Abstract
Background
Population-based estimates of asthma and allergic rhinitis in sub-Saharan African adults are lacking. We assessed the prevalence and determinants of asthma and allergic rhinitis in urban adult Cameroonians.
Methods
A community-based survey was conducted from December 2013 to April 2014 among adults aged 19 years and above (N = 2,304, 57.3% women), selected through multilevel stratified random sampling across all districts of Yaounde (Capital city). Internationally validated questionnaires were used to investigate the presence of allergic diseases. Logistic regressions were employed to investigate the determinants of allergic conditions.
Results
Prevalence rates were 2.7% (95% CI: 2.1-3.4) for asthma-ever, 6.9% (5.9-7.9) for lifetime wheezing, 2.9% (92.2-3.6) for current wheezing and 11.4% (10.1-12.7) for self-reported lifetime allergic rhinitis; while 240 (10.4%) participants reported current symptoms of allergic rhinitis, and 125 (5.4%) had allergic rhino-conjunctivitis. The prevalence of current asthma medication use and self-reported asthma attack was 0.8 (0.4-1.2) and 1 (0.6-1.4) respectively. Multivariable adjusted determinants of current wheezing were signs of atopic eczema [2.91 (1.09-7.74)] and signs of allergic rhinitis [3.24 (1.83-5.71)]. Age group 31-40 years [0.27(0.09-0.78), p = 0.016] was an independent protective factor for wheezing. Determinants of current rhinitis symptoms were active smoking [2.20 (1.37-3.54), p<0.001], signs of atopic eczema [2.84 (1.48-5.46)] and current wheezing [3.02 (1.70-5.39)].
Conclusion
Prevalence rates for asthma and allergic rhinitis among adults in this population were at the lower tails of those reported in other regions of the world. Beside the classical interrelation between allergic diseases found in this study, active smoking was an independent determinant of allergic rhinitis symptoms. Nationwide surveys are needed to investigate regional variations.
Introduction
Allergic respiratory conditions are a major public health challenge worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, about 300 million people around the world suffer from asthma and about 250,000 people die from the disease each year [1]. Likewise about 12% to 30% of the population across regions suffer from allergic rhinitis [2]. Although allergic rhinitis is not a fatal condition, it is associated with impaired quality of life, absenteeism from work and substantial financial costs [3].
Reports from epidemiological studies suggest increases in the prevalence of respiratory allergic diseases in the last decades [4,5]. There has also been improvement in the knowledge regarding the risk factors of these diseases which include among others host related factors such as genetic predisposition, smoking, obesity, hormonal changes, and environmental factors comprising exposition to aeroallergens, improved hygiene, air pollution and lifestyle changes with adoption of western diet [6].
In sub-Saharan Africa, little is known on the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in adults [7,8]. Furthermore, the few studies published over ten years ago indicate prevalence figures among adults ranging from 24.4% to 30% for current allergic rhinitis [9,10], and 2% to 12% for current asthma symptoms (wheezing) [11,12,13]. However, the prevalence of self-reported asthma varies from one African country to another. The prevalence of self-reported asthma in Tanzania, Nigeria and South Africa was 3.3%, 2% and 3.8% respectively [12,13,14]. The only available prevalence study of asthma in adults in Cameroonians was conducted during 1996–1997, and reported a prevalence of 1.7% for wheezing in the last 12 months [13]. We are not aware of existing prevalence studies on allergic rhinitis in Cameroon.
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of asthma and allergic rhinitis in urban adult Cameroonians.
Material and Methods
Study type and population
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the seven districts of Yaounde, the Capital City of Cameroon, from December 2013 to April 2014 (five months). Yaounde is situated at about 700–800 m above the sea and had a total population of 2,440,462 inhabitants in 2011 [15]. Consenting adults aged 19 years and above were considered for inclusion in the study[16]. People with hearing and speech problems were excluded.
Procedures
Sampling
A multilevel stratified random procedure was used to select participants for inclusion in this study. The first level consisted of randomly selecting 16 enumeration areas (EA) from a total of 2000 in Yaounde, based on a ratio of 2–3 EA per district. EA delineation was based on the last general population census conducted in Cameroon in 2005[17]. At the second level one household in two was selected using a systematic sampling (sampling step = 2). The number of households per EA ranged from 70 to 110. The first household and itinerary followed were based on those of the national vaccination campaigns (NVC). At the third level all adults aged 19 years and above in selected households formed the primary statistical units for data collection.
