Abstract
Purpose
The relationship between plasma D-dimer level and the prognosis of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is not well studied. This study investigated the role of plasma D-dimer as a prognostic factor in advanced NSCLC.
Methods
The plasma D-dimer was measured in 1,931 newly diagnosed advanced NSCLC patients by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Correlations between plasma D-dimer levels and other clinical parameters were analyzed. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis.
Results
Plasma D-dimer concentrations were within the normal range in 1,393 patients (72.1%) and elevated in 538 patients (27.9%). The median overall survival was 11.5 and 8.8 months in the normal and high plasma D-dimer group, respectively (P<0.001). The progression-free survival of first-line chemotherapy was 5.0 months and 4.4 months in the groups with normal and high levels of plasma D-dimer, respectively, (P<0.001). By multivariate analyses, the elevated plasma D-dimer level was found to be an independent prognostic factor for poor survival (hazard ratio =1.245; P<0.001).
Conclusion
Plasma D-dimer is an independent determinant of poor prognosis in advanced NSCLC.
Keywords: plasma D-dimer, prognosis, non-small-cell lung cancer, performance status
Introduction
Plasma D-dimer is the smallest unique degradation product of cross-linked fibrin resulting from the proteolytic actions of plasmin.1 Plasma D-dimer levels have been shown to be elevated in patients with prostate cancer,2 colorectal cancer,3 lung cancer,4 and breast cancer.5 As plasma D-dimer levels are elevated after clot formation, the measurement of D-dimer is routinely used in conjunction with clinical parameters in the initial assessment of suspected acute venous thromboembolism.
There were many studies reporting the relationship between plasma D-dimer levels and the prognosis of solid cancer.2–7 D-dimer levels have been found to be significantly higher in lung cancer with poor prognosis.8,9 However, for most of the studies, the correlations between the plasma D-dimer levels and prognosis of lung cancer were analyzed based on data such as the stage of the cancer (I–IV) and different histologic subtypes (both non-small-cell lung cancer [NSCLC] and small cell lung cancer).8–15 The data from the advanced NSCLC is lacking.
This study reviewed a series of consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC, newly diagnosed in a single institution, to detect the relationship between the plasma D-dimer levels of patients and prognosis.
Patients and methods
A total of 2,760 patients who were pathologically or cytologically diagnosed as stage IV NSCLC between January 2000 and January 2011 at Zhejiang Cancer Center were identified. Lung cancer staging was performed for all patients according to the 7th TNM classification. The inclusion criteria were as follows: confirmed metastases as observed on emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography; did not received chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and other treatment before the D-dimer examination. Patients with a history of venous thrombosis or anticoagulation therapy, hypertension, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, acute or chronic inflammatory disease, or previous malignancy were excluded from the current study. Totally, 1,931 patients were included in the current study. The Ethics Committee at Zhejiang Cancer Hospital approved the study.
Measurement of D-dimer
Patients’ blood samples were obtained at presentation and processed immediately. The D-dimer was assayed with a latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay in the clinical laboratory of the Shanghai Cancer Center using an Olympus AU640 automatic analyzer (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Commercially available reagents were used to measure the D-dimer levels (Daiichi Seiyaku Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). The reference value for D-dimer was less than 0.5 μg/mL. The normal plasma levels of D-dimer range from 0 to 0.5 μg/mL. Hence, a serum plasma D-dimer concentration of >0.5 μg/mL was considered positive.
Follow-up
None of the patients who had been evaluated for overall survival (OS) were lost to follow-up. The median follow-up period was 18.0 months (range, 2.0–48 months). The last follow-up date was December 31, 2013.
Statistical analysis
Survival was recorded from the first day of diagnosis to the date of death or the last follow-up visit. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 16.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Clinical characteristics
The relationship between the plasma D-dimer levels and clinical characteristics is listed in Table 1. There were 1,325 males and 604 females. One thousand three hundred and ninety-three patients (72.1%) had normal levels of plasma D-dimer, 538 patients (27.9%) had high levels of plasma D-dimer. There were no significant differences in plasma D-dimer levels and clinical factors such as age, sex, histology, smoking history, and TNM stage. There were significant differences in performance status (PS) between the normal- and high-level D-dimer groups.
Table 1.
Comparison of clinical characteristics between normal and high D-dimer levels in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
| Variables | Normal D-dimer (n=1,393) | High D-dimer (n=538) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.35 | ||
| Male | 947 | 378 | |
| Female | 444 | 160 | |
| Age | 0.85 | ||
| ≥65 | 558 | 213 | |
| <65 | 835 | 325 | |
| Smoking history | 0.54 | ||
| Yes | 726 | 272 | |
| No | 667 | 266 | |
| Histology | 0.44 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 747 | 299 | |
| Others | 646 | 239 | |
| TNM stage | 0.17 | ||
| M1a | 95 | 29 | |
| M1b | 1,298 | 509 | |
| PS | 0.0004 | ||
| 0–1 | 1,023 | 351 | |
| 2–3 | 370 | 187 | |
| First-line chemotherapy | 0.16 | ||
| Yes | 871 | 355 | |
| No | 522 | 183 |
Abbreviation: PS, performance status.
