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. 2013 Jul;17(3):285–290. doi: 10.7162/S1809-97772013000300009

Audiological outcomes of cochlear implantation in Waardenburg Syndrome

Ana Tereza de Matos Magalhães 1,✉, Paola Angélica Samuel 1, Maria Valeria Schimdt Goffi-Gomez 2, Robinson Koji Tsuji 3, Rubens Brito 3, Ricardo Ferreira Bento 3
PMCID: PMC4399710  PMID: 25992025

Summary

Introduction: The most relevant clinical symptom in Waardenburg syndrome is profound bilateral sensorioneural hearing loss.

Aim: To characterize and describe hearing outcomes after cochlear implantation in patients with Waardenburg syndrome to improve preoperative expectations.

Method: This was an observational and retrospective study of a series of cases. Children who were diagnosed with Waardenburg syndrome and who received a multichannel cochlear implant between March 1999 and July 2012 were included in the study. Intraoperative neural response telemetry, hearing evaluation, speech perception, and speech production data before and after surgery were assessed.

Results: During this period, 806 patients received a cochlear implant and 10 of these (1.2%) were diagnosed with Waardenburg syndrome. Eight of the children received a Nucleus 24® implant and 1 child and 1 adult received a DigiSonic SP implant. The mean age at implantation was 44 months among the children. The average duration of use of a cochlear implant at the time of the study was 43 months. Intraoperative neural responses were present in all cases. Patients who could use the speech processor effectively had a pure tone average of 31 dB in free-field conditions. In addition, the MUSS and MAIS questionnaires revealed improvements in speech perception and production. Four patients did not have a good outcome, which might have been associated with ineffective use of the speech processor.

Conclusion: Despite the heterogeneity of the group, patients with Waardenburg syndrome who received cochlear implants were found to have hearing thresholds that allowed access to speech sounds. However, patients who received early intervention and rehabilitation showed better evolution of auditory perception.

Keywords: Hearing, Cochlear Implants, Hearing Loss, Waardenburg Syndrome, Speech Perception

Introduction

Cochlear implantation outcomes are dependent on several factors that lead to a good prognosis, such as early diagnosis and intervention, systematic rehabilitation, family permeability, and type of communication, as well as other factors related to hearing loss including etiology, period of deafness, and the presence of other associated impairments1 2 3.

Genetic causes of deafness include Waardenburg syndrome (WS), which accounts for 2%–5% of patients with congenital hearing loss4. WS is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by hyperplasia of the medial portion of the eyebrows, a broad nasal root, heterochromia iris, white forelock or early graying, and congenital sensorineural hearing loss5.

The most relevant clinical symptom in WS is the hearing loss, which can be unilateral or bilateral, and moderate to profound. Severe to profound deafness is more evident in patients with Type I and Type II WS, with an incidence of 35%–75% and 55%–91%, respectively6. Cochlear implantation is indicated for patients with bilateral and severe to profound hearing loss who are unable to benefit from conventional hearing aids.

Few studies have evaluated the audiological outcomes of cochlear implantation in users with syndromes. Some have noted limited success depending on the characteristics associated with the syndrome and the age at implantation. Studies of WS have reported good outcomes for those with no other impairments associated with the syndrome7 8 9 10.

The purpose of this study was to characterize and describe hearing outcomes after cochlear implantation in patients with WS to improve preoperative expectations.

Method

This was a retrospective and observational study of a series of cases and was performed from March 1999 through July 2012. Data wee collected from the cochlear implant team database. Patients who met the following criteria were included in the study:

  • Diagnosed with WS;

  • Multichannel cochlear implant user.

The following data were collected:

  • Age at diagnosis of deafness;

  • Age at rehabilitation initiation;

  • Age at cochlear implant activation;

  • Duration of cochlear implant use (in months);

  • Number of active electrodes;

  • Intraoperative neural telemetry results;

  • Aided average pure tone threshold in sound field c before and after surgery;

  • Pre- and post-operative speech perception and production test results.

Intraoperative neural telemetry data were recorded by Nucleus NRT 3.1® or Custom Sound EP 2.0® software from Cochlear Corporation®. A response was considered present when at least 3 electrodes presented reproducible responses. Electrical Auditory Brainstem Response (EABR) data were recorded by Bio-logic v.7.0® and stimulated by Digistim® from Neurelec®.

Free field audiometry data were collected using Madsen Midimate 622® and retrieved from patient records. Where no threshold was available (such as during pre-operative assessment), a value of 130 dB was used to calculate the average (greater than the amplifier limit); the calculation was performed according to the BIAP recommendation11.

Speech perception and production were evaluated using our standard protocols and were assessed according to age12. For children up to the age of 4 years 11 months, the Early Perception Test (ESP) was used (the Portuguese form by Orlandi and Bevilacqua13). For children aged 5 years or older, the Portuguese form of the Glendonald Auditory Screening Procedure (GASP) was used14. In both tests, the results were classified into the speech perception categories described by Geers15.