Data collection
All consenting participants were included in the study. Data collection used a questionnaire derived from those of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)[18] and the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II (ECRHS II)[19]. Questionnaires were completed by trained field workers who were all final year undergraduate medial students. Socio-demographic details included sex, age, marital status, region of origin and ethnic group, the highest education level achieved and the number of individuals per bedroom in the household. Tobacco smoking was assessed and participants ranked as current smokers (participants who reported having smoked at least one cigarette per day for at least one year, or having smoked at least 20 cigarettes in their lifetime and was still smoking), ex-smokers (participants who declared having stopped smoking for at least six months) and non-smokers[20].
Data collected on asthma and asthma symptoms included: asthma diagnosed by a health professional, asthma crisis in the last twelve months, chest wheezing at any time, effort related wheezing, severity of wheezing in the last twelve months (number of wheezing, number of times awaken by wheezing, wheezing episodes with inability to speak out one or two words consecutively)[18], awakening due to tightness, awakening due to attack of breathless, awakening due to cough, night-time dry cough in the absence of flu and chest infection, current medication intake for asthma. Data collected for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and rhino-conjunctivitis included: signs of rhinitis (sneezing, rhinorrhoea, nasal obstruction) in the absence of flu and cold, tears and itching during rhinitis, impairment of daily life activities due to allergic rhinitis. The presence of atopic eczema was based on the existence of characteristic symptoms which are « skin eruptions (reddish papule, swollen spot…), which are itching, and appear and disappear intermittently over a period of at least six months ». Height and weight were measured and body mass index (BMI) derived as weight (kg)/height/height (m2), and BMI>30kg/ m2 used to define obesity[21].
Operational definitions [18,19]
Lifetime asthma diagnosis (asthma-ever) was based on self-reported diagnosis of asthma by a health professional during the lifetime of the participant. Current symptoms of asthma were those experienced in the last 12 months. Rhinitis was defined by sneezing, nasal blockage or rhinorrhoea at the time the subject did not have cold or flu. Current symptoms of allergic rhinitis were those experienced in the last 12 months. Lifetime allergic rhinitis was based on self-reported allergic rhinitis during the lifetime of the participant.
Ethics statement
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Douala University, Cameroon. The study was further approved by the health authorities of the Centre Region of Cameroon, and signed informed consent obtained from all included participants.
Statistical Analysis
We have used sample size calculation module of Epi-info software to derive the sample size. The inflation factor was based on the recruitment of 156 subjects in each enumeration era and a hypothetical intraclass correlation coefficient (σ) of 0.006 [22]. The design effect or inflation factor is computed as 1+σ(m-1), where m = 156 is a size of clusters. Thus, the design effect is 2 for this study. Based on an estimated population of 1.4 million inhabitants, considering a prevalence of 1.5% for current wheezing, for a precision of 1% and a 95% confidence interval, the required sample size for the current study was 605 individuals. Considering an inflation factor of two for the effect of stratification and a non-response rate of 10%, the minimal required number of participants was 1331.
Data were analysed with the use of IBM-SPSS v.20 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Qualitative data are presented as counts and proportions, and quantitative variables as mean and standard deviation (SD) or median and 25th-75th percentiles. Chi square test and Fisher exact test were used to compare proportions. Age-standardized prevalence was calculated using the Cameroon National population’s age structure in 2010 as the standard population [23], and direct standardization methods [24]. Logistic regressions models were employed to investigate the determinants of current wheezing and current allergic rhinitis. Potential determinants were first tested in univariable analysis and significant determinants (based on a threshold p<0.10) were further tested in multivariable models. A p-value<0.05 was used to characterise statistically significant results.
Results
General characteristics of the study population
A total of 2,475 participants were invited to take part in the study, of whom 194 declined (response rate 93.4%), and survey forms were incomplete for seven other participants. Therefore 2,304 participants were included in the final analytic sample. The characteristics of this sample are presented in Table 1. In all 1321 (57.3%) were women, mean age (SD) was 34.9 (13.5) years, and 32% had university education, while 8.4% were current smokers and 5.6% were ex-smokers.
