Abstract
[Purpose] The effects of a cognitive enhancement group training program on daily living activities, cognition, and depression in the demented elderly population of a local Korean community were investigated. [Subjects and Methods] The study included 22 elderly subjects who were 65 years of age or older, had been diagnosed with dementia, and were attending a daily care center in K City, Republic of Korea. Eleven subjects participated in the program, which was conducted twice a week for 8 weeks for a total of 16 sessions. Eleven subjects in a non-training group did not receive any interventions. [Results] The MMSE-K, MBI and KDS scores of all of the eleven subjects who participated in the program improved, and the improvements were statistically significant. [Conclusion] Cognitive enhancement group training programs may have positive effects on daily living activities, cognition, and depression.
Key words: Daily living activities, Cognition, Depression
INTRODUCTION
Concomitant with increases in advanced aging and life expectancy, there has been a sharp worldwide increase in the number of patients experiencing dementia. In fact, 4.6 million people around the world are newly diagnosed with dementia every year1). Of the diseases associated with senility, dementia is particularly difficult to treat and is the type of degenerative disease that requires long-term treatment. Therefore, not only are there declines in the quality of life of patients with dementia but also the family members who support these patients experience an increased burden and enhanced emotional and psychological pain2). The symptoms associated with dementia can be divided into cognitive changes, including a deteriorating memory for new facts, conversational difficulties, problems understanding words and writing, and a loss of orientation, and neuropsychiatric changes, including depression, apathy, atrophy, insomnia, fear, paranoia, hallucinations, and abnormal thoughts that accompany problematic behavior3). Of the neuropsychiatric symptoms, depression is a very general characteristic of elderly individuals that can increase the risk of dementia and other cognitive disorders4). Accordingly, dementia is considered a typical organic psychosis characterized by deteriorating cognitive and higher mental functions, and represents a complicated clinical syndrome that is often comorbid with memory disorders and changes in behavior and character5). In addition, dementia may manifest in the form of multiple cognitive disorders, which often include general intellectual impairments that influence daily living and other independent activities6).
Therefore, the therapy for individuals with dementia must treat declines in cognitive function, a diminished ability to perform daily activities, and an increase in behavioral and mental symptoms including depression. The general clinical paradigms for the treatment of the demented elderly include psychological approaches such as music therapy and reminiscence therapy, cognitive assistive tools to compensate for declines in cognition, and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation training7). According to Teppen et al.8), when treating the demented elderly, it is necessary to include complex cognitive training along with physical activities to induce their active participation and help improve their daily lives. Therefore, the development and application of a complex program that helps maintain patients’ existing functions and improve their quality of life is essential.
Thus, in the present study, we developed a cognitive enhancement group training program and applied it to a local demented elderly population in an attempt to improve their cognition, symptoms of depression, and daily lives. Our program consists of fundamental material that can be easily administered to demented elderly in public health centers, daily care centers, and dementia-related facilities to maintain and improve their behavioral and cognitive capabilities.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
We initially recruited 25 demented elderly subjects 65 years of age or older who were diagnosed with dementia by a psychiatrist and attended a daily care center in K City, Republic of Korea, between June 15, 2013, and September 20, 2013. Of the 25 subjects who agreed to participate, 13 were placed into a training group, and 12 were placed into a non-training group. None of the subjects had hearing or eyesight problems or had joined any similar programs, and all were able to use both hands. Of the original 25 subjects, 2 from the training group and 1 from the non-training group were excluded from the analyses due to disease or falling during the research period; thus, 22 subjects were included. All participants provided informed consent prior to taking part in the study, and all experimental procedures were approved by the institutional review board of Inje University.
Subjects in the training group participated in a cognitive enhancement group training program twice a week for 8 weeks (a total of 16 sessions) at the daily care center. During each session, the patients completed a 50 min cognitive activity program and a 50 min cognitive training program (written format). Two occupational therapists with more than 5 years of experience conducted the cognitive activity program. In addition, the relevant employees of the daily care center received education regarding a weekly task amount and goals to ensure that the training program ran efficiently.
