Abstract
Zinc-finger protein 545 (ZNF545) was identified as a gastric tumour suppressor and potentially independent prognostic factor. At the present study, we found that lower expression of ZNF545 was specific in gastric cancer (GC) tissues, and the inconsistently methylated levels of ZNF545 promoter were identified in the gastric cancer tissues. In the methylation-specific PCR (MSP) analysis cohort, we found that GC patients with hypermethylated ZNF545 promoter exhibited significantly shorter median OS than those with unmethylated ZNF545 promoter and those with hypomethylated ZNF545 promoter. In the other cohort, we also demonstrated that GC patients with three or more methylated CpG sites in the ZNF545 promoter were significantly associated with poor survival by using the bisulphite gene sequencing (BGS). The methylated degrees of five CpG sites (−232, −214, −176, −144 and −116) could also provide distinct survival discrimination of patients with GC. These findings indicated that the methylated CpG sites of the ZNF545 promoter could be used for the clinical prediction of the prognosis of GC.
Keywords: stomach, neoplasm, zinc-finger protein, survival, methylation
INTRODUCTION
Despite great improvements in traditional diagnosis and treatments, gastric cancer (GC) is accounted for 8% of all cancer cases and 10% of all cancer deaths worldwide [1]. GC is highly prevalent in Asia, particularly in China, and considered as one of the leading causes of cancer-related death in the world [1]. As such, detailed molecular mechanisms involved in the development and progression of GC should be identified and characterised to improve patient prognosis. However, tumour development results from multiple genetic alterations. Similar to other types of cancer, GC develops via a multistage process, including DNA methylation of CpG islands, post-translational modification of histones, microRNAs and non-coding RNAs and nucleosome positioning [2–5]. Genetic alterations are considered as key tumourigenic events and may be involved in gastric tumourigenesis [6–11]. Promoter methylation is also considered as one of the major mechanisms to inactivate tumour-related genes, particularly tumour suppressor genes, thereby causing gastric carcinogenesis [12]. Therefore, promoter methylation should be considered as an important hallmark of the initiation and progression of GC.
Zinc-finger proteins (ZFPs), among the most common transcription factors in mammals, constitute the largest family of transcriptional regulators in the human genome [13]. Several ZFPs, such as ZNF217 and ZNF639, are oncogenic proteins [14, 15], whereas other ZFPs, such as ZAC, ST18, ZNF382 and ZNF331, are tumour suppressors [16–19]. In a previous study, ZNF545 was identified as a gastric tumour suppressor and potentially independent prognostic factor in 79 GC cases [20]. In this study, the methylation degrees of ZNF545 promoter were detected in 300 GC tissues by qualitative analysis (methylation-specifi PCR, MSP) and in 158 GC tissues by quantitative analyses (bisulphite gene sequencing, BGS) to determine the precise prognostic prediction values of ZNF545 promoter methylation in patients with GC.
RESULTS
Patient demographics
The clinicopathological characteristics of the patients and the methylation status of the ZNF545 promoter are listed in Table 1. The median OS of all patients was 21 months, ranging from 2 months to 95 months. Only 61 (13.32%) patients with GC are alive even after follow up was completed.
Table 1. Patient information.