Table 1. Characteristics of study population.
| Characteristics | Overall | Women | Men | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 2304 (100%) | 1321 (57.3%) | 983 (42.7%) | |
| Age, years | ||||
| Range | 19–90 | 19–87 | 19–90 | |
| Mean (standard deviation) | 34.9 (13.5) | 35.1 (13.3) | 34.6 (13.7) | 0.412 |
| Median (25th-75th percentiles) | 30 (24–42) | 31 (25–43) | 30 (24–42) | |
| Level of education | ||||
| Range | 0–22 | 0–22 | 0–20 | |
| Mean (standard deviation) | 11.3 (4.2) | 10.6 (4.3) | 12.2 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| Median(25th-75th percentiles) | 12 (8–15) | 10 (7–14) | 12 (10–15) | |
| ≤ Primary school, n (%) | 423/2297 (18.4) | 305 (23.1) | 118 (12) | <0.001 |
| Secondary school, n (%) | 1136/2297 (49.5) | 657 (49.9) | 479 (48.9) | |
| Higher education, n (%) | 738/2297 (32.1) | 355 (27.0) | 383 (39.1) | |
| Ethnic group | <0.001 | |||
| Bantou, n (%) | 1191/2291 (52) | 704 (53.7) | 487 (49.6) | |
| Semi-Bantou, n (%) | 970/2291 (42.3) | 556 (42.4) | 414 (42.2) | |
| Others, n (%) | 130/2291 (5.7) | 50 (3.8) | 80 (8.2) | |
| Marital status | 0.014 | |||
| Living in couple, n (%) | 802/2274 (35.3) | 488 (37.4) | 314 (32.4) | |
| Alone, n (%) | 1472/2274 (64.7) | 816 (62.6) | 656 (67.6) | |
| Number/bedrooms in household | ||||
| Range | 0.3–11 | 0.3–11.0 | 0.3–9.0 | |
| Mean (standard deviation) | 2.4 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Median (25th-75th percentiles) | 2.1 (1.5–3) | 2.2 (1.7–3.0) | 2.0 (1.0–2.7) | |
| Tobacco smoking | <0.001 | |||
| Smokers, n (%) | 194/2298 (8.4) | 36 (2.7) | 158 (16.1) | |
| Ex-smokers, n (%) | 129/2298 (5.6) | 25 (1.9) | 104 (10.6) | |
| Non-smokers, n (%) | 1975/2298 *85.9) | 1257 (95.4) | 718 (73.3) | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | ||||
| Range | 14.2–60.4 | 14.2–60.4 | 15.2–49.9 | |
| Mean (standard deviation) | 26.5 (5.4) | 27.4 (5.9) | 25.1 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Median(25th-75th percentiles) | 25.3 (22.6–29.4) | 26.6 (23.1–30.8) | 24.4 (22.2–27.6) | |
| ≥ 30, n (%) | 502/2280 (22) | 379 (29.0) | 123 (12.7) | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index.
Prevalence of asthma, symptoms of asthma and allergic rhinitis
The prevalence of asthma-ever was 2.7% (95% confidence interval: 2.1–3.4%). A total of 158 participants had had at least an episode of wheezing in their lifetime, giving a prevalence of 6.9% (5.9–7.9) for wheeze-ever. The prevalence of current wheezing was 2.9% (2.2–3.6). The crude and age-standardised prevalence of symptoms of asthma is found in Table 2. Night-time awakening by coughing attack was the most frequent symptom with a prevalence of 15.3% (13.8–16.8), followed by nocturnal dry cough [10.6% (9.3–11.9)]. The prevalence of self-reported lifetime allergic rhinitis was 11.4% (10.1–12.7). Current allergic rhinitis symptoms were reported by 240 participants (10.4%) and 125 (5.4%) had allergic rhino-conjunctivitis symptoms. With the exception of asthma-ever (p = 0.036) and current asthma (p = 0.017), prevalence rates were mostly similar in men and women; furthermore, age-standardisation had meaningless effect on the overall prevalence rates (Table 2).
Table 2. Prevalence of asthma, asthma symptoms and rhinitis.
