Abstract
Objective:
Peptic ulcer perforation continues to be a major surgical problem. In this study, risk factors that influence morbidity and mortality in perforated peptic ulcer disease were examined.
Material and Methods:
Files of 148 patients who were included in the study due to peptic ulcer perforation between January 2006 and December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Data regarding age, gender, complaints, time elapsed between onset of symptoms and hospital admission, physical examination findings, co-morbid diseases, laboratory and imaging findings, length of hospital stay, morbidity and mortality were recorded.
Results:
The study group included 129 (87.2%) male and 19 (12.8%) female patients. The mean age was 51.7±20 (15-88) years. Forty five patients (30.4%) had at least one co-morbid disease. In the postoperative period, 30 patients (20.3%) had complications. The most common complication was wound infection. Mortality was observed in 27 patients (18.2%). The most common cause of mortality was sepsis. Multivariate analysis revealed age over 60 years, presence of co-morbidities and Mannheim peritonitis index as independent risk factors for morbidity. Age over 60 years, time to admission and Mannheim peritonitis index were detected as independent risk factors for mortality.
Conclusion:
Early diagnosis and proper treatment are important in patients presenting with peptic ulcer perforation.
Keywords: Peptic ulcer perforation, morbidity, mortality, risk factors, time to admission
INTRODUCTION
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a disease that results from an imbalance between aggressive factors such as stomach acid and pepsin and mucosa defense barriers (1). Although the need for elective surgery has decreased as a result of advances in medical treatment, 10% of the patients require surgery. The choice of treatment for peptic ulcer perforation (PUP) remains to be surgery. Currently, the most preferred surgical method is simple closure and omental plug. Different techniques are also applied (2–4). Factors that influence the prognosis of PUP are listed as follows: time to hospital presentation, large perforation diameter, age over 60 years, presence of shock, presence of concomitant diseases and localization of the perforation in the stomach (5, 6). Preoperative hemodynamic shock, sepsis and generalized peritonitis are important factors influencing morbidity and mortality (5–8). In this study, we examined the risk factors affecting morbidity and mortality in PUD.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The files of 148 patients, who were operated on at Dicle University, School of Medicine, General Surgery Clinic as diagnosed with PUD and received primary closure + omentoplasty were retrospectively examined after the obtainment of approval from Dicle University, School of Medicine, Ethics Committee with the date and number 18.07.2012/663. Written consents indicating that they allowed their data to be used in medical research were obtained from all our patients. The patients who underwent different surgical procedures or had malignant ulcer perforations were excluded from the study. The age, sex, symptoms at presentation, time between onset of symptoms and presentation to the hospital, physical examination findings, concomitant diseases, laboratory and imaging findings, hospital stay duration, morbidity and mortality information of these patients were recorded.
The time to presentation was considered to be the time elapsing between the onset of symptoms and presentation to the hospital. Peptic ulcer perforation diagnosis was made on the basis of history, physical examination, routine laboratory studies and radiologic imaging. Patients with concomitant diseases were recorded. Preoperative shock was defined as a systolic blood pressure below 90 mm-Hg (9).
The Mannheim Peritonitis Index (MPI) (Table 1) (10) and APACHE II scores of all patients were calculated. The APACHE II scoring system included patient’s age, chronic health measurement and 12 physiological variables measured at presentation. The physiological parameters that were taken into consideration were rectal fever, mean arterial pressure, pulse rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood gas, arterial pH, serum Na, K, creatinine, hematocrit, leukocyte count and Glasgow coma score (11).
Table 1.
Mannheim peritonitis index
| Factors | Score | |
|---|---|---|
| Age>50 | 5 | |
| Female gender | 5 | |
| Organ failure* | 7 | |
| Malignancy | 4 | |
| Preoperative peritonitis duration>24 hours | 4 | |
| Non-colonic sepsis source | 4 | |
| Diffuse generalized peritonitis | 6 | |
| Intra-abdominal fluid (exudate) | ||
| Clean | 0 | |
| Contaminated, purulant | 6 | |
| Fecaloid | 12 | |
Renal failure: creatinin level>177 μmol/L or urea level>67 mmol/L or oliguria<20 mL/hour. Pulmonary failure: PO2<50 mm-Hg or PCO2>50 mm-Hg. Intestinal obstruction: paralysis >24 hours or complete mechanical obstruction. Shock: hypodynamic or hyperdynamic
The oral intake of patients who were diagnosed with PUP was discontinued, and urinary catheters and nasogastric tubes were placed. Following adequate fluid resuscitation, the patients were taken to surgery. Ceftriaxone 1 g and ornidazole 500 mg were administered before the operation. Post-operative antibiotic treatment was maintained for 7–10 days.