Two inventories were submitted to the parents, one addressing information on the frequency with which the child showed significant auditory behaviors in their everyday life (IT-MAIS - Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale)16 17, the other providing information on the frequency with which the child demonstrated behaviors associated with oral language (MUSS - Meaningful Use of Speech Scale)18 19. Both questionnaires were applied before and after cochlear implantation.

The degree of permeability of the family to the therapeutic process was evaluated following the Latin American Protocol20, and was classified as shown in Table 1. The cognitive style of the children was assessed through observation by the clinician and/or by parent report of behaviors associated with child development.

Table 1. Degree of permeability of the family and the cognitive style of the children.

Score Classification
90–100% Excellent
60–89% Satisfactory
<59% Low
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The performance of adults was also evaluated using standard protocols12. The speech perception tests were performed with sentences in open and closed sets.

Results

During this period, 806 patients received a cochlear implant. Of these, 10 (1.2%) were diagnosed with WS. The demographic data of this sample are shown in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2. Characteristics of cochlear implant patients.

ID SEX* Implantation age (months) Implanted ear Number of electrodes activated Intraoperative neural telemetry Brand of cochlear implant **
1. MLFN F 53 Right 22/22 Present N24
2. JLCS M 20 Right 22/22 Present N24 RE
3. GAS M 36 Right 22/22 Present N24
4. MSLG M 18 Right 22/22 Present N24
5. ASLG F 106 Left 22/22 Present N24
6. AMNCT F 71 Right 22/22 Present N24 RE
7. ACAFD F 38 Right 22/22 Present N24 RE
8. VMM M 32 Right 22/22 Present N24 RE
9. ERM M 30 Left 18/20 Present Digisonic
10. AAC F 22 years Right 19/20 Present Digisonic
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*M = male; F = female; **N24 = Nucleus 24; N24RE = Nucleus 24 Freedom.

Table 3. Data on hearing loss, rehabilitation, degree of permeability of the family, and the cognitive style of the children.

ID Diag. (months) Hearing aid (months) Rehab. (months) Rehabilitation Number of sess. (per week) Freq. Permeabil Cognitive Style
1. MLFN 6 15 12 Total Communicat. Once Inconsistent Low Satisfactory
2. JLCS 10 16 12 Audio-oral Twice Consistent Excellent Satisfactory
3. GAS 14 16 16 Audio-oral Twice Consistent Excellent Satisfactory
4. MSLG 9 12 15 Audio-oral Twice Inconsistent Low Low
5. ASLG 12 36 36 Audio-oral Twice Inconsistent Low Satisfactory
6. AMNCT 20 24 24 Audio-oral Twice Consistent Low Satisfactory
7. ACAFD 20 26 26 Audio-oral Twice Consistent Excellent Low
8. VMM 5 18 12 Audio-oral Twice Consistent Satisfactory Satisfactory
9. ERM 6 14 14 Audio-oral Twice Consistent Satisfactory Low
10. AAC 7 24 24 Audio-oral Twice Consistent — —
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ID: identification; Diag: Age at diagnosis; Hearing aid: Age when began using hearing aids; Rehab.: Beginning of rehabilitation; sess.: sessions; Freq.: Frequency of rehabilitation; Permeabil: Degree of permeability of the family.

Preoperative evaluations performed before cochlear implantation showed that despite the use of conventional hearing aids, none of the patients could perceive speech (category zero)15. Eight of the children received a Nucleus 24® (Cochlear Corporation®) implant and 1 child and 1 adult received a DigiSonic SP (Neurelec®) implant. Case 10 is an adult with pre-lingual hearing loss, oral language communication and good lip reading.

Intraoperative neural responses were present in all of the cases. Among the children, the mean age at the time of implantation was 44 months. The average duration of use of a cochlear implant was 43 months at the time of the study. Patients who could effectively use the speech processor had a pure tone average of 31 dB in free field conditions, and the MUSS and MAIS questionnaires showed clinical improvements in speech perception and production (Table 4).

Table 4. Audiological outcomes and speech perception among children with a cochlear implant.

ID Effective use of CI Time of CI use PTA (em dBNA) Category IT-MAIS/MAIS MUSS
Pre CI Pos CI Pre CI Pos CI Pre CI Pos CI Pre CI Pos CI
1. MLFN Yes 174 110 25 0 5 25% 100% 20% 100%
2. JLCS Yes 60 105 20 0 6 0% 100% 40% 97.5%
3. GAS Yes 54 105 25 0 6 7.5% 100% 45% 100%
4. MSLG No 48 100 60 0 1 30% 17.5% 25% 2.5%
5. ASLG No 36 70 50 0 2 55% 70% 80% 85%
6. AMNCT No 24 75 50 0 1 0% 60% 0% 75%
7. ACAFD No 6 ABS 110 0 0 10% 30% 40% 37%
8. VMM YES 24 75 30 0 4 5% 75% 20% 80%
9. ERM YES 6 ABS NR 0 1 0% 20% 0% 15%
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CI: cochlear implant; PTA (Pure tone average) Average threshold at 500 Hz and 4000 Hz (11); ABS = Absent; NR=unrealized; Category: Category of speech perception (15).