| Cohort | 300 patients with MSP analyisis | 158 patients with BGS analysis |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||
| Male | 201 (67.00%) | 112 (70.89%) |
| Female | 99 (33.00%) | 46 (29.11%) |
| Age at surgery | ||
| ≤ 60 | 181 (60.33%) | 90 (56.96%) |
| > 60 | 119 (39.67%) | 68 (43.04%) |
| Tumor size | ||
| < 4.0 | 39 (13.00%) | 27 (17.09%) |
| ≥ 4.0 | 261 (87.00%) | 131 (82.81%) |
| Tumor location | ||
| Upper third | 69 (23.00%) | 43 (27.21%) |
| Middle third | 81 (27.00%) | 36 (22.78%) |
| Lower third | 131 (43.67%) | 71 (44.94%) |
| More than 2/3 stomach | 19 (6.33%) | 8 (5.06%) |
| Depth of tumor invasion (T stage) | ||
| T1 | 3 (1.00%) | 2 (1.27%) |
| T2 | 28 (9.33%) | 19 (12.03%) |
| T3 | 185 (61.67%) | 98 (62.02%) |
| T4 | 84 (28.00%) | 39 (24.68%) |
| Number of metastatic lymph nodes (N stage) | ||
| N0 | 80 (26.67%) | 31 (19.62%) |
| N1 | 105 (35.00%) | 57 (36.08%) |
| N2 | 64 (21.33%) | 43 (27.22%) |
| N3 | 51 (17.00%) | 27 (17.08%) |
| Location of lymph node metastasis | ||
| No | 80 (26.67%) | 31 (19.62%) |
| Perigastric | 95 (31.67%) | 63 (39.87%) |
| Extragastric | 125 (41.66%) | 64 (40.51%) |
| Lauren classification | ||
| Intestinal | 82 (27.33%) | 40 (25.32%) |
| Diffuse | 211 (70.33%) | 107 (67.72%) |
| Mixed | 7 (2.34%) | 11 (6.96%) |
| ZNF545 promoter methylation (MSP) | ||
| Hypermethylation | 72 (24.00%) | – |
| Hypomethylation | 61 (20.33) | – |
| Non-methylation | 167 (55.67%) | – |
| Methylated CpG site count (BGS) | ||
| 2 or less | – | 76 (48.10%) |
| 3 or more | – | 82 (51.90%) |
| Methylated status of CpG −232 (BGS) | ||
| Unmethylated | – | 94 (59.49%) |
| Methylated | – | 64 (40.51%) |
| Methylated status of CpG −214 (BGS) | ||
| Unmethylated | – | 84 (53.16%) |
| Methylated | – | 74 (46.84%) |
| Methylated status of CpG −176 (BGS) | ||
| Unmethylated | – | 86 (54.43%) |
| Methylated | – | 72 (45.57%) |
| Methylated status of CpG −144 (BGS) | ||
| Unmethylated | – | 86 (54.43%) |
| Methylated | – | 72 (45.57%) |
| Methylated status of CpG −116 (BGS) | ||
| Unmethylated | – | 96 (60.76%) |
| Methylated | – | 62 (39.24%) |
Protein and mRNA expressions of ZNF545 in 25 GC tissues and 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues
The mRNA expression of ZNF545 was detected in 25 of the 158 GC tissues and the 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues by RT-PCR (Figure 1A). The relative mRNA expression of ZNF545 in the 25 GC tissues was significantly lower than that in the 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues (0.321 ± 0.108 vs. 1.107 ± 0.315, P < 0.001). The protein expression of ZNF545 was also simultaneously detected in 25 of the 158 GC tissues and the 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues by western blot (Figure 1B). The relative protein expression value of ZNF545 in the 25 GC tissues was significantly lower than that in the 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues (0.482 ± 0.116 vs. 1.468 ± 0.250, P = 0.009).
Figure 1.
(A) ZNF545 mRNA expression (RT-PCR) in 25 GC tissues and that in 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues; (B) Western Blot analysis for ZNF545 protein expression in 25 GC tissues and that in 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues. (Representation: T, GC tissues; N: normal gastric mucosal tissues).
Hypermethylation of the ZNF545 promoter in 300 GC tissues
We conducted MSP analysis and detected the different degrees of methylation (including hypermethylation, hypomethylation and non-methylation) of the ZNF545 promoter in 300 GC tissues; by contrast, the ZNF545 promoter was not methylated in the 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues (Figure 2). Among the 300 GC tissues, 72 (24%) presented hypermethylated ZNF545 promoter, 61 (20.33%) revealed hypomethylated ZNF545 promoter and 167 (55.67%) presented with unmethylated ZNF545 promoter.
Figure 2. MSP detection of ZNF545 promoter methylation in different GC tissues and normal gastric mucosal tissues.
