Table 2.
Risk of renal cell carcinoma in relation to diagnosed hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and smoking status, overall and by race, 1998–2008a
| Overall | White | Black | Hispanic | Asian/Pacific Islander | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. Cases/No. Controls |
OR (95% CI) | No. Cases/No. Controls |
OR (95% CI) | No. Cases/No. Controls |
OR (95% CI) | No. Cases/No. Controls |
OR (95% CI) | No. Cases/No. Controls |
OR (95% CI) | Pintb | |
| Hypertension | |||||||||||
| Noc | 1530/19003 | 1.0 | 1075/13297 | 1.0 | 103/1400 | 1.0 | 214/2693 | 1.0 | 134/1572 | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 1606/12028 | 1.9 (1.7–2.0) | 1077/8181 | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 190/1436 | 2.3 (1.7–3.1) | 211/1454 | 2.3 (1.8–2.9) | 121/912 | 1.8 (1.3–2.5) | 0.6 |
| Pint = 0.4d | Pint = 0.3d | Pint = 0.8d | |||||||||
| Time from hypertension diagnosis to index date | |||||||||||
| No hypertensionc | 1530/19003 | 1.0 | 1075/13297 | 1.0 | 103/1400 | 1.0 | 214/2693 | 1.0 | 134/1572 | 1.0 | |
| <5y since hypertension diagnosis | 657/5316 | 1.6 (1.5–1.8) | 458/3779 | 1.6 (1.4–1.8) | 50/487 | 1.5 (1.1–2.3) | 92/630 | 2.2 (1.6–2.9) | 54/401 | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | |
| ≥5y since hypertension diagnosis | 949/6712 | 2.2 (1.9–2.4) | 619/4402 | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) | 140/949 | 3.2 (2.2–4.5) | 119/824 | 2.5 (1.8–3.4) | 67/511 | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | 0.6 |
| Pint = 0.4d | Pint = 0.4d | Pint = 0.7d | |||||||||
| Chronic kidney disease | |||||||||||
| Noc | 3070/30821 | 1.0 | 2137/21360 | 1.0 | 263/2803 | 1.0 | 414/4107 | 1.0 | 246/2466 | 1.0 | |
| Yes | 66/210 | 2.8 (2.1–3.7) | 15/118 | 1.1 (0.6–1.9) | 30/33 | 10.4 (6.0–17.9) | 11/40 | 2.3 (1.1–4.6) | 9/18 | 5.1 (2.2–11.7) | <0.001 |
| Pint < 0.001d | Pint = 0.1d | Pint = 0.007d | |||||||||
| Hypertension and chronic kidney disease combined | |||||||||||
| Neitherc | 1529/18996 | 1.0 | 1075/13291 | 1.0 | 103/1400 | 1.0 | 214/2693 | 1.0 | 133/1571 | 1.0 | |
| Hypertension only | 1541/11825 | 1.8 (1.7–2.0) | 1062/8069 | 1.8 (1.6–2.0) | 160/1403 | 2.0 (1.5–2.7) | 200/1414 | 2.3 (1.8–2.9) | 113/895 | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) | |
| Chronic kidney diseasee | 66/210 | 4.4 (3.2–5.8) | 15/118 | 1.7 (1.0–2.9) | 30/33 | 17.0 (9.4–30.9) | 11/40 | 4.4 (2.1–9.2) | 9/18 | 7.4 (3.1–17.5) | <0.001 |
| Pint < 0.001d | Pint = 0.2d | Pint = 0.03d | |||||||||
| Smoking status | |||||||||||
| Non-smokerc | 2393/24818 | 1.0 | 1622/16995 | 1.0 | 212/2182 | 1.0 | 339/3419 | 1.0 | 217/2157 | 1.0 | |
| Smoker | 743/6213 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 530/4483 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 81/654 | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 86/728 | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 38/327 | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | >0.9 |
| Pint = 0.8d | Pint = 0.8d | Pint = 0.7d | |||||||||
a
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. Analyses of hypertension and chronic kidney disease were adjusted for smoking and diabetes. Analyses of smoking were adjusted for diabetes and hypertension.
b
P-value for an overall test of interaction by race.
c
Reference category.
d
P-value for a test of interaction compared with whites.
e
With or without a history of hypertension.