Factors affecting overall survival: by univariate and multivariate analyses
Univariate analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method to assess the predictive capacity of each tested variable (Table 2). Sex (P<0.001), smoking history (P<0.001), histology (P=0.002), TNM stage (P<0.001), PS (P<0.001), and D-dimer level (P<0.001) were predictive of OS.
Table 2.
Univariate analysis of the patient survival according to the clinicopathologic characteristics
| Variables | Number | Median overall survival (months) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | <0.001 | ||
| Male | 1,325 | 9.8 | |
| Female | 604 | 12.8 | |
| Age | 0.078 | ||
| ≥65 | 771 | 10.2 | |
| <65 | 1,160 | 11.7 | |
| Smoking history | <0.001 | ||
| Yes | 998 | 9.2 | |
| No | 933 | 12.3 | |
| Histology | 0.002 | ||
| Adenocarcinoma | 1,046 | 11.5 | |
| Others | 885 | 10.0 | |
| TNM stage | <0.001 | ||
| M1a | 124 | 11.2 | |
| M1b | 1,807 | 9.8 | |
| PS | <0.001 | ||
| 0–1 | 1,374 | 12.4 | |
| ≥2 | 557 | 8.5 | |
| D-dimer | <0.001 | ||
| Normal | 1,393 | 11.5 | |
| High | 538 | 8.8 |
Abbreviation: PS, performance status.
As Figure 1 demonstrates, there was a significant difference in median OS between the normal- and high-level D-dimer groups (11.5 months vs 8.8 months; P<0.001). The difference in progression-free survival (PFS) between the groups with normal and high D-dimer levels was statistically significant (5.0 months vs 4.4 months, P<0.001) (Figure 2).
Figure 1.
Kaplan–Meier estimates of the survival probabilities between normal and high D-dimer level.
Notes: 11.5 months vs 8.8 months, P<0.001.
Figure 2.
Kaplan–Meier estimates of the progression-free survival probabilities between normal and high D-dimer level.
Notes: 5.0 months vs 4.4 months, P<0.001.
Three hundred and fifty-five among the 538 patients with high D-dimer levels at diagnosis received first-line chemotherapy. D-dimer was collected from 212 patients after two cycles of chemotherapy. D-dimer levels decreased in 63 patients and increased in 149 patients. The difference in PFS between the groups with increased and decreased D-dimer level was statistically significant (4.0 months vs 4.8 months; P=0.002). The median survival time was 8.6 months and 9.5 months for the patient groups with high and low D-dimer levels, respectively, (P=0.040).
A multivariate Cox’s regression model was constructed considering age, sex, smoking history, histology, TNM stage, PS, and D-dimer level as variables. Smoking history, TNM stage, PS, and D-dimer level qualified as independent prognostic factors (Table 3).
Table 3.
Multivariate survival analysis for overall survival
| Variables | HR | 95% confidence interval | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.926 | 0.808–1.061 | 0.270 |
| Age | 0.965 | 0.877–1.061 | 0.458 |
| Smoking history | 1.921 | 1.331–2.917 | 0.041 |
| Histology | 0.976 | 0.888–1.073 | 0.640 |
| TNM stage | 0.356 | 0.316–0.401 | 0.000 |
| PS | 2.061 | 1.616–2.514 | 0.000 |
| D-dimer levels | 1.246 | 1.125–1.379 | 0.000 |
Abbreviations: HR, hazard ratio; PS, performance status.
Discussion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study evaluating the clinical significance of plasma D-dimer levels in predicting survival in advanced NSCLC patients. By multivariate analyses, plasma D-dimer level was found to be a significant, independent prognostic marker for advanced NSCLC.
Previous research has found that D-dimer levels are correlated with tumor invasion, lymph node involvement, TNM stage, and tumor progression in different tumor types.2–7 In our study, there was no significant correlation of D-dimer levels to histological type, smoking history, or sex, however, our data revealed that D-dimer levels were related to the patient’s PS in advanced NSCLC, an observation consistent with a previous research result.15
Previously, only one study by Antoniou et al4 with 52 patients showed elevated plasma D-dimer levels and was associated with reduced PFS. In this study, we found high plasma D-dimer levels as a determinant of shorter PFS in first-line chemotherapy of advanced NSCLC, and decreased D-dimer levels may predict the PFS and OS.
The median OS was shorter in patients with high D-dimer levels than that in patients with the same D-dimer levels in two meta-analysis studies.8,9 However, most of patients in the two meta-analysis were in early or locally advanced stages, and no study focused on advanced NSCLC. In the current study, we showed that high plasma D-dimer level is associated with decreased OS in patients with advanced NSCLC.
Our study is limited by its retrospective design over a long period. In addition, D-dimer levels were measured only once at study inclusion. However, with few advanced NSCLC cases in previous studies, our retrospective study may also be considered meaningful.
In conclusion, we suggest that plasma D-dimer levels can be used as a prognostic factor in advanced NSCLC patients. High D-dimer levels indicate poor prognoses by reducing the PFS and OS.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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