(Representation: T, GC tissues; N, normal gastric mucosal tissues; M0, non-methylation; M1, hypomethylation; M2, hypermethylation; U, unmethylation).
Methylated CpG sites of the ZNF545 promoter in 158 GC tissues
The methylated CpG site count of the 158 patients with GC ranged from 0 to 18 with an average methylated CpG site count of 8.06. Among the 158 patients included in the study, 119 (75.32%) presented one or more methylated CpG sites and 39 (24.68%) showed no methylated CpG sites. The patients without methylated CpG sites exhibited higher median OS than those with one or more methylated CpG sites (27 months vs. 20 months), but the median OS was not statistically different between the two groups of patients (P = 0.679). The result of the cut-point analysis of the methylated CpG site count showed that 82 patients (51.90%) exhibited three or more methylated CpG sites and 76 patients (48.10%) presented two or less methylated CpG sites. No methylated CpG sites were found in the normal gastric mucosal epithelial tissues. The images showing the methylated sequences and the charts of CpG site are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
(A) Bisulphite sequencing figure of ZNF545 in GC tissue 1, (B) Bisulphite sequencing figure of ZNF545 in GC tissue 2, (C) Bisulphite sequencing figure of ZNF545 in normal gastric mucosal tissue, and (D) Bisulfite sequencing results in GC tissues and in normal gastric mucosal tissue. (Representation: T, GC tissues; N: normal gastric mucosal tissues).
Survival analysis
In univariate survival analysis, four clinicopathological characteristics were significantly associated with the survival of 300 patients with GC. In MSP analysis, methylated ZNF545 promoter was observed in the same patients. The following characteristics were observed (Table 2): T stage (P < 0.001); N stage (P < 0.001); location of lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001); and gender (P = 0.048). Although the methylation of the ZNF545 promoter was significantly associated with the OS of patients, as indicated in Kaplan-Meier curves (P < 0.001; Table 2; Figure 4), no statistical survival difference was found between 61 patients with hypomethylated ZNF545 promoter and 167 patients with unmethylated ZNF545 promoter (P = 0.373). These factors were included in a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model to adjust the effects of covariates. N stage (HR = 1.520, P < 0.001) and T stage (HR = 1.432, P = 0.001) were identified as the independent predictors of the OS of patients with GC rather than ZNF545 promoter methylation, as revealed by the multivariate survival analysis (Table 2).
Table 2. Survival analysis of 300 GC patients with MSP detection of ZNF545 promoter methylation.
| Variables | Median OS (mo) | X2 value | Univariate P value | HR value | Multivariate P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 23 | 3.922 | 0.048 | ||
| Female | 17 | ||||
| Age at surgery (years) | |||||
| ≤ 60 | 19 | 0.193 | 0.661 | ||
| > 60 | 24 | ||||
| Tumor location | |||||
| Upper third | 22 | 1.846 | 0.605 | ||
| Middle third | 16 | ||||
| Lower third | 24 | ||||
| ≥ 2/3 stomach | 12 | ||||
| Tumor size (cm) | |||||
| < 4.0 | 26 | 1.054 | 0.305 | ||
| ≥ 4.0 | 21 | ||||
| Lauren classification | |||||
| Intestinal | 24 | 3.513 | 0.173 | ||
| Diffuse | 20 | ||||
| Mixed | 24 | ||||
| Depth of tumor invasion (T stage) | |||||
| T1 | 46 | 21.861 | < 0.001 | 1.432 (1.159–1.769) | 0.001 |
| T2 | 25 | ||||
| T3 | 24 | ||||
| T4 | 14 | ||||
| Number of metastatic lymph nodes (N stage) | |||||
| N0 | 34 | 59.155 | < 0.001 | 1.520 (1.343–1.721) | < 0.001 |
| N1 | 23 | ||||
| N2 | 17 | ||||
| N3 | 9 | ||||
| Location of lymph node metastasis | |||||
| No | 34 | 27.942 | < 0.001 | ||
| Perigastric | 20 | ||||
| Extragastric | 15 | ||||
| ZNF545 promoter methylation | |||||
| Hypermethylation | 11 | 20.267 | < 0.001 | ||
| Hypomethylation | 21 | ||||
| Non-methylation | 25 | ||||
Figure 4.
