Abstract
Background and Purpose: Assessing the severity of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) has been difficult because of inadequate biopsy specimens. Additional predictive parameters of disease stage would be useful when deciding a treatment plan; it has been suggested that preoperative hydronephrosis can be a surrogate. We examined the relationship between preoperative ipsilateral renal obstruction identified by imaging with final pathologic stage after nephroureterectomy (NU) for UTUC. We then analyzed those patients with ipsilateral renal obstruction and examined if tumor location is associated with an advanced pathologic stage.
Methods: Patients who underwent NU for UTUC between the years 2001 to 2013 were analyzed and relevant staging studies and pathology were reviewed. Criteria for ipsilateral renal obstruction were defined by the presence of a delayed nephrogram on CT scan, renal cortical atrophy with associated hydronephrosis on cross-sectional imaging, and/or >10% split function discrepancy on nuclear renal scintigraphy with associated hydronephrosis.
Results: Eighty-two patients met inclusion criteria; 26/82 (31.7%) had locally advanced disease (pT3/T4), while 56/82 (63.4%) had organ-confined (≤pT2) disease. Of the patients with pT3/T4 disease, 10/26 (38.5%) demonstrated radiographic evidence of functional obstruction of the ipsilateral renal unit; similarly, in patients with ≤pT2 disease, 21/56 (37.5%) demonstrated ipsilateral renal obstruction (P=0.93). Of the patients with ipsilateral renal obstruction, in those patients with pT3/T4 disease, 7/10 (70.0%) had ureteral tumor involvement while 9/21 (42.9%) patients with ≤pT2 disease had tumor in the ureter (P=0.25).
Conclusions: This study suggests that renal obstruction by radiographic analysis does not always predict advanced stage. In addition, there is a trend toward advanced stage when a patient has radiographic evidence of ipsilateral renal dysfunction and a ureteral tumor.
Introduction
Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare entity with respect to other genitourinary (GU) malignancies. It accounts for approximately 5% of renal and urothelial tumors.1 In comparison with other GU malignancies, according to the American Cancer Society statistics for the United States in 2014, there will be approximately 6500 to 7000 new cases of UTUC in comparison with 233,000 prostate, 75,000 bladder, and 8800 testis cancer patients.2
The gold standard for the treatment of patients with UTUC is radical nephroureterectomy (NU) with bladder cuff excision. In those patients who are surgically unfit, have a solitary kidney, bilateral UTUC, or chronic kidney disease, however, endoscopic management may be an alternative to preserve as much functioning nephron as possible; in addition, endoscopic management has been used electively in patients with low-grade, focal UTUC and a normal contralateral kidney. It has also been shown that disease-specific survival has a poorer outcome in those with chronic kidney disease.3
Given that architectural preservation cannot be achieved with sampling of upper tract tumors, diagnosis and staging currently use a multimodal approach of the following: Ureteroscopy (URS) with direct visualization and biopsy, abdominal imaging via CT or MRI to identify direct tumor extension, and endoluminal ultrasonography, where available, which also may help to identify transmural involvement. Unfortunately, each modality has variable accuracy in predicting grade and stage, and currently most treatment decisions are based on ureteroscopy and specimen retrieval for cytopathologic analysis and three-dimensional imaging.4–12
Recently, the presence of hydronephrosis associated with or without renal obstruction on preoperative imaging was associated with worse prognosis and advanced stage UTUC on NU.13,14 In addition, delayed ipsilateral renal excretion in patients with ureteral tumors has been associated with decreased survival on univariate analysis.15 We sought to confirm this relationship with our own, single-institutional UTUC population. Realizing that UTUC may have a different prognosis dependent on tumor location, we also sought to determine if the location of the primary tumor (renal pelvis/calices vs ureter) changed this association.
Methods
After obtaining Institutional Review Board approval, a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing NU at our institution between 2001 and 2013 was performed.
Each patient's preoperative staging studies, which included three-dimensional imaging and preoperative ureteroscopic biopsies and specimen cytology, were examined. Some patients in whom a NU was planned also obtained a scintigraphic renal scan to determine differential renal function and the ability of a remaining renal unit to sustain adequate function. A subset of patients in whom UTUC was being managed initially with serial endoscopic evaluations was evaluated using the highest histologic grade of tumor that was recovered endoscopically. After the surgical procedure, the tissue specimens were examined for pathologic grade and stage in a multidisciplinary GU genitourinary pathology conference. Each patient's preoperative radiographic images were reviewed. Functional renal obstruction on preoperative imaging was defined by one of three variables:
1. Radiologic demonstration of delayed nephrogram unilaterally on CT scan as described by the radiologist.
-
2. The interpretation of ipsilateral renal cortical thinning with hydronephrosis in comparison with the contralateral kidney as described by the radiologist.
and/or
3. >10% split function discrepancy on nuclear renal scan with associated hydronephrosis.