| Symptoms | Number | Crude prevalence, % (95% CI) | p gender | Age Standardized prevalence, Overall, % (95% CI) | Age Standardized prevalence for men, % (95% CI) | Age Standardized prevalence for women, % (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asthma | ||||||
| Asthma ever | 65 | 2.7 (2.1–3.4) | 0.036 | 2.7 (2.0–3.4) | 1.6 (0.8–2.4) | 3.5 (2.4–4.6) |
| Current attack of asthma | 24 | 1 (0.6–1.4) | 0.017 | 1.2 (0.7–1.7) | 0.7 (0.2–1.2) | 1.6 (0.9–2.3) |
| Current asthma medications use | 19 | 0.8 (0.4–1.2) | 0.225 | 0.8 (0.4–1.2) | 0.4 (0.0–0.8) | 1.2 (0.6–1.8) |
| Wheezing ever | 158 | 6.9 (5.9–7.9) | 0.325 | 6.9 (5.8–8.0) | 6.3 (4.7–7.9) | 7.4 (5.9–8.9) |
| Current wheezing | 66 | 2.9 (2.2–3.6) | 0.675 | 2.9 (2.2–3.6) | 2.6 (1.6–3.6) | 3.1 (2.1–4.1) |
| Current wheezing at effort | 62 | 2.7 (2.0–3.4) | 0.611 | 2.6 (2.0–3.2) | 2.3 (1.3–3.3) | 2.7 (1.8–3.6) |
| Current awakening with tightness | 217 | 9.4 (8.2–10.6) | 0.244 | 9.3 (8.0–10.6) | 8.5 (6.6–10.4) | 10.1 (8.4–11.8) |
| Current attack of breathless | 137 | 5.9 (4.9–6.9) | 0.076 | 6.2 (5.2–7.2) | 5.1 (3.6–6.6) | 6.8 (5.4–8.2) |
| Current attack cough | 352 | 15.3 (13.8–16.8) | 0.138 | 15.2 (13.6–16.8) | 13.4 (11.1–15.7) | 16.4 (14.2–18.6) |
| Current nocturnal cough without cold | 245 | 10.6 (9.3–11.9) | 0.685 | 10.7 (9.3–12.1) | 11.0 (8.9–13.1) | 10.6 (8.8–12.4) |
| Rhinitis | ||||||
| Self-reported allergic rhinitis | 262 | 11.4 (10.1–12.7) | 0.247 | 11.2 (9.8–12.6) | 12.1 (9.9–14.3) | 10.4 (8.7–12.1) |
| Rhinitis symptoms ever | 342 | 14.8 (13.4–16.2) | 0.389 | 14.6 (13.0–16.2) | 13.5 (11.2–15.8) | 15.3 (13.2–17.4) |
| Current symptoms of rhinitis | 240 | 10.4 (9.2–11.6) | 0.591 | 10.3 (9.0–11.6) | 9.4 (7.5–11.3) | 10.8 (9.0–12.6) |
| Current rhino-conjunctivitis | 125 | 5.4 (4.5–6.3) | 0.377 | 5.3 (4.3–6.3) | 4.7 (3.3–6.1) | 5.8 (4.5–7.1) |
CI, confidence interval.
Severity of the wheezing and allergic rhinitis
Of the 66 participants with current wheezing, 10.6% had more than 12 episodes of wheezing in the last 12 months; 12.1% had more than one episode of sleep disturbances per week due to wheezing, while 43.9% had had severe attacks with inability to say one or two words during wheezing (Table 3). Of the 306 participants with symptoms of allergic rhinitis who had provided information on the impact of symptoms on daily life activities, 11 (3.6%) had severe impairment, 14 (4.6%) had moderate impairment, 55 (18%) had mild impairment while 226 (73.9%) had no impairment.
Table 3. Severity of current wheezing.
| Severity indices | Prevalence, % |
|---|---|
| Number of wheezing episodes in 12 months | |
| ≤3 | 80.3 |
| 4–12 | 9.1 |
| > 12 | 10.6 |
| Sleep disturbed by wheezing | |
| Never | 57.6 |
| < 1/week | 30.3 |
| ≥ 1/week | 12.1 |
| Limitation of speech to one or two words during wheezing | |
| Yes | 43.9 |
| No | 56.1 |
Determinants of asthma and allergic rhinitis
In univariable analysis, current wheezing was less frequent in the age group 31–40 years relative to other age groups. The prevalence of current wheezing by sex and age groups is shown in Fig 1. Current wheezing was higher in women aged 50 years and above, relative to their male counterparts (p = 0.128). Current wheezing was found in 7.5% of participants with rhinitis and in 2.3% of those without rhinitis (p<0.001). The prevalence of current rhinitis was 27.3% among subjects with current wheezing and 9.9% in those without current wheezing (p<0.001). Six teen (25.4%) participants with asthma ever had current rhinitis and 10% of participants without asthma ever had current rhinitis (p<0.001). Likewise, the prevalence of wheezing was higher in participants with signs of eczema compared to those without (9.4% vs. 2.7%, p<0.001). Allergic rhinitis was more frequent in participants with university education, in smokers and participants with wheezing or symptoms of atopic eczema (Table 4).
Fig 1. Prevalence of current wheezing by age group and gender.