Open surgery was performed in all the patients. After aspiration of the free gastrointestinal content in the abdomen, irrigation was performed using at least 1000 cc physiological serum. A Foley drain was placed to Morrison pouch in all the patients and in the pelvic site if necessary. Their nasogastric tubes were withdrawn on post-operative days 3–4. On post-operative day 4, the patients were started on liquid diet.
The patients were grouped as ≤24 hours and >24 hours (12) according to their presentation, ≤60 years and >60 years as per their age, ≤11 and >11 (11) according to the APACHE 2 score, ≤26 and >26 (13) as per MPI, ≤0.5 cm, 0.5–1 cm and ≥1 cm (14) according to the perforation diameter (15).
Statistical Analysis
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows 13.0 software was used for statistical analysis. The quantitative data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Student t-test was used for analysis of parameters and chi-square test for the assessment of different categorical data. To evaluate the risk factors influencing morbidity and mortality, multivariate logistic regression test was used. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated for every variable. A value of p<0.05 for all variables was considered significant.
RESULTS
129 (87.2%) of the patients were male and the mean age was 51.7±20 (15–88) years. The mean time for presentation to the hospital was 30.8±31.4 (2–240) hours. While 12 (8.1%) of the patients had shock at presentation, 45 of them (30.4%) were identified to have at least one concomitant disease. It was identified that perforation was most frequent in the pre-pyloric region (101 patients, 68.2%). The length of hospital stay was longer in patients that developed morbidity (p<0.001). The demographic and characteristic clinical findings of the patients are indicated in Table 2.
Table 2.
Patients’ demographic and characteristic clinical signs
| Age (year) | 51.7±20 (15–88) | |
| Gender, n (%) | ||
| Male | 129 (87.2) | |
| Female | 19 (12.8) | |
| Admission time (hours) | 30.8±31.4 (2–240) | |
| Shock signs, n (%) | 12 (8.1) | |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | Total | 45 (30.4) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 23 (51.1) | |
| Pulmonary disease | 11 (24.4) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6 (13.3) | |
| Urinary system disease | 4 (8.9) | |
| Malignancy | 7 (15.5) | |
| Other | 5 (11.1) | |
| Clinical signs, n (%) | ||
| Abdominal pain | 148 (100) | |
| Nausea-vomiting | 48 (32.4) | |
| Failure to defecate | 67 (45) | |
| Physical examination findings, n (%) | ||
| Tenderness | 148 (100) | |
| Guarding | 131 (88.5) | |
| Rebound tenderness | 109 (73.6) | |
| WBC (/mm3) | 13129±6684 (1200–34900) | |
| Free air on AXR, n (%) | 122 (82.4) | |
| Free intraabdominal fluid and/or fluid collection, n (%) | 91 (82.7) | |
| MPI | 14.9±7.8 (5–33) | |
| APACHE II | 6.7±6.9 (0–28) | |
| Perforation site, n (%) | ||
| Pre-pyloric | 101 (68.2) | |
| Duodenum | 47 (31.8) | |
| Perforation diameter, n (%) | <0.5 cm | 93 (62.8) |
| 0.5–1 cm | 47 (31.8) | |
| >1 cm | 8 (5.4) | |
| Morbidity, n (%) | 30 (20.3) | |
| Mortality, n (%) | 27 (18.2) | |
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 8.7±4.6 (0–44) |
AXR: upright abdominal X-ray; US: ultrasonography; WBC: white blood cell count; MPI: Mannheim peritonitis index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation
In the post-operative period, 30 patients (20.3%) developed morbidity. The most frequent morbidity was wound infection. 28 (18.2%) patients died. The most frequent reason for mortality was sepsis. The reasons for morbidity and mortality in the post-operative period are shown in Table 3.
Table 3.