Kaplan-Meier survival curves comparing months of survival in gastric cancer patients are shown for (A) methylated statuses of ZNF545 promoter (MSP), (B) methylated CpG site count of ZNF545 promoter, (C) methylated status of CpG −232, (D) methylated status of CpG −214, (E) methylated status of CpG −176, (F) methylated status of CpG −144, and (G) methylated status of CpG −116.
In univariate survival analysis, four clinicopathological characteristics were significantly associated with the survival of 158 patients with GC and with methylated ZNF545 promoter (as shown in BGS analysis). The following characteristics were observed (Table 3): T stage (P < 0.001); N stage (P < 0.001); location of lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001); and tumour location (P = 0.022). The methylated CpG site count (P = 0.034), the methylated status of CpG −232 (P = 0.043), the methylated status of CpG −214 (P = 0.037), the methylated status of CpG −176 (P = 0.022), the methylated status of CpG −144 (P = 0.038) and the methylated status of CpG −116 (P = 0.027) were significantly associated with the OS of patients, as shown in Kaplan-Meier curve discrimination (Table 1; Figure 4). These 10 factors were included in a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model to adjust the effects of covariates. In multivariate analysis, the methylated status of CpG −232 (HR = 1.490, P = 0.023), N stage (HR = 1.659, P < 0.001) and T stage (HR = 1.659, P = 0.001) were identified as the independent predictors of the OS of patients with GC after surgery (Table 3). In addition, T stage yielded a smaller BIC value than N stage and the methylated status of CpG −232, representing the optimal prognostic predictor of GC (Table 3).
Table 3. Survival analysis of 158 GC patients with BGS detection of ZNF545 promoter methylation.
| Variables | Median OS (mo) | X2 value | Univariate P value | HR value | Multivariate P value | BIC value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 20 | 0.911 | 0.340 | |||
| Female | 22 | |||||
| Age at surgery (years) | ||||||
| ≤ 60 | 20 | 0.011 | 0.915 | |||
| > 60 | 21 | |||||
| Tumor location | ||||||
| Upper third | 17 | 9.642 | 0.022 | |||
| Middle third | 20 | |||||
| Lower third | 26 | |||||
| ≥ 2/3 stomach | 16 | |||||
| Tumor size (cm) | ||||||
| < 4.0 | 27 | 3.040 | 0.081 | |||
| ≥ 4.0 | 20 | |||||
| Lauren classification | ||||||
| Intestinal | 26 | 3.430 | 0.180 | |||
| Diffuse | 20 | |||||
| Mixed | 17 | |||||
| Depth of tumor invasion (T stage) | ||||||
| T1 | 70 | 20.677 | < 0.001 | 1.659 (1.224–2.249) | 0.001 | 56.968 |
| T2 | 33 | |||||
| T3 | 23 | |||||
| T4 | 12 | |||||
| Number of metastatic lymph nodes (N stage) | ||||||
| N0 | 48 | 43.150 | < 0.001 | 1.659 (1.381–1.993) | < 0.001 | 74.211 |
| N1 | 25 | |||||
| N2 | 18 | |||||
| N3 | 11 | |||||
| Location of lymph node metastasis | ||||||
| No | 48 | 23.436 | < 0.001 | |||
| Perigastric | 17 | |||||
| Extragastric | 18 | |||||
| Methylated CpG site count | ||||||
| 2 or less | 27 | 4.497 | 0.034 | |||
| 3 or more | 19 | |||||
| Methylated status of CpG −232 | ||||||
| Unmethylated | 24 | 4.109 | 0.043 | 1.490 (1.057–2.099) | 0.023 | 68.817 |
| Methylated | 17 | |||||
| Methylated status of CpG −214 | ||||||
| Unmethylated | 26 | 4.353 | 0.037 | |||
| Methylated | 18 | |||||
| Methylated status of CpG −176 | ||||||
| Unmethylated | 26 | 5.250 | 0.022 | |||
| Methylated | 18 | |||||
| Methylated status of CpG −144 | ||||||
| Unmethylated | 26 | 4.321 | 0.038 | |||
| Methylated | 18 | |||||
| Methylated status of CpG −116 | ||||||
| Unmethylated | 24 | 4.884 | 0.027 | |||
| Methylated | 18 | |||||
Correlation analysis
Table 4 shows the correlation analysis results between the methylated status of the CpG sites of the ZNF545 promoter and patient demographics. The methylated status of four CpG sites (−214, −176, −144 and −116) was significantly correlated with the age of the patients with GC subjected to surgery (P = 0.048, P = 0.010, P = 0.024 and P = 0.002). The methylated status of two CpG sites (−232 and −144) was significantly correlated with the tumour sizes of 158 patients with GC (P = 0.011 and P = 0.024). The methylated status of two CpG sites (−214 and −176) were also correlated with Lauren classification of primary tumour (P = 0.026 and P = 0.016).