Table 4. Prevalence and odds ratio of current wheezing and current allergic rhinitis in selected group.
| Characteristics | Current wheezing | Asthma ever | Current rhinitis symptoms | Current rhino-conjunctivitis symptoms | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | COR (95% CI) | p | % | COR (95% CI) | p | % | COR (95% CI) | p | % | COR (95% CI) | p | |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Female | 3 | 1.15 (0.70–1.90) | 0.589 | 3.7 | 2.67(1.46–4.86) | 0.001 | 10.7 | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | 0.504 | 5.8 | 1.21(0.83–1.75) | 0.322 |
| Male | 2.6 | 1 | 1.4 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 4.9 | 1 | ||||
| Age group, years | ||||||||||||
| 19–30 | 3.3 | 0.68 (0.30–1.54) | 0.297 | 3.1 | 1.1250.39–3.18) | 0.839 | 11.3 | 1.40 (0.76–2.61) | 0.282 | 6.5 | 1.37(0.62–3.02) | 0.443 |
| 31–40 | 1.4 | 0.29 (0.10–0.81) | 0.018 | 2.4 | 0.86(0.27–2.71) | 0.798 | 9.8 | 1.20 (0.62–2.31) | 0.597 | 3.6 | 0.73(0.30–1.79) | 0.492 |
| 41–50 | 3 | 0.61 (0.22–1.67) | 0.336 | 3 | 1.09(0.33–3.60) | 0.888 | 8.7 | 1.05 (0.51–2.15) | 0.891 | 3 | 0.61(0.22–1.67) | 0.336 |
| 51–60 | 2 | 0.41 (0.12–1.42) | 0.408 | 1 | 0.36(0.07–2.00) | 0.243 | 10.7 | 1.32 (0.63–2.78) | 0.465 | 7.7 | 1.62(0.64–4.09) | 0.305 |
| > 60 | 4.9 | 1 | 2.8 | 1 | 8.3 | 1 | 4.9 | 1 | ||||
| Level of education | ||||||||||||
| < secondary | 3.1 | 0.94 (0.48–1.87) | 0.867 | 2.6 | 0.79(0.39–1.64) | 0.533 | 9.2 | 1 | 5.9 | 1 | ||
| secondary | 2.6 | 0.78 (0.45–1.35) | 0.373 | 2.5 | 0.75(0.43–1.31) | 0.312 | 8.8 | 0.95 (0.65–1.40) | 0.797 | 4.4 | 0.86(0.53–1.42) | 0.564 |
| Higher education | 3.3 | 1 | 3.3 | 1 | 13.7 | 1.56 (1.06–2.31) | 0.025 | 6.8 | 1.58(1.05–2.36) | 0.027 | ||
| Ethnic group | ||||||||||||
| Bantou | 3.2 | 2.11 (0.50–8.85) | 0.308 | 3 | 1.32(0.40–4.35) | 0.648 | 11 | 1.89 (0.90–3.94) | 0.092 | 5.8 | 1.27(0.54–2.99) | 0.582 |
| Semi-Bantou | 2.7 | 1.76 (0.41–7.52) | 0.444 | 2.4 | 0.97(0.29–3.29) | 0.964 | 10.4 | 1.77 (0.84–3.73) | 0.132 | 5.2 | 1.12(0.47–2.67) | 0.793 |
| Peul/Sudanese | 1.5 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 6.2 | 1 | 4.6 | 1 | ||||
| Marital status | ||||||||||||
| Living in couple | 2.4 | 1 | 1.9 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 4.1 | 1 | ||||
| Alone | 3.2 | 1.36 (0.79–2.33) | 0.263 | 3.3 | 1.77(0.98–3.18) | 0.054 | 11.3 | 1.30 (0.97–1.74) | 0.079 | 6.2 | 1.54(1.02–2.31) | 0.038 |
| Number/chamber in household (n = 2232) | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 2 | 3.2 | 1.29 (0.78–2.13) | 0.321 | 3 | 1.27(0.76–2.12) | 0.356 | 11.2 | 1.201 (0.92–1.58) | 0.174 | 5.6 | 1.06(0.74–1.53) | 0.749 |
| > 2 | 2.5 | 1 | 2.4 | 1 | 9.5 | 1 | 5.3 | 1 | ||||
| Tobacco smoking (n = 2298) | ||||||||||||