Morbidity and mortality causes
| Morbidity, n (%) | Total | 30 (20.3) |
| Wound infection | 13 (43.3) | |
| Pleural effusion | 10 (33.3) | |
| Atelectasis | 4 (13.3) | |
| Pneumonia | 3 (10) | |
| Acute renal failure | 3 (10) | |
| Delirium | 2 (6.7) | |
| Intestinal obstruction | 1 (3.3) | |
| Evisceration | 1 (3.3) | |
| Intraabdominal abscess | 1 (3.3) | |
| Fistula | 1 (3.3) | |
| Pulmonary edema | 1 (3.3) | |
| Urinary tract infection | 1 (3.3) | |
| Mortality, n (%) | Total | 27 (18.2) |
| Sepsis | 20 (74) | |
| Pulmonary etiology | 4 (14.8) | |
| Myocardial infarction | 1 (3.7) | |
| Acute renal failure | 1 (3.7) | |
| Fistula | 1 (3.7) |
Age above 60, presence of a concomitant disease, perforation diameter and MPI were found statistically significant factors influencing morbidity, on univariate analysis (p=0.031, p=0.030, p=0.014 and p=0.014, respectively) (Table 4). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age above 60 (p=0.007, OR=6.28, Cl=24), presence of a concomitant disease (p=0.046, OR=2.83, CI=7.88) and MPI (p=0.01, OR=0.83, Cl=0.95) were found to be independent risk factors influencing morbidity (Table 5).
Table 4.
Factors influencing morbidity on univariate analysis
| Parameters | Group without morbidity n (%) | Group with morbidity n (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male | 104 (80.6) | 25 (19.4) | NS |
| Female | 14 (73.7) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Age | |||
| <60 years | 74 (85.9) | 12 (14.1) | 0,031 |
| >60 years | 44 (71.4) | 18 (28.6) | |
| Admission period | |||
| <24 hours | 79 (78.2) | 22 (21.8) | NS |
| >24 hours | 39 (83) | 8 (17) | |
| Shock | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | NS |
| Co-morbidities | 31 (68.9) | 14 (31.1) | 0.030 |
| Free air on AXR | 97 (79.5) | 25 (20.5) | NS |
| MPI | |||
| <26 | 99 (76.7) | 30 (23.3) | 0.014 |
| >26 | 19 (100) | 0 (0) | |
| APACHE II | |||
| <11 | 95 (80.5) | 23 (19.5) | NS |
| >11 | 23 (76.7) | 7 (23.3) | |
| Perforation site | |||
| Prepyloric | 81 (80.2) | 20 (19.8) | NS |
| Duodenum | 37 (78.7) | 10 (21.3) | |
| Perforation diameter | |||
| <0.5 cm | 74 (79.6) | 19 (20.4) | 0.014 |
| 0.5–1 cm | 41 (87.2) | 6 (12.8) | |
| >1 cm | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) |
AXR: upright abdominal X-ray; MPI: Mannheim peritonitis index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; NS: not significant
Table 5.
Factors influencing morbidity on multivariate logistic regression analysis
| Factors | p | Odds ratio | Cl 95% |
|---|---|---|---|
| >60 years | 0.007 | 6.28 | 1.64–24.00 |
| Gender | 0.08 | 0.29 | 0.07–1.17 |
| Admission period (>24 hours) | 0.58 | 0.69 | 0.19–2.52 |
| Shock | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.12–5.60 |
| Co-morbidities | 0.046 | 2.83 | 1.01–7.88 |
| Free intraabdominal air on AXR | 0.96 | 1.02 | 0.33–3.18 |
| Perforation diameter | 0.60 | 1.22 | 0.56–2.64 |
| APACHE II | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.08–1.88 |
| MPI | 0.01 | 0.83 | 0.72–0.95 |
AXR: upright abdominal X-ray; MPI: Mannheim peritonitis index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation
Age above 60, time to presentation at the hospital, shock, presence of a concomitant disease, perforation diameter, MPI and APACHE II score were identified as statistically significant factors influencing mortality, on univariate analysis (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.00 and p<0.001, respectively) (Table 6). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age above 60 (p=0.009, OR=14.781, Cl=110.073), time to presentation (p=0.025, OR=0.157, Cl=0.793) and MPI (p=0.007, OR=19.72, Cl=196.96) were found to be independent risk factors influencing mortality (Table 7).
Table 6.