Summary statistics (number and percent) were calculated for the sample pre-NU stage, NU, ipsilaterality, pathology stage, node status, symmetry, and change in staging. The relationship between preoperative URS pathology grade and NU tumor stage was investigated in a few ways. Concordance was calculated between the two measures, and agreement was assessed using the Kappa statistic. Predictive power of the preoperative URS pathology stage on NU tumor stage was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic under the curve from a logistic regression model. A contingency table of ipsilateral decrease in renal function vs pathologic stage of UTUC was constructed and a Pearson chi-square test was used to assess the relationship of the two.
Results
We identified 82 patients who underwent NU. Seventy-five patients had a laparoscopic radical NU procedure, 7 had an open radical NU, and 3 patients attempted laparoscopically were converted to an open procedure. The mean age of the patient cohort was 69.2±11.2 years (33–95), as shown in Table 1. Laterality was evenly distributed: 41 right side moieties and 42 left side with one patient having a bilateral NU. The mean creatinine level at the time of operation was 1.4±0.95 mg/dL (0.6–6.9).
Table 1.
Patient Demographics
| Number of patients | 82 |
| Number of laparoscopic procedures | 75 |
| Number of open procedures | 7 |
| Number of open conversions | 3 |
| Right/left | R 41/L 42 (1 bilateral) |
| Male/female | 53/29 |
| Mean age±SD/median (range) | 69.2±11.2/71 (33–95) |
| Baseline creatinine±SD (mg/dL)/median (range) | 1.4±0.95/1.2 (0.6–6.9) |
SD=standard deviation.
On final pathologic evaluation, 37 patients had low-grade UTUC, defined as grade 1, grade 1–2, or grade 2. Forty-one patients had high-grade disease, defined as grade 2–3, or grade 3. Four patients did not have pathologic grade available (Table 2). For these, 2004 World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology classification of tumors of the urinary tract were used.
Table 2.
Distribution of Tumor Grade Among Nephroureterectomy Specimens and Correlation Between Ureteroscopy Grade and Nephroureterectomy Pathology Grade
| NU tumor grade | Number |
|---|---|
| Low grade (grade 1, low grade 1–2, grade 2) | 37 |
| High grade (high grade 2–3, grade 3 | 41 |
| Grade not defined | 4 |
| Correlation between URS grade and NU pathology grade | |
| Percentage same | (54 patients) 67% |
| Percentage upgrade | (18) 22% |
| Percentage downgrade | (9) 11% |
1 patient omitted for lack of pre-NU ureteroscopic grade.
NU=nephroureterectomy; URS=ureteroscopy.
One patient did not have preoperative URS biopsy grade information. The URS biopsy grade correlated with final pathologic grade for the majority of patients. When comparing preoperative URS biopsy grade with final pathologic grade, 54/81 (67%) of patients had identical tumor grade correlation between URS and NU pathology. In 18/81 (22%) patients, the tumor grade was upgraded from low grade to high grade on final surgical pathologic evaluation, and 9/81 (11%) of patients were downgraded from high URS biopsy grade to low grade on final surgical pathologic evaluation (Table 2).
Final pathologic stage information is shown in Table 3. Four patients had no evidence of disease (pT0), 29 patients had organ-confined disease (pT1/T2), and 26 patients had locally advanced disease (pT3/T4). The ability of URS grade to predict final pathologic stage was next examined. Positive prediction was concluded if there was high-grade URS cytology and advanced pathologic stage (≥pT3), or low-grade URS cytology and organ-confined disease (<pT3). Stage correlation overall was 42/73 (57.5%) of patients. Low-grade URS grade and pT2 or less disease correlated to 30/47 (63.8%) of patients. High-grade URS grade and pT3 or greater stage showed a 12/26 (46.1%) correlation. Nine patients were omitted from this calculation because of the lack of preoperative URS grade or if the patient had carcinoma in situ (CIS) (5 patients) as the only pathologic diagnosis (Table 3).
Table 3.