On the other hand, 4 patients who were unable to use the speech processor effectively had a pure tone average of 67.5 dB in free field conditions. In addition, their MUSS and MAIS questionnaire responses did not show any improvement in speech perception or production.

Case 10 was able to discriminate all of the vowels and 80% of a closed-set sentence after 9 months of using the speech processor.

Discussion

All patients were diagnosed with severe to profound congenital hearing loss, which is in accordance with Barzotto and Folador21, who showed that the most common form of hearing loss in WS is profound sensorineural. The prevalence of patients with WS who received a cochlear implant in this study was 1.2%, which is close to the value generally reported in the literature8 9 10 22.

During the pre-implant evaluation, no patient was found to have benefited from conventional hearing aids, which corresponds to category 0 of speech perception and an inability to detect speech sounds. Thus, cochlear implantation was indicated.

All patients had complete insertion of electrodes and showed an intraoperative neural response, which means that the auditory nerve responded to the first electrical stimulation of the cochlear implant. Guedes et al.1 showed that adult patients who showed intraoperative telemetry responses had better results in speech perception tests, but this relationship was not statistically significant among children.

Assessment of the hearing outcomes of all patients who were able to use the cochlear implant effectively showed that all had audiometric thresholds that enabled perception of speech sounds (according to the audiogram of Portuguese speech sounds)23.

The IT-MAIS questionnaire results also showed significant clinical improvements in most cases, reflecting improvements in listening skills, not only for detection, but also for the recognition of some sounds, since most of the patients had a good hearing threshold. Kubo et al.3 showed that after 6 to 12 months of use of a cochlear implant, children were able to distinguish and recognize sounds. In cases 4, 5, and 7 in the present study no clinical improvement was detected by IT-MAIS because the child didńt use the cochlear implant effectively, that is, there were care and maintenance problems as well as infrequent use of the implant during the rehabilitation process.

The MUSS results, which reflect oral language skills, showed slow improvements. These skills are dependent on daily experience, systematic rehabilitation, and stimulation by the family according to Kobo et al.3. In our study, we found that children with low family permeability did not show any difference in their MUSS responses after cochlear implantation. Cases 4 and 5 are brothers and the family was not involved with their therapy or the fitting of their speech processors. In case 7, the family stopped using the speech processor because the child did not seem to improve.

These findings indicate that cochlear implants provide access to speech sounds, but that the development of auditory and language skills is dependent on systematic rehabilitation and family involvement2.

There are a few studies of cochlear implantation in patients with syndromes in the literature, and these show that patients who have no other associated intellectual impairments, who receive their implant early, and who are subject to sufficient stimulation have good outcomes7 8 9 10 24.

In cases 2 and 3 in the present study, significant improvements in speech perception were observed and the family was also a meaningful participant in the therapeutic process. In case 1, however, although an improvement in hearing behavior was observed, the patient's oral language was below average after implantation. The family showed a low level of participation in the patient's rehabilitation process and there was inconsistent use of the implant owing to poor care of the equipment, which led to numerous maintenance and technical assistance events, and thus undermined the patient's performance.

Out of the 10 cases described here, 3 (cases 5, 6, and 7) presented with late fitting of hearing aids, late auditory rehabilitation, and late implantation, which was reflected in their speech perception tests. Several studies have shown that children experience greater benefits from cochlear implantation when the implant is fitted when they are younger than age 2, which is the ideal period for better leveraging the outcomes of the cochlear implant25 26. These children may show development patterns similar to those of children with normal hearing27.

Andrade et al.10 also confirmed that pre-lingually deafened WS children who have prior non-significant or marginal benefit from acoustic amplification but normal inner ear anatomy are potentially good candidates for audio-oral rehabilitation with a cochlear implant. Postoperative performance outcomes of 7 cases with WS were also assessed and compared to results obtained by children with non-syndromic congenital deafness. No statistical differences were found between the groups.

Therefore, early intervention and rehabilitation is essential for children with WS as well the profoundly hearing impaired. This will ensure that they are offered better conditions to achieve good outcomes with a cochlear implant. Parental involvement throughout the rehabilitation process is also important for improving the quality of communication.

Results from case 10 were not satisfactory despite having early intervention and childhood rehabilitation. On the other hand, the patient has not used the cochlear implant for very long, and these results may improve over time.

Genetic counseling is important for predicting the risk of transmission as well as for studying the family of the affected individual21 22, and genetic findings may influence the prognosis and treatment opportunities.

Conclusion

In our group of patients with WS who received a cochlear implant, hearing thresholds that allow access to speech sounds were achieved. However, those who showed good evolution of the perception of auditory and oral language skills were those who received early stimulation, systematic rehabilitation, and who had a family that was actively involved in the process.

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