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Tuning fork’s amplitude vs. applied ac voltage with immobilized DNA. The Joule heating effects are subtracted in the amplitudes. The gap distance changes from 10 µm (a) to 22 µm (b) in 5× diluted TAE buffer. At the shorter gap distance, the amplitude starts to decrease around 17 Vpp. At the longer gap distance, the amplitude decreases from 36 Vpp.