Nephroureterectomy Final Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging and Correlation of Ureteroscopy Grade and Nephroureterectomy Stage
| pT0 | 4 |
| pTa | 18 |
| pTis | 5 |
| pT1 | 14 |
| pT2 | 15 |
| pT3 | 25 |
| pT4 | 1 |
| N+ | 5 |
| M+ | 1 |
| Percentage grade and stage correlated | |
| Overall | (42/73) 57.5% |
| Low grade and ≤T2 | (30/47) 63.8% |
| High grade and ≥T3 | (12/26) 46.1% |
Nine patients omitted for lack of prenephroureterectomy ureteroscopic grade or diagnosis of carcinoma in situ (CIS) on final pathology grade (five patients had CIS only on final pathology evaluation).
By using our criteria for functional renal obstruction, we next analyzed our hypothesis. In total, 10 patients showed ipsilateral functional renal obstruction and ≥pT3 stage disease, while 16 patients had no renal obstruction and ≥pT3 stage disease. Contrarily, 21 patients had an ipsilateral renal obstruction with organ-confined (<pT3) stage, while 35 patients had no obstruction and <pT3 disease. Thus, 38.46% (10/26) patients with pT3 or greater disease showed ipsilateral renal obstruction in comparison with 37.50% (21/35) patients showing ipsilateral renal obstruction and organ-confined disease (P=0.9334), as shown in Table 4. Of the patients with obstruction and ≤pT2 disease, 8 had delayed nephrogram on three-dimensional imaging, 4 had hydronephrosis with cortical thinning, and 11 had decreased differential function and hydronephrosis (2 patients met two separate criteria). For those with >pT3 UTUC, none had delayed nephrogram, three had hydronephrosis with cortical thinning, and seven had decreased differential function and hydronephrosis.
Table 4.
Ipsilateral Functional Renal Obstruction and Pathologic Stage of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
| ≥T3 stage (n=26) | <T3 stage (n=56) | |
|---|---|---|
| Functional renal obstruction | 10 | 21 |
| No obstruction | 16 | 35 |
| Percentage of high-stage disease with functional renal obstruction | 38.46% | |
| Percentage of low-stage disease with functional renal obstruction | 37.50% | |
| Chi square analysis | P=0.9334 | |
Of the patients with functional renal obstruction, patients staged at pT3 or greater, 7/10 (70.0%) patients had ureteral involvement (Table 5). When compared with those patients with functional renal obstruction and staged at ≤pT2, 9/21 (42.9%) patients had ureteral involvement (P=0.252).
Table 5.
Tumor Location in Patients with Functional Renal Obstruction and Advanced Pathologic Stage
| Renal pelvis/calices | Ureter | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| <T3 | 12 (80.0%) | 9 (56.25%) | 0.2524 |
| ≥T3 | 3 (20.0%) | 7 (43.75%) |
Discussion
For UTUC, accurate clinical staging is vital to determine the proper course of surgical management, especially if endoscopic management, which is now considered appropriate for some patients who possess low-grade disease and a normal contralateral kidney, is contemplated.16,17 Currently, staging is limited to visual inspection via URS with endoscopic biopsy and urine aspiration for cytopathologic analysis.4 Keeley and associates5 reported on grade correlation between URS biopsies and final NU specimens. Of those patients, 7/8 (88%) with low ureteroscopic biopsy grade were confirmed to have low-grade disease on the final surgical pathology report. In addition, for patients with high-grade URS biopsies, 11/12 (91.7%) had high-grade tumors on final surgical pathologic evaluation. In examining the final pathologic stage, only 3/29 (10%) of patients with low-grade URS biopsy had muscle invasive disease (pT2 or greater), while 8/12 (67%) of high-grade tumors were muscle invasive.
In comparison, our data showed that URS biopsy was not completely reliable, correlating with final surgical pathologic determination in 42/73 (57.5%) patients; low-grade and ≤pT2 stage correlation was 30/47(63.8%), and high-grade to ≥pT3 stage correlation was 12/26 (46.1%). It should be noted that the Keeley series was also from this institution, although predating the current series by at least 10 years and involving only one, as opposed to multiple, pathologists.
Recent data from Brown and colleagues12 noted that a high-grade endoscopic biopsy corresponded to locally advanced disease on final surgical pathologic evaluation in only 30/71 (42%) of patients. This uncertainty further demonstrates the need for more accurate diagnostic measures to predict final pathologic stage on initial radiographic and endoscopic evaluation. In addition, prediction of stage by retrograde urography was shown to be poor in a study by Williams and coworkers,10 indicating only a 27% correlation between retrograde radiographic appearance and advanced disease. Finally, comparison of the visual appearance alone of a UTUC tumor with histologic grade has also been shown to be unreliable. El-Hakim and colleagues6 found that 30% of 40 patients were inaccurately classified based on appearance alone.