Factors influencing mortality on univariate analysis
| Parameters | Group without morbidity n (%) | Group with morbidity n (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male | 107 (82.9) | 22 (17.1) | NS |
| Female | 14 (73.7) | 5 (26.3) | |
| Age | |||
| <60 years | 82 (96.5) | 3 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| >60 years | 39 (61.9) | 24 (38.1) | |
| Admission period | |||
| <24 hours | 93 (92.1) | 8 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| >24 hours | 28 (59.6) | 19 (40.4) | |
| Shock | 3 (25) | 9 (75) | <0.001 |
| Co-morbidities | 28 (62.2) | 17 (37.8) | <0.001 |
| Free air on AXR | 98 (80.3) | 24 (19.7) | NS |
| MPI | |||
| <26 | 119 (92.2) | 10 (7.8) | <0.001 |
| >26 | 2 (10.5) | 17 (89.5) | |
| APACHE II | |||
| <11 | 111 (94) | 7 (6) | <0.001 |
| >11 | 10 (33.3) | 20 (66.7) | |
| Perforation site | |||
| Prepyloric | 85 (84.2) | 16 (15.8) | NS |
| Duodenum | 36 (76.6) | 11 (23.4) | |
| Perforation diameter | |||
| <0.5 cm | 85 (91.4) | 8 (8.6) | <0.001 |
| 0.5–1 cm | 29 (61.7) | 18 (38.3) | |
| >1 cm | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) |
AXR: upright abdominal X-ray; MPI: Mannheim peritonitis index; APACHE II: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation; NS: not significant
Table 7.
Factors effecting mortality on multivariate logistic regression analysis
| Factors | p | Odds ratio | Cl %95 |
|---|---|---|---|
| >60 years | 0.009 | 14.781 | 1.985–110.073 |
| Gender | 0.986 | 1.020 | 0.107–9.729 |
| Admission period (>24 hours) | 0.025 | 0.157 | 0.031–0.793 |
| Shock | 0.233 | 0.241 | 0.023–2.497 |
| Comorbidities | 0.747 | 1.277 | 0.288–5.663 |
| Free air on AXR | 0.132 | 0.126 | 0.009–1.865 |
| Perforation diameter | 0.456 | 1.545 | 0.492–4.846 |
| APACHE II | 0.056 | 0.232 | 0.052–1.041 |
| MPI | 0.007 | 19.72 | 2.29–196.96 |
AXR: upright abdominal X-ray; MPI: Mannheim peritonitis index; APACHE II: acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation
DISCUSSION
Although the incidence and prevalence of peptic ulcer disease varies, its frequency is estimated to be 1500–3000 per 100.000 people (16). The lifetime possibility for a person to develop PUD is approximately 5% (17). Peptic ulcer disease is a disease with multi-factorial etiology and mostly the use of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and Helicobacter pylori have been kept responsible. The widespread use of H2 receptor blockers and proton pump inhibitors in recent years for the treatment of PUD has resulted in a decrease in elective ulcer surgery (18). In spite of these developments, PUD patients experience perforation at a rate of 7%, and bleeding at a rate of 15–20% per year (19). Peptic ulcer perforation is frequently seen in the 4th and 5th decades and its male/female ratio is in the range of 2–8/1 (12, 20–23). While the mean age of our patients was 51 in a way similar to the literature, the male/female ratio was 9/1.
It was reported that free sub-diaphragmatic air was identified in the direct X-ray images of 47.2–80% of patients with PUP (12, 20, 24). Parallel with these data, 82.44% of the patients in our study were identified to have free air in their X-ray images.
The post-operative morbidity rate in peptic ulcer perforation ranges between 21–42% (9, 12, 25, 26). Pulmonary and wound site infections are often considered among post-operative morbidity reasons. In our study, the morbidity rate was 20.3%. Parallel with the literature, our patients were identified to have wound site infections and pulmonary complications. We found in our study that age above 60, presence of a concomitant disease, MPI ≤26 and perforation diameter were factors that influenced morbidity.
Kim et al. (27) stated that age above 60 and female sex constituted the risk factors that influenced post-operative morbidity. In our study, PUP was often seen among men whereas sex was not a significantly influencing factor for morbidity. In our study, 42% of our patients were above the age of 60. In the univariate and multivariate analysis, age above 60 was identified to have a significant influence on morbidity.
There are studies in the literature indicating that the time to presentation at the hospital being over 24 hours had a negative effect on the progress of the disease (12, 21, 23). In our study, the average time to presentation was calculated to be 30.8±31.4 (2–240) hours. However, we did not identify any correlations between the time to presentation and development of morbidity.
