Table 6.
Demographic, socioeconomic, and headache characteristics of participants with episodic and chronic migraine.
| Variables | Episodic migraine (N = 15,313) | Chronic migraine (N = 1476) | Contrast | Chronic vs episodic |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Point estimate (95% CI)a | p value | ||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 40.6 (14.5) | 41.0 (13.8) | Mean difference | 0.39 (−0.38 to 1.16) | 0.32 |
| Female, n (%) | 11,298 (73.8) | 1197 (81.1) | Odds ratio | 1.52 (1.33–1.75) | < 0.001 |
| Race, n (%) White | 12,752 (83.3) | 1292 (87.5) | Odds ratio | 1.41 (1.20–1.66) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) Hispanic | 2039 (13.3) | 191 (12.9) | Odds ratio | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 0.69 |
| BMI, n (%) Obese | 5305 (34.6) | 614 (41.6) | Odds ratio | 1.34 (1.21–1.50) | <0.001 |
| Socioeconomics | |||||
| Number of household members, mean (SD) | 2.9 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.6) | Rate ratio | 1.04 (1.01–1.08) | 0.003 |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||||
| Married/civil union | 7561 (49.4) | 703 (47.6) | Odds ratio | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) | 0.20 |
| Highest level of education, n (%) | |||||
| ≥Bachelor’s degree | 7032 (45.9) | 515 (34.9) | Odds ratio | 0.63 (0.56–0.71) | <0.001 |
| Current employment, n (%) | |||||
| Full- or part-time | 10,112 (66.0) | 832 (56.4) | Odds ratio | 0.66 (0.60–0.74) | <0.001 |
| Annual individual income, n (%) | |||||
| <$25,000 | 6426 (42.1) | 761 (51.7) | Cumulative | Reference | <0.001 |
| $25,000–$49,999 | 4032 (26.4) | 400 (27.2) | odds ratio | 0.65 (0.59–0.72) | |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 3769 (24.7) | 243 (16.5) | |||
| ≥$100,000 | 1022 (6.7) | 67 (4.6) | |||
| Annual household income, n (%) | |||||
| <$25,000 | 2571 (16.9) | 365 (25.0) | Cumulative | Reference | <0.001 |
| $25,000–$49,999 | 3424 (22.5) | 372 (25.4) | odds ratio | 0.63 (0.57–0.69) | |
| $50,000–$99,999 | 5945 (39.1) | 513 (35.1) | |||
| ≥$100,000 | 3262 (21.5) | 212 (14.5) | |||
| Headache/medical characteristics | |||||
| MIDAS score, mean (SD) | 13.1 (22.2) | 60.5 (70.4) | Rate ratio | 4.63 (4.31–4.98) | <0.001 |
| Headache frequency, mean (SD) | 3.2 (3.2) | 20.8 (4.9) | Rate ratio | 6.49 (6.21–6.78) | <0.001 |
| PHQ-9 Depression, n (%) | 4589 (30.0) | 836 (56.6) | Odds ratio | 3.05 (2.74–3.40) | <0.001 |
| Generalized anxiety disorder, n (%) | 4307 (28.1) | 715 (48.4) | Odds ratio | 2.40 (2.16–2.67) | <0.001 |
BMI: body mass index; CM: chronic migraine; EM: episodic migraine; MIDAS: Migraine Disability Assessment; PHQ-9: Nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; CI: confidence interval.
a
Reference values were “male”, “other race”, “not Hispanic”, “not obese”, “not married/civil union”, “<bachelor’s degree” and “not employed full or part time.” Mean difference obtained from analysis of variance model, rate ratio obtained from negative binomial regression model, odds ratios obtained from logistic regression model, and cumulative odds ratios obtained from cumulative logistic regression model.