Table 4. Correlation analysis between methylated status of CpG sites of ZNF545 promoter and clinicopathological characteristics.
| Variables | Methylated CpG sites ≥ 3 | Methylated CpG −232 | Methylated CpG −214 | Methylated CpG −176 | Methylated CpG −144 | Methylated CpG −116 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 60 | 48 | 53 | 54 | 51 | 46 |
| Female | 22 | 16 | 21 | 18 | 21 | 16 |
| P value | 0.511 | 0.348 | 0.849 | 0.298 | 0.989 | 0.462 |
| Age at surgery (years) | ||||||
| ≤ 60 | 42 | 31 | 36 | 33 | 34 | 26 |
| > 60 | 40 | 33 | 38 | 39 | 38 | 36 |
| P value | 0.130 | 0.074 | 0.048 | 0.010 | 0.024 | 0.002 |
| Tumor location | ||||||
| Upper third | 25 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 18 |
| Middle third | 18 | 14 | 19 | 17 | 16 | 14 |
| Lower third | 35 | 25 | 31 | 30 | 29 | 27 |
| ≥ 2/3 stomach | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |
| P value | 0.819 | 0.198 | 0.766 | 0.775 | 0.613 | 0.981 |
| Tumor size (cm) | ||||||
| < 4.0 | 10 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 8 |
| ≥ 4.0 | 72 | 59 | 65 | 63 | 65 | 54 |
| P value | 0.090 | 0.011 | 0.123 | 0.161 | 0.024 | 0.261 |
| Lauren classification | ||||||
| Intestinal | 23 | 19 | 21 | 21 | 19 | 15 |
| Diffuse | 50 | 39 | 44 | 42 | 45 | 40 |
| Mixed | 9 | 6 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 7 |
| P value | 0.061 | 0.295 | 0.026 | 0.016 | 0.145 | 0.229 |
| Depth of tumor invasion (T stage) | ||||||
| T1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| T2 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 |
| T3 | 51 | 39 | 45 | 44 | 42 | 38 |
| T4 | 22 | 17 | 20 | 20 | 21 | 16 |
| P value | 0.452 | 0.669 | 0.551 | 0.513 | 0.381 | 0.701 |
| Number of metastatic lymph nodes (N stage) | ||||||
| N0 | 16 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 11 |
| N1 | 30 | 24 | 28 | 26 | 24 | 22 |
| N2 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 | 15 |
| N3 | 19 | 11 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 14 |
| P value | 0.096 | 0.989 | 0.594 | 0.633 | 0.385 | 0.505 |
| Location of lymph node metastasis | ||||||
| No | 16 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 11 |
| Perigastric | 31 | 22 | 28 | 27 | 28 | 25 |
| Extragastric | 35 | 30 | 32 | 31 | 29 | 26 |
| P value | 0.826 | 0.380 | 0.804 | 0.818 | 0.936 | 0.887 |
DISCUSSION
The prognosis of GC is mainly dependent on clinical stage at diagnosis and treatment [21]. DNA methylation is a major mechanism by which tumour suppressor genes are inactivated in many kinds of cancer cells [22]. In human cancers, some ZFPs, including ZAC, ST18, ZNF382 and ZNF331, function as tumour suppressors and are frequently inactivated by CpG methylation [16–19]. However, other ZFPs are potential oncogenic activators [14, 15]. Tumour suppressor genes involved in cell proliferation are aberrantly inactivated by promoter methylation; this inactivation is frequently involved in multiple processes of tumourigenesis [23]. ZNF545, as a tumour suppressor gene, is potentially downregulated by promoter methylation in multiple tumours, including 13 GC tissues [24]. Cheng et al [24] demonstrated that ZNF545 can repress NF-kB and AP-1 signaling pathways, whereas ectopic ZNF545 expression in silenced tumour cells significantly inhibits tumour growth and induces apoptosis. Functional studies have shown that ZNF545 is involved in ribosome biogenesis by inhibiting rDNA promoter activity and decreasing cellular protein translation efficiency [24]. These findings have indicated that the tumour-specific methylation of ZNF545 can be performed as an epigenetic biomarker to diagnose cancer [24].