It has been stated that the presence of shock on presentation increases mortality (7, 8, 12, 19, 23). On the other hand, we did not identify any association between presence of shock and morbidity.
There are studies indicating that morbidity rates increase depending on the presence of concomitant diseases in patients with peptic ulcer perforation (12, 27–29). Similarly, we identified that our patients who had concomitant diseases had higher morbidity rates.
Different results were reported in terms of perforation site in PUD (14, 30). In our study, 101 (68.2%) patients were identified to have a pre-pyloric perforation; however, the influence of the perforation site on morbidity was not significant.
It was demonstrated that morbidity was significantly increased if perforation diameter was wider than 0.5 cm in PUP (31). In our study, perforation diameter had an influence on morbidity according to univariate analysis.
Billing et al. (32) specified that MPI was effective in the prediction of morbidity. Similarly, in our study, we determined that patients with an MPI ≤26 had a significantly lower morbidity rate.
The post-operative mortality rate in peptic ulcer perforation ranges between 4–30% (12, 16, 23, 27, 33, 34). Mortality has been reported to be due to multiple organ failure and pneumonia. In our study, our mortality rate was 18.2%. The most frequent reasons for mortality in our patients were sepsis and pulmonary problems.
The factors influencing mortality in our patients were as follows: age above 60, time to presentation longer than 24 hours, shock at the time of presentation, APACHE II score above 11 and perforation diameter wider than 0.5 cm.
Arıcı et al. (23) reported that mortality significantly increased in PUP patients above the age of 60. Koçer et al. (12) stated that mortality was 1.4% below the age of 65, while it was 37.3% above 65 years of age. In our study, being above the age of 60 was found to have a significant influence on mortality. However, we determined that sex did not have an influence on mortality.
Parallel with studies indicating that time to presentation longer than 24 hours influenced the development of mortality, we identified that mortality was significantly increased in patients whose time to presentation was longer than 24 hours (12, 21, 23).
In accordance with publications reporting that the presence of shock at the time of presentation increased mortality, we determined that our patients who had shock on presentation had a significantly increased mortality (7, 8, 12, 23, 35). Therefore, we think that patients presenting with PUP, especially with the presence of a shock, need to be taken into the operating room immediately after the correction of fluid-electrolyte imbalance.
According to literature, the presence of concomitant diseases in PUP patients influenced mortality rates (12, 27–29). We also found that the presence of a concomitant disease had a significant influence on mortality.
Bracho-Riquelme et al. (13) have reported that an MPI score above 26 increased mortality at a rate of 40/3. We also determined that MPI above 26 significantly increased mortality in our patients.
There are various studies in the literature regarding mortality prediction by the APACHE II score (13, 32, 36). In our study, we identified that patients who had an APACHE II score above 11 had a significantly higher mortality.
There are studies stating that mortality rate was higher in perforations larger than 1 cm (37). Similarly, in our study, it was identified in the univariate analyses that the perforation diameter influenced mortality. Although there are publications in the literature reporting a higher mortality rate with peptic ulcer perforations of stomach origin, we determined that perforation site did not have an influence on mortality in our patients (5, 6, 14).
The hospital stay duration following surgery in patients with PUP ranges between 7–12.5 days (21, 22). In our study, the mean length of hospital stay was 8.7±4.6 (0–44) days. After exclusion of patients who developed mortality from the assessment, length of hospital stay was found to be significantly higher in the group that developed morbidity. We think that this period was longer as a result of the complications that developed in the post-operative period.
CONCLUSION
In spite of the developments in peptic ulcer disease treatment, peptic ulcer perforation remains a serious surgical problem. Patients above the age of 60, with a time to presentation longer than 24 hours, presence of shock at the time of presentation and concomitant diseases, and a perforation diameter wider than 0.5 cm are patients at high risk for post-operative morbidity and mortality. MPI scoring system is reliable in predicting morbidity, and MPI and APACHE II in predicting mortality. We believe that close post-operative follow-up of patients under risk can help in reducing morbidity and mortality rates.
Footnotes
Ethics Committee Approval: Ethics committee approval was received for this study from the ethics committee of Dicle University Faculty of Medicine (18.07.2012/663).
Informed Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from patients who participated in this study.
Peer-review: Externally peer-reviewed.
Author Contributions: Concept - İ.T.; Design - A.Ö.; Supervision - A.Ö.; Funding - İ.T.; Materials - B.V.Ü.; Data Collection and/or Processing - İ.T.; Analysis and/or Interpretation - M.K., Z.B.; Writer - M.K., A.T.; Critical Review - B.V.Ü., A.Ö.
