| Anemia (Hemoglobin <11 g/dl) | 582 (12%) | 614 (11%) |
| Thrombocytopenia (Platelet <100 109/L) | 72 (1.4%) | 79 (1.5%) |
| COPD | 172 (3.4%) | 211 (3.9%) |
| Liver cirrhosis | 116 (2.3%) | 154 (2.9%) |
| Malignancy | 441 (8.7%) | 539 (10%) |
| Procedural Characteristics | ||
| Number of target lesions | 1.47±0.74 | 1.30±0.62 |
| Target of proximal LAD | 3159 (62%) | 2804 (52%) |
| Target of unprotected LMCA | 172 (3.4%) | 154 (2.9%) |
| Target of CTO | 673 (13%) | 339 (6.3%) |
| Target of bifurcation, | 1981 (39%) | 1217 (23%) |
| Bifurcation with side-branch stenting, | 246 (4.8%) | 127 (2.4%) |
| Total number of stents | 1.90±1.22 | 1.46±0.82 |
| Total stent length, mm | 42.3±30.2 | 29.1±18.8 |
| Total stent length >28mm | 2674 (53%) | 1804 (34%) |
| Minimum stent size, mm | 2.83±0.37 | 3.09±0.49 |
| Minimum stent size <3.0mm | 2538 (50%) | 1576 (29%) |
| Baseline medication | ||
| Antiplatelet therapy | ||
| Thienopyridine | 5062 (99.7%) | 5288 (98%) |
| Ticlopidine | 4503 (89%) | 4887 (91%) |
| Clopidogrel | 551 (11%) | 380 (7.0%) |
| Aspirin | 5010 (99%) | 5318 (99%) |
| Cilostazole | 791 (16%) | 1204 (22%) |
| Other medications | ||
| Statins | 2737 (54%) | 2594 (48%) |
| Beta-blockers | 1418 (28%) | 1717 (32%) |
| ACE-I/ARB | 2797 (55%) | 3259 (60%) |
| Nitrates | 1882 (37%) | 1789 (33%) |
| Calcium channel blockers | 2369 (47%) | 1858 (35%) |
| Nicorandil | 1087 (21%) | 1350 (25%) |
| Warfarin | 413 (8.1%) | 404 (7.5%) |
| Proton pump inhibitors | 1183 (23%) | 1498 (28%) |
| H2-blockers | 1198 (24%) | 1515 (28%) |
ACE-I = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB = angiotensin II receptor blockers, BMI = body mass index, BMS = bare-metal stents, COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CTO = chronic total occlusion, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, LAD = left anterior descending coronary artery, LMCA = left main coronary artery, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents.
Table 2. Clinical Outcomes through 7-Year.
| Number of patients with event (Cumulative Incidence) | ||
|---|---|---|
| SES stratum | BMS stratum | |
| N = 5078 | N = 5392 | |
| Death | 847 (23.7%) | 1064 (25.8%) |
| Cardiac | 364 (10.5%) | 515 (11.9%) |
| Non-cardiac | 483 (14.7%) | 549 (15.9%) |
| All MI | 341 (9.0%) | 372 (9.1%) |
| MI excluding non-Q MI within 7 days | 213 (6.5%) | 268 (7.0%) |
| Spontaneous MI | 83 (3.1%) | 128 (3.8%) |
| Definite ST | 73 (1.8%) | 108 (2.5%) |
| All Stroke | 334 (9.2%) | 309 (7.8%) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 91 (2.7%) | 61 (1.9%) |
| Ischemic stroke | 253 (6.8%) | 251 (6.0%) |
| GUSTO severe bleeding | 243 (6.5%) | 251 (6.6%) |
The cumulative incidences were calculated by Kaplan-Meier method.
GUSTO = global utilization of streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator for occluded coronary arteries, MI = myocardial infarction, and ST = stent thrombosis.