Abdominal imaging also has controversial ability to accurately determine pathologic stage of UTUC. Attempts to detect direct transmural tumor extension on multidetector abdominal/pelvic CT (MDCT) scans by examining ureteral wall thickness, loss of renal sinus fat, or abnormal adjacent fat parenchyma are unreliable in clinical practice. In a study conducted by Fritz and associates,9 MDCT correctly identified only 4/6 (66%) of pT3 renal pelvis UTUC. In examining overall accuracy in tumor stage prediction, the study quoted 87.8% (36/41), with a sensitivity of only 66.6% (8/12) for detection of invasion of UTUC into adjacent tissues. More recently, however, a study by Ng and coworkers13 determined a strong predictive value of preoperative hydronephrosis on three-dimensional imaging. In this study, when stratifying by preoperative hydronephrosis vs no hydronephrosis, the estimated 5-year recurrence-free survival was 56% vs 41% (P=0.065), metastasis-free survival was 86% vs 62% (P=0.004), and cancer-specific survival was 94% vs 66% (P=0.001).
Although the accurate diagnosis of UTUC extent has obvious implication if nephron-sparing surgery is contemplated, it also can affect the ultimate planning of surgical extirpation if the decision for NU has been made. Several studies have indicated the benefit of performing lymphadenectomy at the time of operation to improve disease-specific survival. Roscigno and associates18 determined that nodal status is a significant predictor of disease-specific survival, and any patient expected to have pT2–pT4 tumors should undergo lymphadenectomy. Because pathologic stage is an important predictor of overall survival in UTUC, improved diagnosis of advanced disease would allow for more consideration of lymphadenectomy, although many argue that lymphadenectomy should be performed during all NU procedures.
More accurate knowledge and understanding of stage may also delineate a role for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Although limited data on chemotherapy for UTUC exist, a cisplatin-based regimen, as applicable for bladder cancer, can be extrapolated to advanced stage UTUC. For example, randomized phase III neoadjuvant cisplatin-based regimens for bladder cancer have shown survival benefits.19 Application of bladder cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens to UTUC would putatively show similar benefits because of the common occurrence of locally advanced UTUC disease at diagnosis.20 In fact, recently the group from MD Anderson has demonstrated both overall and disease-specific survival benefit in patients with high-risk UTUC treated with neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy.21
Our study suggests that radiographic analysis of UTUC patients does not always predict advanced stage of cancer. Our study showed 38.46% (10/26) patients with pT3 or greater disease had ipsilateral functional obstruction via radiographic analysis in comparison with 37.50% (21/35) patients with organ-confined disease (P=0.9334). Thus, we cannot always rely on functional renal obstruction as a prediction tool. This conclusion is in contrast to recent published studies correlating hydronephrosis and adverse pathologic features in NU for UTUC.13,14 Some differences in our study compared with these include the fact that we were not interested in only hydronephrosis but functional renal obstruction as defined by the criteria mentioned in the Methods section of this article. In addition, Messer and colleagues14 in their multi-institutional analysis found hydronephrosis to be an independent predictor for muscle invasive UTUC (pT2); we instead were interested in predicting more advanced (≥pT3) tumors.
Another important observation of this study was the location of tumor and the pathologic stage of UTUC in those patients who had functional renal obstruction. In our cohort, 7/10 (70%) of patients with pT3/T4 disease with functional renal obstruction had ureteral involvement while only 9/21 (42.9%) of patients with ≤pT2 disease and functional renal obstruction had ureteral involvement. Although not significant (P=0.252), these data suggest a trend toward advanced pathologic stage when a patient has radiographic evidence of functional renal obstruction caused by a ureteral tumor, as opposed to a renal tumor. This correlation was indeed found to be significant by Ng and coworkers.13 The impact of tumor location on patient survival in UTUC, however, has recently been called into question.22
The pathophysiologic mechanism for our observation is not clear, although we do propose one possible mechanisms to explain functional renal obstruction as a marker of locally advanced disease, particularly in patients with a ureteral tumor. In the ureter, locally advanced tumors theoretically penetrate the muscularis propria, potentially diminishing peristaltic activity and thus causing obstruction, with hydronephrosis being the end result. In addition, it has been our anecdotal experience that some advanced stage ureteral tumors present as dense strictures, proposing yet another mechanism for functional obstruction. For those with ipsilateral decrease in renal function and advanced stage, tumor location is shown in Table 5.
There are several limitations to our study, including its retrospective nature and incomplete data of all patients involved. In addition, the disparity in relative renal function was set relatively arbitrarily; however, the opinions of radiologists were sought for this purpose. Finally, a more ideal study design would involve a larger prospective evaluation with uniform preoperative imaging.