In a previous study, ZNF545 participates as a functional tumour suppressor of GC by inhibiting rRNA transcription; the methylation of ZNF545 is also considered as an independent prognostic factor of 79 patients with GC [20]. Furthermore, ZNF545 is silenced or reduced in GC cell lines and tissues because the promoter was methylated, as revealed by MSP and BGS detection. The ZNF545 promoter is also methylated in 51.9% of the GC tissues but not in normal gastric mucosal tissues [20]; this result is similar to that in the present study. In the qualitative analysis of methylation, methylated ZNF545 may be regarded as a valuable new prognostic factor of patients with early stage GC [20]. However, we proposed that an optimal prognostic predictor should be detected in patients suffering from all stages of cancer. We detected the mRNA and protein of ZNF545 gene expression in 25 GC tissues and 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues; we also detected significantly lower expression of ZNF545 in GC tissues than in normal gastric mucosal tissues. The methylated ZNF545 promoter was qualitatively detected in 300 GC tissues by conducting MSP analysis. We found that the survival rate of patients with hypomethylated ZNF545 promoter was not significantly different from that of patients with unmethylated ZNF545 promoter; the patients with hypermethylated ZNF545 promoter exhibited shorter OS than the other patients (P < 0.001). Therefore, only the hypermethylation of the ZNF545 promoter was significantly associated with the prognostic prediction of GC.
We performed BGS analysis and quantitatively detected the methylation of ZNF545 promoter in other 158 GC tissues and 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues, including advanced stage GC tissues, to demonstrate the prognostic prediction value of ZNF promoter methylation. Approximately 75.32% (119/158) of the GC tissues contained one or more methylated CpG sites and none of these sites were found in normal gastric mucosal tissues; this result may indicate that the methylation of ZNF545 promoter is GC specific. We initially failed to demonstrate the statistically prognostic differences between 119 patients with GC and ZNF545 promoter methylation and 39 patients with GC but without ZNF545 promoter methylation. However, differentially methylated CpG site detection has been used to evaluate the correlation between the methylated levels of gene promoter and various abnormally biological events [25–28]. Therefore, we decided to meticulously analyse the methylated CpG sites of ZNF545 promoter in 158 patients by using the comparatively quantitative BSP method with no less than five clones of each GC sample [29, 30]. We then demonstrated that patients with GC and with three or more methylated CpG sites exhibited significantly shorter survival than those with two or less methylated CpG sites of ZNF545 promoter; this result is consistent with that of the cut-point survival analysis. Five methylated CpG sites (−232, −214, −176, −144 and −116) of the ZNF545 promoter were associated with the OS of 158 patients with GC. Hence, these findings provided relevant information that could be used to further investigate the diagnosis, intervention and prognosis of GC. In multivariate survival analysis (Cox regression with the forward step procedures), the methylated status of CpG −232 of the ZNF545 promoter was considered as an independent prognostic predictor of 158 patients with GC, indicating the importance of ZNF545 promoter methylation.