APT Status During Follow-Up
The proportion of patients receiving dual-APT was higher in the SES stratum than in the BMS stratum (93.2% versus 70.5% at 30-day, 67.3% versus 33.4% at 1-year, and 48.7% versus 24.3% at 5-year, respectively) (Fig 3). The rate of dual-APT continuation in the SES stratum remained high (52.0% at 5-year) even after exclusion of those patients with other indications of prolonged dual-APT such as prior stroke and peripheral vascular disease. When patients with repeated PCI during follow-up were censored at the time of repeated PCI, the differences in the proportion of patients receiving dual-APT between the SES and BMS strata became greater (64.5% versus 24.5% at 1-year, and 40.2% versus 14.3% at 5-year, respectively) (S1 Fig).
Fig 3. Prevalence of Each APT Status during Follow-Up.
Prevalence of each APT status during follow-up in the SES group (A), and in the BMS group (B). APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, DAPT = dual-APT, PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents.
The proportion of no-APT patients was small, but increased during follow-up in both SES and BMS strata (0.8% versus 3.3% at 30-day, 2.3% versus 3.7% at 1-year, and 5.1% versus 6.5% at 5-year, respectively) (Fig 3).
Definite ST
In the SES stratum, the incidence rates for ST tended to be higher in no-APT patients as compared with dual- or single-APT patients in all the time intervals between 31 days and 1460 days. Cumulative incidence rate for ST beyond 1-month was significantly higher in no-APT patients as compared to patients with dual- or single-APT (Fig 4). Therefore, discontinuation of both aspirin and thienopyridines was associated with significantly higher risk for ST beyond 1-month and up to 4-year after SES implantation.
Fig 4. Incidence Rates for Definite ST in the SES group.
(A) Incidence rates of definite ST in the SES group in the pre-specified time intervals, and (B) cumulative incidence rates of definite ST in the SES group. *: P <0.05, **: P <0.01; and ***: P <0.001. APT = antiplatelet therapy, DAPT = dual-APT, SAPT = single-APT, SES = sirolimus-eluting stents, and ST = stent thrombosis.
In the BMS stratum, higher risk for ST in no-APT patients was evident only in the interval of 31–180 days. Incidence rates of ST were very low regardless of APT status in all the time intervals between 181 days and 2190 days. Cumulative incidence rate of ST beyond 6-month in no-APT patients was not significantly different from that in dual- or single APT patients (Fig 5).
Fig 5. Incidence Rates for Definite ST in the BMS group.
(A) Incidence rates of definite ST in the BMS group in the pre-specified time intervals, and (B) cumulative incidence rates of definite ST in the BMS group. *: P <0.05, **: P <0.01; and ***: P <0.001. APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, DAPT = dual-APT, SAPT = single-APT, and ST = stent thrombosis.
In both the SES and BMS strata, incidence rates for ST were not significantly different between dual-APT and single-APT in any time intervals beyond 1-month. However, single-APT as compared with dual-APT after SES implantation, but not after BMS implantation, was associated with higher cumulative incidence rate for ST beyond 1-month (Figs 4 and 5). The duration from APT discontinuation to the onset of ST was markedly shorter in the no-APT group than in the single-APT group (Table 3; S2 Fig).
Table 3. Duration from Drug Discontinuation to the Onset of Adverse Events.
| SAPT | No-APT | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) days | Median (IQR) days | P value | |
| SES stratum | |||
| Definite ST | 949 (451–1731) | 36.5 (8–632) | <0.001 |
| Spontaneous MI | 749 (203–1392) | 277 (20–750) | 0.09 |
| Stroke | 519 (137–976) | 30 (7–124) | <0.001 |
| BMS stratum | |||
| Definite ST | 100 (37–640) | 18.5 (8–36) | 0.005 |
| Spontaneous MI | 721 (277–1327) | 473 (14–778) | 0.04 |
| Stroke | 625 (222–1141) | 44 (5–840) | 0.001 |
Duration of SAPT is the number of days from the last day when patients received DAPT to the day of adverse event, without any consideration for days with no-APT in between, if any, for the patients who had adverse event on SAPT. Duration of no-APT is the number of consecutive days with no-APT just before the adverse event.
APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, DAPT = dual-APT, IQR = interquartile range, MI = myocardial infarction, SAPT = single-APT, SES = sirolimus-eluting stents, and ST = stent thrombosis.
Spontaneous MI
No-APT as compared with dual- or single-APT was associated with higher risk for spontaneous MI, while single-APT as compared with dual-APT was not associated with higher risk for spontaneous MI regardless of the timing after stent implantation and regardless of the stent types implanted (Figs 6 and 7). The duration from APT discontinuation to the onset of spontaneous MI in SES strata tended to be shorter in the no-APT group than in the single-APT group, although in BMS strata the duration was significantly shorter in no-APT group (Table 3; S3 Fig)
Fig 6. Incidence Rates for Spontaneous MI in the SES group.
(A) Incidence rates of spontaneous MI in the SES group in the pre-specified time intervals, and (B) cumulative incidence rates of spontaneous MI in the SES group. APT = antiplatelet therapy, DAPT = dual-APT, MI = myocardial infarction, SAPT = single-APT, SES = sirolimus-eluting stents, and ST = stent thrombosis.
Fig 7. Incidence Rates for Spontaneous MI in the BMS group.
(A) Incidence rates of spontaneous MI in the BMS group in the pre-specified time intervals, and (B) cumulative incidence rates of spontaneous MI in the BMS group. APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, DAPT = dual-APT, MI = myocardial infarction, SAPT = single-APT, and ST = stent thrombosis.
Stroke
No-APT as compared with dual- or single-APT was also associated with higher risk for stroke, while single-APT as compared with dual-APT was not associated with higher risk for stroke regardless of the timing after stent implantation and regardless of the stent types implanted (Figs 8 and 9). The duration from APT discontinuation to the onset of stroke was also markedly shorter in the no-APT group than in the single-APT group (Table 3; S4 Fig). For all the 3 outcome measures, the adjusted results by multivariable logistic regression analysis were fully consistent with the unadjusted results (Table 4).
Fig 8. Incidence Rates for Stroke in the SES group.
(A) Incidence rates of stroke in the SES group in the pre-specified time intervals, and (B) cumulative incidence rates of stroke in the SES group. APT = antiplatelet therapy, DAPT = dual-APT, SAPT = single-APT, SES = sirolimus-eluting stents, and ST = stent thrombosis.
Fig 9. Incidence Rates for Stroke in the BMS group.
(A) Incidence rates of stroke in the BMS group in the pre-specified time intervals, and (B) cumulative incidence rates of stroke in the BMS group. APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, DAPT = dual-APT, SAPT = single-APT, and ST = stent thrombosis.
Table 4. Unadjusted and Adjusted Risk of No-APT and SAPT Relative to DAPT for Serious Adverse Events beyond 1-month after index PCI.