Conclusions
When considering only moderate correlation between pathologic tumor grade on biopsy and pathologic stage from NU specimen, and the shortcomings of other utilized modalities in determining locally advanced disease, this study did not find that renal obstruction by radiographic analysis can always predict an advanced stage of UTUC. A trend was noticed toward advanced pathologic stage when the patient had functional renal obstruction and a ureteral tumor, however. This can have a great clinical impact, providing guidance when deciding between nephron-sparing approaches vs extirpative management of the renal unit for UTUC, the need for lymphadenectomy, and identification of candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy or enrollment in clinical trials.
Abbreviations Used
- CIS
carcinoma in situ
- CT
computed tomography
- GU
genitourinary
- MDCT
multi-detector abdominal/pelvic computed tomography
- MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
- NU
nephroureterectomy
- URS
ureteroscopy
- UTUC
upper tract urothelial carcinoma
Disclosure Statement
No competing financial interests exist.
References
- 1.Inman BA, Tran VT, Fradet Y, Lacombe L. Carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: Predictors of survival and competing causes of mortality. Cancer 2009;115:2853–2862 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Siegel R, Ma J, Zou Z, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2014. CA Cancer J Clin 2014;64:9–29 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Li WM, Li CC, Ke HL, et al. The prognostic predictors of primary ureteral transitional cell carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy. J Urol 2009;182:451–458 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Painter DJ, Timoney AG, Denton K, et al. The modern management of upper urinary tract urothelial cancer: Tumour diagnosis, grading and staging. BJU Int 2007;99:973–977 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Keeley FX, Kulp DA, Bibbo M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ureteroscopic biopsy in upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol 1997;157:33–37 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.El-Hakim A, Weiss GH, Lee BR, Smith AD. Correlation of ureteroscopic appearance with histologic grade of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Urology 2004;63:647–650 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Guarnizo E, Pavlovich CP, Seiba M, et al. Ureteroscopic biopsy of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Improved diagnostic accuracy and histopathological considerations using a multi-biopsy approach. J Urol 2000;163:52–55 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Skolarikos A, Griffiths TR, Powell PH, et al. Cytologic analysis of ureteral washings is informative in patients with grade 2 upper tract TCC considering endoscopic treatment. Urology 2003;61:1146–1150 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Fritz GA, Schoellnast H, Deutschmann HA, et al. Multiphasic multidetector-row CT (MDCT) in detection and staging of transitional cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. Eur Radiol 2006;16:1244–1252 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Williams SK, Denton KJ, Minervini A, et al. Correlation of upper-tract cytology, retrograde pyelography, ureteroscopic appearance, and ureteroscopic biopsy with histologic examination of upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma. J Endourol 2008;22:71–76 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Lee DI, Bagley DH, Liu JB. Experience with endoluminal ultrasonography in the urinary tract. J Endourol 2001;15:67–74 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Brown GA, Matin SF, Busby JE, et al. Ability of clinical grade to predict final pathologic stage in upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: Implications for therapy. Urology 2007;70:252–256 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Ng CK, Shariat SF, Lucas SM, et al. Does the presence of hydronephrosis on preoperative axial CT imaging predict worse outcomes for patients undergoing nephroureterectomy for upper-tract urothelial carcinoma? Urol Oncol 2011;29:27–32 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Messer JC, Terrell JD, Herman MP, et al. Multi-institutional validation of the ability of preoperative hydronephrosis to predict advanced pathologic tumor stage in upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2013;31:904–908 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Chung HJ, Chen KK, Lin AT, et al. Is renal function at the tumor side a prognostic factor in ureteral transitional cell carcinoma? Urol Int 1997;59:166–169 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Thompson RH, Krambeck AE, Lohse CM, et al. Endoscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with normal contralateral kidneys. Urology 2008;71:713–717 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Chen GL, Bagley DH. Ureteroscopic management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma in patients with normal contralateral kidneys. J Urol 2000;164:1173–1176 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Roscigno M, Shariat SF, Margulis V, et al. Impact of lymph node dissection on cancer specific survival in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy. J Urol 2009;181:2482–2489 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Grossman HB, Natale RB, Tangen CM, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus cystectomy compared with cystectomy alone for locally advanced bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:859–866 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.O'Donnell PH, Stadler WM. The role of chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Adv Urol 2009:419028. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Porten S, Siefker-Radtke AO, Xiao L, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 2014;120:1794–1799 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Favaretto RL, Shariat SF, Chade DC, et al. The effect of tumor location on prognosis in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Eur Urol 2010;58:574–580 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]