In contrast to the results of the multivariate survival analysis of 300 patients with GC by conducting MSP detection, our finding of the methylated status of CpG −232 exhibited a smaller BIC value than that of N stage. This result indicated that this methylated status was the most effective potential prognostic predictor of GC. We also found that the methylated CpG sites of the ZNF545 promoter were associated with older, larger and diffuse type of GC based on Lauren classification. These clinicopathological characteristics related to the methylated CpG sites of the ZNF545 promoter correspond to the biological behaviours of GC cells, which were discovered in previous studies [20, 24].
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Data source
After approval from the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital institutional review board, data from the cancer registry of the Tianjin Cancer Institute were obtained. Oral and written informed consents were also obtained from patients who were included in this study. Data obtained from the registry were listed as follows: age, gender, tumour location, tumour size, depth of tumour invasion (T stage, according to the Sixth Edition of UICC TNM Classification for GC), number of metastatic lymph nodes (N stage, according to the Sixth Edition of UICC TNM Classification for GC), extent of lymph node metastasis, Lauren classification, and follow-up vital status.
Patients and study samples
To analyse ZNF545 promoter methylation, we collected 458 fresh GC tissues from patients with GC and who underwent curative gastrectomy between April 2003 and December 2007 at the Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital. A cohort of 25 normal gastric mucosal epithelial tissues from normal people was also obtained between 2004 and 2007 at the Department of Endoscopic Examination and Treatment, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital. The tumour and normal gastric mucosal epithelial tissue samples were histologically verified. The patients were not subjected to radiation, chemical or biological treatment before potentially curative gastrectomy was performed. Adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy was not routinely administered to the patients. The clinicopathological characteristics of the two cohorts are summarised in Table 1. Consent regarding the use of tissue samples and records was obtained from each patient. The Institutional Research Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital approved the study protocol and provided permission to use patient clinical data.
Surgical treatment
Curative resection was defined as the complete absence of grossly visible tumour tissues and metastatic lymph nodes remaining after resection was performed with pathologically negative resection margins. Primary tumours were resected en bloc with limited or extended lymphadenectomy (D1 or D2–3 according to the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association). Surgical specimens were evaluated according to the Sixth UICC TNM Classification for GC.
DNA and RNA extraction
Genomic DNA was extracted from the 458 GC tissues and the 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues by using a QIAamp DNA mini kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Genomic DNA was modified using sodium bisulphite in EZ DNA Methylation-GoldTM kit (Zymo Research, Hornby, Canada). RNA was extracted from 25 of the 458 GC tissues and 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues by using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Western blot and semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)
A total of 25 of the 458 GC tissues and 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues were each added to 1 mL of 100 mmol/L Tris/HCl (pH 7.5), 100 mmol/L NaCl, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 1 mmol/L ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 1% Nonidet P-40, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulphate and protease inhibitor. After blocking was performed, 50 μg of the sample was incubated for 60 min with rabbit anti-ZNF545 (Santa Cruz, sc-102235, 1:500 dilution) at room temperature. A gel imager system (Asia Xingtai Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Company, Beijing, China) was used to analyse images and determine gray values.
The mRNA expression of ZNF545 was detected by subjecting 25 of the 458 GC tissues and the 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues to RT-PCR. Total RNA was reverse-transcribed to cDNA in a 20 μl solution by using a reverse transcription kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). The primers designed and utilised for ZNF545 were listed as follows: forward sequence 5ʹ-TAAACCCCAAGGAGGACTGAC-3ʹ and reverse sequence 5ʹ-TCCAACATGACATCTCTGTACAAGT-3ʹ. The GAPDH gene was used as an endogenous control of semi-quantitative DNA-PCR. Primers designed and utilised for GAPDH were listed as follows: forward sequence 5ʹ-GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC-3ʹ and reverse sequence 5ʹ-GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC-3ʹ. The following PCR cycling conditions were applied: 35 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 3 min; annealing at 94°C for 30 s; and extension at 56°C for 30 s; and a final extension at 72°C for 8 min. PCR products were electrophoresed on 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide and visualised using a gel imager system (Asia Xingtai Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Company, Beijing, China).