| Unadjusted OR | (95%CI) | P value | Adjusted OR | (95%CI) | P Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (A) Definite ST | |||||||
| SES stratum | SAPT | 1.92 | (1.07–3.45) | 0.03 | 2.01 | (1.12–3.61) | 0.02 |
| No-APT | 8.07 | (3.64–16.72) | <0.001 | 9.54 | (4.46–20.41) | <0.001 | |
| BMS stratum | SAPT | 0.92 | (0.47–1.91) | 0.82 | 0.89 | (0.45–1.80) | 0.75 |
| No-APT | 4.68 | (1.91–11.05) | 0.001 | 4.57 | (1.91–10.93) | 0.001 | |
| (B) Spontaneous MI | |||||||
| SES stratum | SAPT | 0.62 | (0.35–1.07) | 0.09 | 0.64 | (0.37–1.13) | 0.12 |
| No-APT | 3.86 | (1.84–7.36) | <0.001 | 3.65 | (1.82–7.30) | <0.001 | |
| BMS stratum | SAPT | 0.98 | (0.65–1.53) | 0.94 | 1.10 | (0.72–1.69) | 0.67 |
| No-APT | 2.23 | (1.07–4.30) | 0.03 | 2.29 | (1.15–4.58) | 0.02 | |
| (C) Stroke | |||||||
| SES stratum | SAPT | 0.70 | (0.53–0.91) | 0.007 | 0.75 | (0.57–0.99) | 0.04 |
| No-APT | 2.21 | (1.39–3.33) | 0.001 | 2.10 | (1.36–3.25) | 0.001 | |
| BMS stratum | SAPT | 1.05 | (0.78–1.44) | 0.74 | 1.19 | (0.88–1.62) | 0.27 |
| No-APT | 2.00 | (1.15–3.31) | 0.02 | 1.91 | (1.12–3.24) | 0.02 | |
APT = no antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, CI = confidence interval, DAPT = dual-APT, OR = odds ratio, SAPT = single-APT, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents.
APT Status During 30 Days Before Onset of Definite ST
In the current analysis, APT status just 1-day before the event might not be causally related to the event, if APT status had changed a few days before the event. Therefore, we evaluated APT status during 30 days before the event in 73 patients with definite ST in the SES stratum (Fig 10). In 2 patients with dual- or single-APT just 1-day before the event, both aspirin and thienopyridines had been discontinued until 3 days before the event. We could not deny the possibility that these ST events were causally related to no-APT, even if these patients were classified as either dual- or single-APT patients according to APT status just 1-day before the event. However, in the remaining 71 patients, same APT status was maintained until the event for at least 1 week. Therefore, APT status just 1-day before the event seemed to correctly reflect APT status during the week before the event in the vast majority of patients with definite ST of SES.
Fig 10. APT Status during 30 days Before Stent Thrombosis in the SES Group.
Numbers on the right side indicate number of days from SES implantation to ST. APT = antiplatelet therapy, DAPT = dual-APT, SAPT = single-APT, SES = sirolimus-eluting stents, and ST = stent thrombosis.
Discussion
The main findings of the current novel analysis linking serious cardiovascular events after coronary stent implantation to APT status just 1-day before the events are as follows; (1) Discontinuation of both aspirin and thienopyridines was associated with significantly higher risk for ST up to 4-year after SES implantation, while higher risk for ST after discontinuation of both aspirin and thienopyridines was evident only until 6-month after BMS implantation; (2) Discontinuation of both aspirin and thienopyridines was also associated with significantly higher risk for spontaneous MI and stroke; (3) Discontinuation of either thienopyridine or aspirin only as compared with dual-APT was not associated with higher risk for serious cardiovascular events beyond 1-month after coronary stent implantation, except for the marginally higher risk for ST after SES implantation.
Antiplatelet agents consists of several classes including, (1) Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors like aspirin, (2) P2Y12 (Adenosine diphosphate [ADP] receptor) inhibitors like thienopyridines represented by Clopidogrel and Ticlopidine, (3) Phosphodiesterase inhibitors like Cilostazol, (4) Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors or others. Dual-APT mainly with aspirin and thienopyridines is the cornerstone therapy to prevent ST or other ischemic event within 30 days after coronary stent implantation [25, 26]. However, optimal duration of dual-APT after coronary stent implantation is still a controversial issue because APT discontinuation may increase the risk of ST or adverse event.
