Table 1.

Effects of advanced maternal age on epigenetics in oocytes.

Species	Epigenetic changes	References
Mouse	Genome-wide DNA methylation is lower in 35- to 40-week-old mouse oocytes	Yue et al. (2012)
Mouse	DNMTs (DNMT1, 3a, 3b and 3l) expression is decreased in aged mouse oocytes	Hamatani et al. (2004) and Pan et al. (2008)
Mouse	Histone deacetylase is downregulated and histone remains acetylated in older mouse oocytes. Histone acetylation of H4K12 is affected in aged GV and MII oocytes	Hamatani et al. (2004), Akiyama et al. (2006), Manosalva & Gonzalez (2009) and Suo et al. (2010)
Mouse	Sirt2 expression is lower in the oocytes of old mice compared with young mice	Zhang et al. (2014a , b )
Mouse	H3K9me3, H3K36me2, H3K79me2 and H4K20me2 are altered in aged oocytes	Manosalva & Gonzalez (2010)
Mouse	The expression of Cbx1 and Sirt1 is changed in the oocytes of older mice
Mouse	Histone 3 lysine 4 methylation is changed in aged GV oocytes	Shao et al. (2014)
Bovine	Non-imprinted genes (SLC2A1, PRDX1, ZAR1 and BTS) are hypomethylated in the oocytes of adult cows compared with prepubertal calves	Diederich et al. (2012)
Zebrafish	Two CpG island shores hypomethylated in oocytes with ageing	Shimoda et al. (2014)
Human	The deacetylation of H4K12 in human MII oocytes is affected at an age-dependent manner	van den Berg et al. (2011)
Human	The expression of ubiquilin I, USP2, USP34 and USP42 is affected in the oocytes of women aged 37–39 years	Grondahl et al. (2010)
Human	MicroRNAs expression profiling of the follicular fluid of younger females is different from that of the follicular fluid of older females	Diez-Fraile et al. (2014)
Equine	Three miRNAs are expressed in significantly higher amounts in exosomes isolated from follicular fluid of old compared to young mares	da Silveira et al. (2012)