Methylation-specific PCR (MSP)
A total of 300 GC tissues and 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues were subjected to qualitative methylation analysis of the ZNF545 promoter by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). The following ZNF545 primers were used to detect the methylated (M) or unmethylated (U) alleles of the ZNF5 promoter: for methylated alleles, ZNF545-MF 5ʹ-GGTATTATAGAGAGGCGGTCGC-3ʹ and ZNF545-MR 5ʹ-ACTCTACGTAAACCCGAAACCG-3ʹ; for unmethylated alleles, ZNF545-UF 5ʹ-AGTT GGTATTATAGAGAGGTGGTTGTG-3ʹ and ZNF545-UR 5ʹ-CCTACTCTACATAAACCCAAAACCA-3ʹ. A total of 25 cycles of MSP were performed using Ampli Taq-Gold (methylation-specific primers, annealing temperature 600°C; unmethylation-specific primers, annealing temperature 580°C). MSP primers were initially evaluated to verify whether or not any unbisulphited DNA is amplified, and the specificity of MSP was further confirmed by directly sequencing some PCR products. PCR was resolved using 2% agarose gel. Image J software was used to calculate the relative values of the methylation of the ZNF545 promoter in the 300 GC tissues. The hypermethylation of the ZNF545 promoter was defined as the calculated methylated value of GC tissue but not less than the positive control value.
Bisulphite genomic sequencing (BGS)
The methylation of the ZNF545 promoter in 158 GC tissues and 25 normal gastric mucosal tissues was qualitatively analysed by BGS. The genomic DNA was modified using sodium bisulphite in an EZ DNA Methylation-Gold™ kit (Zymo Research, Hornby, Canada). Hot start PCR with bisulphite-treated DNA was performed using a 192 bp PCR product spanning the promoter region from −268 bp to −77 bp relative to the transcription start site of ZNF545. The promoter region of ZNF545 contains 18 CpG sites. The sequences of the PCR primers were listed as follows: F5ʹ-TAGGGTTTTTTAGTTGGTATTATAGAGAG-3ʹ and R5ʹ-CTCRCTAATACAACCCCTACTCTAC-3ʹ. The purified PCR products were cloned into the pUC18-T vector (Biodee, Beijing, China), and at least five clones from each sample were randomly selected and sequenced by Shanghai Sangon Co. (Shanghai, China).
Follow up
After curative surgery, all of the patients were followed up every three months or six months for two years at the outpatient department; these patients were also followed up every year from the third year to the fifth year. Thereafter, these patients were followed up annually until their death. The median follow up of the entire cohort was 41 months, ranging from 1 month to 104 months. The follow up of the patients included in this study was completed in December 2012. Ultrasonography, CT scans, chest X-ray and endoscopy were performed in every visit.
Statistical analysis
Median overall survival (OS) was determined using Kaplan-Meier method, and log-rank test was performed to determine significance. Potentially important factors in univariate analyses (P < 0.05) were included in multivariate analyses. OS was subjected to multivariate analysis by using Cox proportional hazard model with forward step procedures. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval were calculated. Bayesian information criterion (BIC) in a Cox proportional hazard regression model was calculated in terms of different categories to quantify their discriminatory ability. A small BIC value corresponds to an efficient model to predict outcomes. With cut-point survival analysis, the optimal cutoff of the CpG site count was 3. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 18.0.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by grants from the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (NO. 2010CB529301), the Anticancer Special Projects of Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission (NO. 13ZCZCSY20300), and the Special Major Science and Technology of Significant New Drugs Creation (NO. 2013ZX09303001).
Footnotes
Disclosure statement
The authors have no conflict of interest.
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