Previous reports evaluating the influence of APT discontinuation on ST could be classified into the following 5 types according to their methodologies: (1) randomized controlled trials comparing single-APT with dual-APT at various timings after coronary stent implantation [10–15], (2) landmark analyses based on APT-status at various landmark points after coronary stent implantation [2, 5, 8, 9, 16, 17, 20], (3) analyses using APT discontinuation as a time-updated covariate [1, 3, 4, 6, 18, 19], (4) multivariate adaptive regression splines approach correlating the durations of thienopyridines therapy with occurrence of ST [7], and (5) evaluation of the ST rates according to the presence or absence of APT discontinuation in several time intervals after coronary stent implantation [6, 8, 9]. Each methodology has its own advantages and shortcomings. The randomized controlled trial is the most robust way to define the optimal duration of dual-APT. However, impact of temporary APT discontinuation on cardiovascular outcome could not be assessed by this method. The landmark analysis has the same limitations as the randomized controlled trial together with limitations related to selection bias and unmeasured confounders inherent to observational studies. Analysis using discontinuation as a time-updated covariate could assess temporary APT discontinuation. However, this method could not address the relation between the timing of APT discontinuation after stent implantation and risk for ST. This approach also could not evaluate the APT status at the time of events. Multivariate adaptive regression splines approach correlating the durations of thienopyridines therapy with occurrence of ST is also limited by the failure to evaluate the influences of temporary APT discontinuation. Evaluation of the ST rates according to the presence or absence of APT discontinuation in several time intervals after coronary stent implantation could address the influence of temporary APT discontinuation on ST according to the timing of APT discontinuation. However, this approach also could not evaluate the APT status at the time of events. Finally, many previous studies with a few exceptions [8, 9, 18] did not address the impact of aspirin discontinuation on subsequent ST.
In the current analysis, we linked serious cardiovascular events after coronary stent implantation to APT status just 1-day before the events. The biggest advantage of this methodology was its ability to evaluate the APT status at the time of cardiovascular events. The timing of APT discontinuation after stent implantation was also taken into consideration. Discontinuation of aspirin and thienopyridines was separately analyzed. Furthermore, we evaluated the influence of APT discontinuation on serious cardiovascular events other than ST including spontaneous MI and stroke.
It was noteworthy that nearly half of the SES patients still continued dual-APT even at 5-year after coronary stent implantation. Many of these patients seemed to have continued prolonged dual-APT mainly due to concerns on very late ST of SES, because the rate of dual-APT continuation in the SES stratum remained high even after exclusion of those patients with other indications of prolonged dual-APT such as prior stroke and peripheral vascular disease. In several recent reports with second-generation DES, nearly 90% of patients continued dual-APT at 1-year [27, 28], suggesting that the duration of dual-APT seemed to have been further prolonged despite use of more improved DES. Long-term treatment with dual-APT was associated with concerns on bleeding complications and with profound economic burden. Current ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline recommends prolonged (for at least 1 year) use of dual-APT after DES implantation [29]. However, in the previous randomized controlled trials and observational studies, prolonged dual-APT as compared with dual-APT regimen shorter than 1-year after DES implantation did not reduce serious cardiovascular events, but increased bleeding events [6–13]. However, the recently reported DAPT trial suggested that prolonged DAPT up to 30 months provided clinical benefits in reducing ST and MI [30]. Therefore, the optimal duration of DAPT after coronary stent implantation is still controversial. In the current analysis, single-APT was not associated with higher risk for serious cardiovascular events even beyond 1-month after stent implantation, except for the marginally higher risk for ST after SES implantation. Therefore, dual-APT shorter than 6-month might be as safe as dual-APT of longer duration in the current clinical practice mainly using second-generation DES, which has been reported to be associated with lower risk for ST than first-generation DES and even BMS [31].
Another important observation in the current study was that discontinuation of both aspirin and thienopyridines was associated with markedly increased risk for ST. The finding was consistent with our previous report from the j-Cypher registry [8]. The current study had much longer duration of follow-up and much greater number of ST events than the previous report, confirming the increased risk for ST with no APT coverage after SES implantation. In the BMS group, increased risk for ST with no APT coverage was only seen within 6-month after PCI. However, discontinuation of both aspirin and thienopyridines was associated with increased risk for spontaneous MI and stroke regardless of the type of stents implanted, which was consistent with the previous reports from a study after coronary stenting [18] and a limited number of secondary prevention studies [32–34]. Therefore, it seems crucially important to notice the danger of no APT coverage to patients, general practitioners, surgeons, dentists, gastrointestinal specialists, and all the medical professions including nurses and pharmacists who take care of patients with coronary artery disease.