| smokers | 3.1 | 1.09 (0.39–3.07) | 0.861 | 1.5 | 0.51(0.16–1.64) | 0.259 | 19.4 | 2.21 (1.39–3.50) | 0.001 | 8.2 | 1.70(0.98–2.95) | 0.058 |
| Ex-smokers | 3.1 | 1.09 (0.47–2.57) | 0.837 | 0.8 | 0.25(0.04–1.85) | 0.176 | 10.8 | 1.11 (0.69–1.80) | 0.656 | 7.8 | 1.59(0.81–3.13) | 0.178 |
| Non-smokers | 2.8 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 9.8 | 1 | 5 | 1 | ||||
| History of pulmonary TB | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 2.2 | 0.77 (0.10–5.65) | 0.794 | 4.4 | 1.68(0.39–7.08) | 0.477 | 11.1 | 1.08 (0.42–2.76) | 0.878 | 2.2 | 0.39(0.05–2.84) | 0.388 |
| No | 2.9 | 1 | 2.7 | 1 | 10.4 | 1 | 5.5 | 1 | ||||
| BMI, kg/m 2 (n = 2280) | ||||||||||||
| ≥ 30 | 3 | 0.96 (0.53–1.72) | 0.88 | 3.4 | 1.35(0.77–2.38) | 0.300 | 10.6 | 1.04 (0.75–1.43) | 0.834 | 4.4 | 0.77(0.48–1.23) | 0.276 |
| < 30 | 2.9 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 10.2 | 1 | 5.6 | 1 | ||||
| Current eczema symptoms | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 9.4 | 3.74 (1.44–9.72) | 0.016 | 5.7 | 2.19(0.67–7.22) | 0.175 | 26.4 | 3.22 (1.72–6.02) | <0.001 | 18.9 | 4.32(2.12–8.81) | <0.001 |
| No | 2.7 | 1 | 2.7 | 1 | 10 | 1 | 5.1 | 1 | ||||
| Current rhinitis | / | / | / | / | / | / | ||||||
| Yes | 7.5 | 3.41 (1.95–5.96) | <0.001 | 6.7 | 3.07(1.71–5.50) | <0.001 | / | / | / | ./ | / | / |
| No | 2.3 | 1 | 2.3 | |||||||||
| Current wheezing | ||||||||||||
| Yes | / | / | / | 30.3 | 22.19(12.11–40.67) | <0.001 | 27.3 | 3.41 (1.95–5.96) | <0.001 | 20 | 4.70(2.49–8.89) | <0.001 |
| No | / | / | / | 1.9 | 1 | 9.9 | 1 | 5 | 1 | |||
| Asthma ever | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 31.7 | 22.19(12.11–40.66) | <0.001 | / | / | / | 25.4 | 3.41 (1.95–5.96) | <0.001 | 15.9 | 3.46(1.71–6.97) | <0.001 |
| No | 2.1 | 1 | / | / | / | 10 | 5.2 | 1 |
CI, confidence interval; CRO, crude odds ratio; BMI, body mass index; TB, tuberculosis.
In multivariable regression analyses (Table 5), significant determinants of current wheezing were signs of atopic eczema [adjusted odd ratio (95% CI): 2.91 (1.09–7.74), p = 0.033] and symptoms of allergic rhinitis [3.24 (1.83–5.71), p < 0.001]. Age group 31–40 years [0.27 (0.09–0.78), p = 0.016] was an independent protective factor for wheezing. Female gender [2.76 (1.51–5.05), p = 0.001] and current rhinitis symptoms [2.99 (1.66–5.39), p<0.001)] were the independent determinants of asthma ever. Determinants of rhinitis were current smoking [2.20 (1.37–3.54), p <0.001], signs of atopic eczema [2.84 (1.48–5.46), p = 0.002] and current wheezing [3.02 (1.70–5.39), p < 0.001]. Finally, determinants of rhino-conjunctivitis were current wheezing [4.06 (2.11–7.81), p<0.001] and atopic eczema [3.53 (1.67–7.47) p = 0.001].
Table 5. Multivariate analysis of factors associated to current wheezing and current rhinitis symptoms in Yaounde, Cameroon.
