Table 1. Summary of scientific papers examining effects of coffee on human liver injury, fibrosis, and HCC.

Author/Year	Disease	Beverage	Coffee/Caffeine dose	Clinical effect
Liver Enzymes
Casiglia/1993	None	Coffee	3 cups per day	Lower mean ALT/GGT/bilirubin among coffee drinkers
Honjo/2001	None	Coffee	1 to >5 cups/d	Stepwise decrease in risk of elevated ALT with each cup of coffee per day
Poikolanien/1997	None	Boiled or Filtered coffee	4–6 cups/d >7 cups/d	Reduced likelihood of elevated GGT. Greater effect with filtered coffee.
Tanaka/1997	None/Alcohol	Coffee	0 to >5 cups per day	Lower mean GGT/ALT with each cup of coffee. No effect of green tea.
Ruhl/2005	Alcohol/NAFLD/Viral hepatitis	Coffee/Total caffeine	0 to 20 cups per day	Lower ALT with increasing coffee or caffeine intake.
Modi/2010	HCV	Coffee/Total caffeine	0 to 1022 mg caffeine per day	No correlation between ALT and coffee or caffeine consumption
Liver Fibrosis
Molloy/2012	NAFLD	Coffee/Total caffeine	0 to 822 mg caffeine per day	Increased coffee associated with reduced risk of NASH and fibrosis. No effect seen with other sources of caffeine.
Modi/2010	HCV	Coffee/Total caffeine	0 to 1022 mg caffeine per day	Reduced fibrosis seen in patients with higher coffee consumption.
Corrao/1994	Cirrhosis	Coffee	0 to >4 cups per day	Reduced odds of cirrhosis with increasing coffee intake
Freedman/2009	HCV (F3/F4)	Coffee	0 to >5 cups per day	Reduced hepatic decompensation with increased coffee intake
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Gallus/2002	HCC	Coffee	0 to >3 cups per day	Reduced odds of developing HCC among coffee drinkers
Larsson/2007	HCC	Coffee	Meta-analysis	Consistent reduced risk of HCC among coffee drinkers. Limited or no effect with other sources of caffeine.
Bravi/2013	HCC	Coffee	Meta-analysis	Relative risk of 0.6 for HCC among coffee drinkers vs. non-drinkers