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. 2015 Apr 30;3(2):e00148-15. doi: 10.1128/genomeA.00148-15

Thirty-Two Complete Genome Assemblies of Nine Yersinia Species, Including Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica

Shannon L Johnson a,, Hajnalka E Daligault a, Karen W Davenport a, James Jaissle b, Kenneth G Frey c,d, Jason T Ladner e, Stacey M Broomall f, Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly c,d, David C Bruce a, Susan R Coyne b, Henry S Gibbons f, Chien-Chi Lo a, A Christine Munk a, C Nicole Rosenzweig f, Galina I Koroleva e, Gustavo F Palacios e, Cassie L Redden c,d, Yan Xu a, Timothy D Minogue b, Patrick S Chain a
PMCID: PMC4417686  PMID: 25931590

Abstract

The genus Yersinia includes three human pathogens, of which Yersinia pestis is responsible for >2,000 illnesses each year. To aid in the development of detection assays and aid further phylogenetic elucidation, we sequenced and assembled the complete genomes of 32 strains (across 9 Yersinia species).

GENOME ANNOUNCEMENT

The genus Yersinia contains 11 species, with three human pathogens, Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica. Of these, Y. pestis is the most virulent, causing >2,000 global cases of plague annually, along with three global pandemics (1, 2). Y. pestis is a category A pathogen and potential biowarfare agent (3, 4), while Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica cause food-borne self-limiting enteric diseases with low mortality rates (5). Recently, the list of strains for consideration in diagnostic assay development was released by the Association of Analytical Communities (AOAC) International, including strains that should be recognized (inclusivity) and ignored (exclusivity) by the assays (6). Here, we present the completed genome assemblies for 32 (see Table 1) of the 33 listed Yersinia strains (YPNN7 Y. pseudotuberculosis IB was not included due to technical issues).

TABLE 1.

List of strains included in the data set, their accession numbers, and plasmids

Strain name AOAC Panela Accession no. Size (Mb) No. of indicated plasmid
pPCP pCD/pYV pMT Other
Y. aldovae
    670-83 YPNN17 E CP009781 4.47
Y. enterocolitica
    2516-87 YPNN13 E CP009837, CP009838 4.60 1
    8081 YPNN12 E CP009845, CP009846 4.68 1
    WA YPNN11 E CP009366, CP009367 4.61 1
Y. frederiksenii
    Y225b YPNN15 E CP009363, CP009364 4.55 1
Y. intermedia
    Y228 YPNN16 E CP009801 4.85
Y. kristensenii
    Y231 YPNN14 E CP009997 4.49
Y. pestis
    A1122 YP12 I CP009839CP009841 4.67 1 1
    Angola YP7 I CP009934CP009937 4.67 1 1 1
    Antiqua YP3 I CP009903CP009906 4.88 1 1 1
    CO92 pgm- YP1 I CP009971CP009973 4.72 1 1
    Dodson YP15 I CP009842CP009844 4.77 1 1
    El Dorado YP16 I CP009782CP009785 4.83 1 1 1
    Harbin35 YP9 I CP009701CP009704 4.70 1 1 1
    Java9c YP11 I CP009992CP009996 4.82 1 1 2
    KIM5 YP2 I CP009833CP009836 4.78 1 1 1
    Nairobi YP8 I CP010293, CP010294 4.47 1
    Nicholisk 41 YP13 I CP009988CP009991 4.70 1 1 1
    PBM19 YP10 I CP009489CP009492 4.86 1 1 1
    Pestoides B YP4 I CP010020CP010023 4.79 1 1 1
    Pestoides F YP5 I CP009713CP009715 4.72 1 1
    Pestoides G YP6 I CP010246CP010248 4.73 1 1
    Shasta YP14 I CP009721CP009724 4.83 1 1 1
Y. pseudotuberculosis
    1 YPNN10 E CP009786 4.72
    EP2/+ YPNN8 E CP009758, CP009759 4.77 1
    IP32953 YPNN4 E CP009710CP009712 4.83 1 1
    MD67 YPNN9 E CP009757 4.72
    Pa3606 YPNN6 E CP010067CP010069 4.83 1 1
    PB1/+ YPNN3 E CP009779, CP009780 4.76 1
    YPIII YPNN5 E CP009792 4.68
Y. rohdei
    ATCC 43380 YPNN2 E CP009787 4.37
Y. ruckeri
    YRB YPNN1 E CP009539 3.60
a

Refers to the AOAC listing (6) of either inclusivity (I) or exclusivity (E) strains.

b

The plasmid in Y. frederiksenii is cryptic.

c

The two plasmids listed as “other” for Y. pestis JAVA9 are pJARS35 and pJARS36.

Each genome was assembled using at least two data sets (specific data types and coverages are listed in the NCBI records), from Illumina (short- and/or long-insert paired data), Roche 454 (long-insert paired data), and/or PacBio long reads. The short- and long-insert paired data were assembled together in both Newbler and Velvet and computationally shredded into 1.5-kbp overlapping shreds. If the PacBio coverage was ≥100×, the data were assembled using the PacBio Hierarchical Genome Assembly Process (HGAP) (7). All data were additionally assembled in AllPaths (8). The consensus sequences from both HGAP and AllPaths were computationally shredded into 10-kbp overlapping pieces. All shreds were integrated using Phrap. Possible misassemblies were corrected and repeat regions verified using in-house scripts and manual editing in Consed (911). All genomes were assembled to finished-quality completion (12), and each assembly was annotated using an Ergatis-based (13) workflow, with minor manual curation.

The genome sizes averaged 4.68 ± 0.04 Mb (Table 1; the smallest is Yersinia ruckeri YRB, at 3.6 Mb, and the largest is Y. pestis Antiqua, at 4.9 Mb), with up to 4 plasmids (average, 1.6 ± 0.2). Each genome contains 3,161 to 4,419 coding sequences (average, 4,155 ± 39.9) and a G+C content of 47 to 48%. As many of the virulence genes are located on plasmids, it is interesting to note that of the 16 Y. pestis strains, only 9 had all three “traditional” plasmids (pYV/pCD1 [virulence/calcium dependence], pPCP [plasminogen activator], and pMT [murine toxin]), with one strain (Y. pestis Nairobi) containing the pPCP plasmid only.

Nucleotide sequence accession numbers.

The GenBank accession numbers for all 32 genomes are listed in Table 1.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Funding for this effort was provided by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency’s Joint Science and Technology Office (DTRA J9-CB/JSTO) and the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate award HSHQDC-08-X-00790.

This paper is approved by LANL for unlimited release (LA-UR-14-29606).

The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Navy, Department of Defense, or the United States Government.

The bacterial strains were obtained from the Department of Defense’s Unified Culture Collection (http://www.usamriid.army.mil/ucc/).

Footnotes

Citation Johnson SL, Daligault HE, Davenport KW, Jaissle J, Frey KG, Ladner JT, Broomall SM, Bishop-Lilly KA, Bruce DC, Coyne SR, Gibbons HS, Lo C-C, Munk AC, Rosenzweig CN, Koroleva GI, Palacios GF, Redden CL, Xu Y, Minogue TD, Chain PS. 2015. Thirty-two complete genome assemblies of nine Yersinia species, including Y. pestis, Y. pseudotuberculosis, and Y. enterocolitica. Genome Announc 3(2):e00148-15. doi:10.1128/genomeA.00148-15.

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