| CURRENT WHEEZING | ||
|---|---|---|
| Factors | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p |
| Age group, years | ||
| 19–30 | 0.64(0.28–1.47) | 0.290 |
| 31–40 | 0.27(0.09–0.78) | 0.016 |
| 41–50 | 0.61(0.22–1.68) | 0.340 |
| 51–60 | 0.40(0.11–1.39) | 0.149 |
| > 60 | 1 | |
| Eczema symptoms | ||
| Yes | 2.91(1.09–7.74) | 0.033 |
| No | 1 | |
| Rhinitis | ||
| Yes | 3.24(1.83–5.71) | <0.001 |
| No | 1 | |
| ASTHMA EVER | ||
| Factors | ||
| Sex | ||
| Female | 2.76(1.51–5.05) | 0.001 |
| Male | 1 | |
| Age group, years | ||
| 19–30 | 0.89(0.30–2.61) | 0.829 |
| 31–40 | 0.81(0.25–2.57) | 0.716 |
| 41–50 | 1.17(0.34–3.91) | 0.802 |
| 51–60 | 0.37(0.07–2.10) | 0.263 |
| > 60 | 1 | |
| Marital status | ||
| Living in couple | 1 | |
| Living alone | 1.79(0.94–3.40) | 0.078 |
| Current rhinitis symptoms | ||
| Yes | 2.99(1.66–5.39) | <0.001 |
| No | 1 | |
| CURRENT RHINITIS SYMPTOMS | ||
| Factors | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | p |
| Level of education | ||
| < secondary | 1 | |
| Secondary | 0.92(0.62–1.37) | 0.680 |
| Higher education | 1.49(1.00–2.23) | 0.051 |
| Ethnic group | ||
| Bantou | 1.72(0.81–3.62) | 0.156 |
| Semi-Bantou | 1.69(0.80–3.58) | 0.170 |
| Peul/Sudanese | 1 | |
| Marital status | ||
| Alone | 1,19(0.88–1.62) | 0.250 |
| Living in couple | 1 | |
| Tobacco smoking | ||
| Smokers | 2.20(1.37–3.54) | 0.001 |
| Ex-smokers | 1.12(0.69–1.83) | 0.646 |
| Non-smokers | 1 | |
| Eczema symptoms | ||
| Yes | 2.84(1.48–5.46) | 0.002 |
| No | 1 | |
| Wheezing | ||
| Yes | 3.02(1.70–5.39) | <0.001 |
| No | 1 | |
| CURRENT RHINO-CONJUNCTIVITIS | ||
| Factors | ||
| Level of education | ||
| < secondary | 1 | |
| Secondary | 0.70(0.43–1.16) | 0.166 |
| Higher education | 1.07(0.64–1.79) | 0.793 |
| Marital status | ||
| Alone | 1.45(0.95–2.22) | 0.082 |
| Living in couple | 1 | |
| Tobacco smoking | ||
| Smokers | 1.64(0.93–2.88) | 0.087 |
| Ex-smokers | 1.58(0.79–3.19) | 0.193 |
| Non-smokers | 1 | |
| Eczema symptoms | ||
| Yes | 3.53(1.67–7.47) | 0.001 |
| No | 1 | |
| Wheezing | ||
| Yes | 4.06(2.11–7.82) | <0.001 |
| No | 1 |
OR, odds ratio.
Discussion
The key finding from this first study on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma among adults in urban Cameroon are the following: 1) about three percent of this population had current wheezing or a self-reported lifetime diagnosis of asthma; 2) about one in ten participants had symptoms of allergic rhinitis while one in twenty participants had symptoms of rhino-conjunctivitis; 3) Finally, other allergic conditions were independently associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis.
The prevalence of asthma and symptoms varies across regions [8,25]. In general, the prevalence of self-reported asthma is lower than that for wheezing, the chief symptoms of asthma used in epidemiological studies. The prevalence of asthma and symptoms is higher in northern Europe, USA, Australia and New Zealand [25]. The prevalence of current wheezing is as higher as 32% in these countries and the prevalence of self-reported current asthma as higher as 13% [25,26]. Contrariwise, prevalence rates are lower in Southern Europe (Italy and Spain) where prevalence rates for wheezing and self-reported asthma range from 4 to 13.9% and from 2 to 6.6% respectively [25,27]. Significant variations in the prevalence of asthma and symptoms are strong indicators of the need for locally relevant studies. In our study conducted in a major sub-Saharan African city, the prevalence of current wheezing was 2.9%. This prevalence is much lower than those reported in most European countries, but close to rates reported in most Asian countries [25,28,29].
Very few studies are available on the epidemiology of asthma in sub-Saharan African countries, particularly in adults. The prevalence of self-reported asthma-ever in our study is close to that reported in Tanzania (3.3%) [13], Nigeria (2%) [12] and South Africa (3.8%) [14]. Wheezing in the last 12 months was reported by 2.9% of our participants. Rates reported from other African countries ranged from 1.7% in Ethiopia, 3% in Tanzania, 9% in Nigeria to 16.3% in South Africa [11,13,14,30]. The prevalence of lifelong wheezing was 6.9% in our participants. The prevalence of asthma in Yaounde was at the lower tail of figures reported across other regions in the world. In a systematic review conducted by Adeloye et al comprising prevalence studies on Asthma from Africa published between 1990 and 2013, the estimated overall prevalence of asthma (current wheezing) in Africa was 13.8% (95%CI: 6.2–21.4) in people aged 15 to 45 years [8]. This figure is higher than the one reported in our study, and could be explained at least in part by the fact that the review by Adeyole et al included more adolescents, with the average age of 18.4 years.