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.
REFERENCES
- 1.Sayek İ, Abbasoğlu O. In: Temel Cerrahi. 2nd ed. Sayek İ, editor. Güneş Kitapevi; Ankara: 1996. Peptik ülser; pp. 1031–1046. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Cuschieri A. Laparoscopic vagotomy: Gimmick or reality? Surg Clin North Am. 1992;72:357–367. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)45683-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Druart ML, Van Hee R, Etienne J, Cadirere GB, Gigot JF, Legrant M. Laparoscopic repair of perforated duodenal ulcer. A prospective multicenter clinical trial. Surg Endosc. 1997;11:1017–1020. doi: 10.1007/s004649900515. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Mutter D, Evrard S, Keller P, Vix M, Vartolomei S, Marescaux J. Treatment of perforated duodenal ulcer: the celioscopic approach. Ann Chir. 1994;48:339–344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Chalstrey LJ. (Çev: Andican A): Peptik ülser perforasyonları. In: Schwartz SI, Ellis H, editors. (Çev- Ed: Andican A), in Maingot Abdominal Operasyonlar. Nobel Tıp Kitapevi; İstanbul: 1989. pp. 639–655. [Google Scholar]
- 6.Baker RJ. (Çev: Karanlık H): Perforated duodenal ulcer. In: Baker RJ, Fischer JE, editors. (Çev-Ed: Özmen MM) in “ Mastery of Surgery”. 5th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011. pp. 891–902. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Testini M, Portincasa P, Piccini G, Lissidini G, Pellegrini F, Greco L. Significant factors associated with fatal outcome in emergency open surgery for perforated peptic ulcer. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9:2338–2340. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i10.2338. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Chan WH, Wong WK, Khin LW, Soo KC. Adverse operative risk factors for perforated peptic ulcer. Ann Acad Med. 2000;29:164–167. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Rahman MM, Islam MS, Flora S, Akhter SF, Hossain S, Karim F. Mortality in perforated peptic ulcer patients after selective management of stratified poor risk cases. World J Surg. 2007;31:2341–2344. doi: 10.1007/s00268-007-9165-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Malik AA, Wani KA, Dar LA, Wani MA, Wani RA, Parray FQ. Mannheim Peritonitis Index and APACHE II--prediction of outcome in patients with peritonitis. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2010;16:27–32. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Arıkan MA, Arıkan Y, Ertuğ S, Önal MA. Factors effecting duration of hospitalization in duodenal ulcer perforations. Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 1998;4:188–192. [Google Scholar]
- 12.Koçer B, Sürmeli S, Solak C, Ünal B, Bozkurt B, Yıldırım O, et al. Factors affecting mortality and morbidity in patients with peptic ulcer perforation. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:565–570. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04500.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Bracho-Riquelme RL, Melero-Vela A, Torrez-Ramirez A. Mannheim peritonitis index validation study at the hospital general de durango (Mexico) Cir Ciruj. 2002;70:217–225. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Broderick TJ, Matthews JB. Vagotomy and Drainage. In: Yeo CJ, Dempsey DT, Klein AS, Pemberton JH, Peters JH, editors. Shackelford’s Surgery of the Alimentary Tract. Sixth edition. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2007. pp. 811–826. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Rajesh V, Chandra SS, Smile SR. Risk factors predicting operative mortality in perforated peptic ulcer disease. Trop Gastroenterol. 2003;24:148–150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Zittel TT, Jehle EC, Becker HD. Surgical management of peptic ulcer disease today indication, technique and outcome. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2000;385:84–96. doi: 10.1007/s004230050250. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Vaira D, Menegatti M, Miglioli M. What is the role of Helicobacter pylori in complicated ulcer disease? Gastroenterology. 1997;113:78–84. doi: 10.1016/s0016-5085(97)80017-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Müslümanoglu M, Özmen V, Yol S, Ekiz F. Peptik ülser cerrahisinde laparoskopik yaklaşım. T Klin Tıp Bilimleri. 1994;14:111–114. [Google Scholar]