This study has several limitations. First, we cannot deny the possibility of recall bias when the information on APT status was obtained from the patients and/or their relatives. Second, we did not assess the actual compliance and adherence to APT. Third, PARIS registry reported that cardiac events after cessation of dual-APT depend on the clinical reasons for cessation and early risk for events due to disruption (cessation of APT due to bleeding or non-compliance) is substantial irrespective of stent type [18]. We did not incorporate the clinical reasons for discontinuation in the current analysis. However, it should be noted that discontinuation of both aspirin and thienopyridines is common in cases of disruption, suggesting that no APT coverage might be more closely related to serious cardiovascular events than disruption per se. Fourth, in patients with changes in status of APT immediately before the event, APT status just 1-day before the event might not causally related to the event. However, this was demonstrated not to be a major issue in the case of ST after SES implantation. Fifth, the number of ST events in each time interval was still too small to conclude how long the increased risk of no APT coverage for ST would persist after SES implantation. However, we had enough number of events in aggregate to argue the increased risk of no APT coverage for serious cardiovascular events including ST, spontaneous MI, and stroke. Sixth, we could not identify the exact date of discontinuation in 8.3% of patients not on the drug at follow-up. However, a sensitivity analysis excluding those patients without date of discontinuation revealed fully consistent results with those from the entire cohort (data not shown). Finally, first-generation SES is no longer used in the clinical arena. However, there are millions of patients who had already received first-generation SES. Optimization of APT after first-generation SES implantation is still crucially important to reduce the late adverse events in these patients. Also, no APT coverage was associated with higher risk for events unrelated to the stent types such as spontaneous MI and stroke. Therefore, the current study results would also be applicable to those patients who had received second generation DES, although the risk for ST would be much different between the first and second generation DES.
Conclusions
Discontinuation of both aspirin and thienopyridines was associated with increased risk for serious cardiovascular events including ST, spontaneous MI and stroke beyond 1-month after coronary stenting.
Supporting Information
(DOCX)
(DOC)
(DOCX)
APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, DAPT = dual-APT, PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents.
(TIF)
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) days. APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, SAPT = single-APT, SES = sirolimus-eluting stents, and ST = stent thrombosis. As for the definitions of the duration, see Table 3 in the manuscript.
(TIF)
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) days. APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, MI = myocardial infarction, SAPT = single-APT, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents. As for the definitions of the duration, see Table 3 in the manuscript.
(TIF)
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) days. APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, SAPT = single-APT, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents. As for the definitions of the duration, see Table 3 in the manuscript.
(TIF)
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the members of Research Institute for Production Development and co-investigators of CREDO-Kyoto Registry Cohort 2 for data collection and management.
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding Statement
The source of funding of CREDO-Kyoto PCI/CABG Registry Cohort-2 is Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan (http://www.pmda.go.jp/). TK (T. Kimura) received the funding. PMDA had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
(DOCX)
(DOC)
(DOCX)
APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, DAPT = dual-APT, PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents.
(TIF)
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) days. APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, SAPT = single-APT, SES = sirolimus-eluting stents, and ST = stent thrombosis. As for the definitions of the duration, see Table 3 in the manuscript.
(TIF)
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) days. APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, MI = myocardial infarction, SAPT = single-APT, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents. As for the definitions of the duration, see Table 3 in the manuscript.
(TIF)
Values are expressed as median (interquartile range) days. APT = antiplatelet therapy, BMS = bare-metal stents, SAPT = single-APT, and SES = sirolimus-eluting stents. As for the definitions of the duration, see Table 3 in the manuscript.
(TIF)
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.