The activity program consisted of a creative activity (six sessions), a musical activity (five sessions), and a physical activity (five sessions). The musical activity involved playing the music game Smart Harmony, which was developed during a 3-year research collaboration between the Ergonomic Design Technology Lab in the Department of Industrial and Management Engineering at Pohang University of Science and Technology, the Department of Neurology at Samsung Medical Center, and Seed Technology. During the Smart Harmony game, participants played music in an ensemble by focusing on a timing bar that moved in conjunction with the musical flow of a digital score and shaking digital sticks equipped with wireless communication capabilities. The training program was developed by the present research team for the purpose of improving critical cognitive factors including orientation, linguistic ability, attention, memory, visual perception, spatial perception, calculation, and problem solving. This task included both simple and complex steps. The appropriateness of the activity and training programs was reviewed by two professors who specialize in occupational therapy. The contents of the cognitive enhancement group training program are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Cognitive enhancement group training program.
| Session | Category | Cognitive activity program | Written cognitive training program | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Creativity activity | Decorate a name tag | Simple step | Orientation |
| 2 | Music activity | Play Smart Harmony | Linguistic ability | |
| 3 | Physical activity | Ring a quoit | Attention | |
| 4 | Creativity activity | Make a picture frame | Memory | |
| 5 | Music activity | Play Smart Harmony | Calculation | |
| 6 | Physical activity | Stack wood blocks | Visual perception | |
| 7 | Creativity activity | Make a mosaic | Spatial perception | |
| 8 | Music activity | Play Smart Harmony | Problem solving | |
| 9 | Physical activity | Throw a ball in a box | Complex step | Orientation |
| 10 | Creativity activity | Make paper fans | Linguistic ability | |
| 11 | Music activity | Play Smart Harmony | Attention | |
| 12 | Physical activity | Hit a balloon | Memory | |
| 13 | Creativity activity | Make a mandala pattern mobile | Calculation | |
| 14 | Music activity | Play Smart Harmony | Visual perception | |
| 15 | Physical activity | Throw darts | Spatial perception | |
| 16 | Creativity activity | Make a traditional Korean mask | Problem solving | |
The pre- and post-test assessments were individually conducted by the two occupational therapists in an environment conducive to focusing on the task. During the testing period, the subjects completed the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) to assess daily life activities, the Mini-Mental Status Examination-Korean version (MMSE-K) to evaluate cognitive function, and the Korean Depression Scale (KDS) to determine levels of depression. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS WIN version 21.0, and the descriptive statistics of the subjects were obtained to evaluate their general characteristics. Independent t-tests were used to analyze differences between the two groups after the program, and paired t-tests were used to investigate the effects of the program within the training group.
RESULTS
The general characteristics of the subjects are presented in Table 2, and a comparison of the functional recovery measures after the training program (within and between groups) is shown in Table 3. The training group exhibited significant improvements in daily living activities, cognition, and depression after participating in the program (p < 0.05), whereas the non-training group did not.
Table 2. Demographic characteristics (n=22).
| Variables | TG (N=11) | NTG (N=11) |
|---|---|---|
| Frequencies | Frequencies | |
| Age (years) | ||
| 65–69 | 2 (18.2%) | 1 (9.1%) |
| 70–74 | 1 (9.1%) | - |
| 75–79 | 2 (18.2%) | 3 (27.3%) |
| 80–84 | 6 (54.5%) | 1 (9.1%) |
| Over 85 | - | 6 (54.5%) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 1 (9.1%) | 2 (18.2%) |
| Female | 10 (90.9%) | 9 (81.8%) |
| Education | ||
| None | 5 (45.5%) | 7 (63.6%) |
| Elementary school graduate | 4 (36.4%) | 3 (27.3%) |
| Middle school graduate | 1 (9.1%) | - |
| High school graduate | 1 (9.1%) | 1 (9.1%) |
| Housemate | ||
| Single | 1 (9.1%) | 1 (9.1%) |
| With spouse | 3 (27.3%) | 1 (9.1%) |
| With family of son and daughters | 6 (54.5%) | 9 (81.8%) |
| Other | 1 (9.1%) | - |
| Duration of dementia (months) | ||
| Below 12 | - | 1 (9.1%) |
| 13–24 | 3 (27.3%) | 1 (9.1%) |
| 25–36 | 2 (18.2%) | 3 (27.3%) |
| 37–48 | 1 (9.1%) | 5 (45.5%) |
| Over 49 | 5 (45.5%) | 1 (9.1%) |
TG: training group; NTG: non-training group
Table 3. Comparison of functional recovery measures within and between groups.
| Parameters | Values | Change value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TG (n=11) | NTG (n=11) | TG (n=11) | NTG (n=11) | |||
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Post-Pre | Post-Pre | |
| MBI | 79.55 (10.45) | 83.27 (10.01)*** | 66.91 (26.03) | 72.73 (29.42) | 3.73 (1.35) | 5.82 (18.24) |
| MMSE-K | 11.09 (2.43) | 15.64 (3.41)*** | 13.55 (2.12) | 12.82 (2.48) | 4.55 (2.84) | −0.73 (1.62)*** |
| KDS | 47.82 (17.33) | 39.27 (12.29)* | 52.73 (19.37) | 52.73 (19.14) | −8.55 (12.27) | 0.00 (18.24) |
Values are means ± SD. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. TG: training group; NTG: non-training group; MBI: Modified Barthel Index; MMSE-K: Mini-Mental Status Examination-Korean version; KDS: Korean Depression Scale
There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of daily living activities but the training group showed a significant improvement in cognitive function compared with the non-training group (p < 0.05). Moreover, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.064), the training group had a lower level of depression than the non-training group.