- 19.Casali JJ, Franzon O, Kruel NF, Neves BD. Epidemiological analysis and use of rapid urease test in patients with perforated peptic ulcers. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2012;39:93–98. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Özkan E, Dulundu E, Özel Y, Yildiz MK, Yardimci S, Topaloglu Ü. Peptik ülser perforasyonunda morbiditeyi çap, mortaliteyi ileri yaş ve yüksek ASA skoru belirler. Haydarpaşa Numune Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Tıp Dergisi. 2008;48:222–228. [Google Scholar]
- 21.Kamani F, Mogimi M, Marashi SA, Peyrovi H, Sheikhvatan M. Perforated peptic ulcer disease: mid-term outcome among Iranian population. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2010;21:125–128. doi: 10.4318/tjg.2010.0069. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Çakır M, Küçükkartallar T, Tekin A. Peptik ülser perforasyonunda değişen cerrahi yöntemler. Selçuk Üniv Tıp Derg. 2011;27:160–161. [Google Scholar]
- 23.Arici C, Dinckan A, Erdogan O, Bozan H, Colak T. Peptik ülser perforasyonu: Ameliyat mortalitesine etki eden risk faktörlerinin analizi. Ulusal Travma Derg. 2002;8:142–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Lemaitre J, Founas WE, Simoens C, Ngongang C, Smets D, Costa PM. Surgical management of acute perforation of peptic ulcers. A single centre experience. Acta Chir Belg. 2005;105:588–591. doi: 10.1080/00015458.2005.11679784. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Imhof M, Epstein S, Ohmann C, Röher HD. Duration of survival after peptic ulcer perforation. World J Surg. 2008;32:408–412. doi: 10.1007/s00268-007-9370-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Makela JT, Kiviniemi H, Ohtonen P, Laitinen SO. Factors that predict morbidity and mortality in patients with perforated peptic ulcers. Eur J Surg. 2002;168:446–451. doi: 10.1080/110241502321116424. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Kim JM, Jeong SH, Lee YJ, Park ST, Choi SK, Hong SC, et al. Analysis of risk factors for postoperative morbidity in perforated peptic ulcer. J Gastric Cancer. 2012;12:26–35. doi: 10.5230/jgc.2012.12.1.26. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Thorsen K, Glomsaker TB, Meer AV, Søreide K, Søreide JA. Trends in diagnosis and surgical management of patients with perforated peptic ulcer. J Gastrointest Surg. 2011;15:1329–1335. doi: 10.1007/s11605-011-1482-1. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Li CH, Chang WH, Shih SC, Lin SC, Bair MJ. Perforated peptic ulcer in southeastern Taiwan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;25:1530–1536. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2010.06348.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Lohsiriwat V, Prapasrivorakul S, Lohsiriwat D. Perforated peptic ulcer: clinical presentation, surgical outcomes, and the accuracy of the Boey scoring system in predicting postoperative morbidity and mortality. World J Surg. 2009;33:80–85. doi: 10.1007/s00268-008-9796-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Lee FY, Leung KL, Lai BS, Ng SS, Dexter S, Lau WY. Predicting mortality and morbidity of patients operated on for perforated peptic ulcers. Arch Surg. 2001;136:90–94. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.136.1.90. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Billing A, Fröhlich D, Schildberg FW. Prediction of outcome using the Mannheim peritonitis index in 2003 patients. Peritonitis Study Group. Br J Surg. 1994;81:209–213. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800810217. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33.Paimela H, Oksala NKJ, Kivilaakso E. Surgery for peptic ulcer today. A study on the incidence, methods and mortality in surgery for peptic ulcer in Finland between 1987 and 1999. Dig Surg. 2004;21:185–191. doi: 10.1159/000079654. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34.Chou NH, Mok KT, Chang HT, Liu SI, Tsai CC, Wang BW, et al. Risk factors of mortality in perforated peptic ulcer. Eur J Surg. 2000;166:149–153. doi: 10.1080/110241500750009500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35.Noguiera C, Silva AS, Santos JN, Silva AG, Ferreira J, Matos E, et al. Perforated peptic ulcer: main factors of morbidity and mortality. World J Surg. 2003;27:782–787. doi: 10.1007/s00268-003-6645-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36.Buck DL, Andersen MV, Møller MH. Accuracy of clinical prediction rules in peptic ulcer perforation: an observational study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:28–35. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2011.639078. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37.Gupta S, Kaushik R, Sharma R, Attri A. The management of large perforations of duodenal ulcers. BMC Surg. 2005;5:15. doi: 10.1186/1471-2482-5-15. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]