The main suggested reasons to explain these regional disparities in the prevalence of asthma include the exposure to environmental factor (climatic variations, exposure to aeroallergens, air pollution, exposure to micro-organisms), socio-economic factors, and lifestyles [31,32]. Mites’ sensitisation is an important and powerful risk factor of asthma[33]. Sensitisation to mites is frequent in people with asthma in Yaounde and in other African countries [34,35,36]. The level of this sensitisation is comparable to that reported in most regions of the world [34,35,36,37] and may therefore not explain the low prevalence of asthma in most African countries. The low prevalence of smoking found in our study and which has also been reported in other African countries [12,38], could partially explain the low prevalence of asthma in Yaounde and across Africa. Other risk factors for asthma such as obesity and low socio-economic status [39] were not associated with asthma or wheezing in this study. Complex interactions between environmental factors and host related factors (genetic, comorbidities, lifestyle) further account for some of the variations in asthma prevalence around the world.
More than 40% of our participants, who had had wheezing in the last 12 months, had severe wheezing. Of those patients with severe wheezing, less than 1/3rd took asthma medications in the last 12 months. These results suggest a potentially fatal discrepancy in the management of people with asthma in this setting. As classically reported, asthma symptoms were more frequent in participants with other allergic conditions [40]. Indeed, participants with current wheezing were three times more likely to have rhinitis and atopic eczema.
Symptoms of current allergic rhinitis and rhino-conjunctivitis were present in one in ten and one in twenty participants respectively. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis were less frequent in our study than in reports from Asia where prevalence ranged from 23.6% to 38% [2,41] and Nigeria where it was 29.6% [9]. Self-reported allergic rhinitis in our study (11.4%) was within the range of reports from other parts of the world: 13.1% in Europe (ranging from 11.1% in Italy to 16.2% in Germany), 14% in USA, 7% in Latin America and 9% in Asia Pacific [42,43]. In addition to the classical association between allergic rhinitis and other allergic conditions, smoking and higher education were more frequent in our participants with allergic rhinitis. The high prevalence of allergic rhinitis among smokers was also reported by Desalu et al [9], but in a recent meta-analysis by Saulyte et al, there was no association between current or past tobacco use and allergic rhinitis in adults [44]. Studies have been conflicting on the association between socio-economic status (SES) and allergic rhinitis. Some studies have suggested higher prevalence of allergic rhinitis in people with high SES [9,45], while other have found not association [46].
The main limitation of this study resides in the use of screening questionnaire to diagnose asthma and allergic rhinitis. This approach is subject to recall bias, but our questionnaire was adapted from internationally validated questionnaires, and which have been used in most surveys around the world, therefore allowing our results to be comparable with those from the many other studies with similar methodological approaches [18,19]. It is possible that using spirometry (to characterise the reversibility and non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity) and allergologic tests would have refined the description of the prevalence in our study. The large sample size is a major strength of the current study, and has allowed us to derive stable estimates of disease occurrence.
Conclusion
Prevalent asthma and allergic rhinitis in this major central African city occurred at frequencies in the lower tails of reports from around the world. A large proportion of participants with severe wheezing does not receive treatment in this setting and are therefore at risk of fatal outcome. In addition to the classical association between allergic diseases which was confirmed in our study, tobacco use and education were independent correlates of symptoms of allergic rhinitis. A nationwide survey will aid the refinement of our finding and investigate within country variations in the prevalence of asthma in Cameroon.
Supporting Information
(XLS)
Acknowledgments
We thank all members of the Research Group for Respiratory Disease in Cameroon (RGRDC) for their commitment to this study. The members of RGRDC are: Eric Walter Pefura-Yone, Adamou Dodo Balkissou, Julie Raïcha Boulleys-Nana, Nelly Rachel Efe-de-Melingui, Patricia Ingrid, Ndjeutcheu-Moualeu, Charles Lebon Mbele-Onana, Elvira Christelle Kenmegne-Noumsi, Barbara Linda Kolontchang-Yomi, Boris Judicaël Theubo-Kamgang, Emilienne Régine Ebouki, Chrystelle Karen Djuikam-Kamga, Christiane Gaelle Magne-Fotso, Francine Amougou, Liliane Mboumtou, Martine Ngo-Yonga, Elsie Linda Petchou-Talla.
Data Availability
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding Statement
These authors have no support or funding to report.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
(XLS)
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.