DISCUSSION
Dementia has a considerable impact on national health and welfare9). Although there is currently a lack of evidence regarding the effectiveness of cognitive therapies for the treatment of dementia10), nonpharmacological programs such as these tend to possess lower risks than drug treatments. Nonetheless, in an aging society, nonpharmacological rehabilitation therapy can be very effective for patients with senile diseases, including dementia, who require long-term treatment11).
We evaluated the effectiveness of a cognitive enhancement group training program in a local population of demented elderly individuals and found that cognitive function, depression, and daily living activities of subjects in the training group were maintained and even improved compared with the non-training group. These findings are consistent with the results of previous studies that have shown that rehabilitation positively improves cognitive function12) and that cognitive activity in conjunction with active extremity exercise positively affects cognition, quality of life, balancing ability, and walking ability in demented elderly13). Similarly, in previous studies, a rehabilitation service offered to local communities helped improve the daily lives of demented elderly14), and an integrated program designed to prevent dementia positively influenced not only the cognition of elderly participants but also their psychosocial functions (including depression), self-esteem, and quality of life15). The findings of the present study support these data.
Because the present study was intended to be a pilot investigation for a cognitive enhancement group training program that could be provided to local communities, only a small number of subjects were evaluated over a short period of time. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize our findings. In future studies, it will be necessary to conduct this same program on a larger number of subjects from various institutions to obtain a generalizable assessment of its effects on cognitive function, emotional state, and daily living activities of elderly individuals with dementia. In addition, having such a program in which the demented elderly population in local communities can easily participate and receive treatment will allow for constant evolution and improvement of the program and the provision of fundamental material that can be used for domestic research on dementia and its treatment.
REFERENCES
- 1.Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, et al. Alzheimer’s Disease International: Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet, 2005, 366: 2112–2117. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Kim SY: Suggestions of political alternatives = factors affecting on the QOL of the demented elderly caregivers. Korean Assoc Soc Welf Policy, 2003, 17: 77–105. [Google Scholar]
- 3.Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Beckett LA, et al. : Age-specific incidence of Alzheimer’s disease in a community population. JAMA, 1995, 273: 1354–1359. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Amore M, Tagariello P, Laterza C, et al. : Subtypes of depression in dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 2007, 44: 23–33. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Benzi G, Moretti A: Is there a rationale for the use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease? Eur J Pharmacol, 1998, 346: 1–13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Han SK, Kang YW, Lee JH, et al. : Neuropsychological differentiation between mild Alzheimer’s disease and subcortical vascular dementia. Korean J Clin Psychol, 2006, 25: 987–1010. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Lee YM, Jang C, Bak IH, et al. : Effects of computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation training on the cognition and static balance of the elderly. J Phys Ther Sci, 2013, 25: 1475–1477. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Raggi A, Iannaccone S, Marcone A, et al. : The effects of a comprehensive rehabilitation program of Alzheimer’s Disease in a hospital setting. Behav Neurol, 2007, 18: 1–6. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Alzheimer’s Association: 2009 Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures. Alzheimers Dement, 2009, 5: 234–270. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Livingston G, Johnston K, Katona C, et al. Old Age Task Force of the World Federation of Biological Psychiatry: Systematic review of psychological approaches to the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. Am J Psychiatry, 2005, 162: 1996–2021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Bach D, Bach M, Böhmer F, et al. : Reactivating occupational therapy: a method to improve cognitive performance in geriatric patients. Age Ageing, 1995, 24: 222–226. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Jeong WM: The effects of group occupational therapy program for improvement of cognitive abilities in mild case of dementia. Soc Occup Ther Aged Dement, 2007, 1: 46–55. [Google Scholar]
- 13.Yoon JE, Lee SM, Lim HS, et al. : The effects of cognitive activity combined with active extremity exercise on balance, walking activity, memory level and quality of life of an older adult sample with dementia. J Phys Ther Sci, 2013, 25: 1601–1604. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Graff MJ, Vernooij-Dassen MJ, Thijssen M, et al. : Community based occupational therapy for patients with dementia and their care givers: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 2006, 333: 1196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Lee YM, Park NH: The effects of dementia prevention program on cognition, depression, self-esteem and quality of life in the elderly with mild cognitive disorder. J Korean Acad Soc Adult Nurs, 2007, 5: 104–114. [Google Scholar]