Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of mental practice on stroke patients’ upper extremity function and activities of daily living (ADL). [Subjects and Methods] In this study, 29 stroke patients were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group (n=14) and a control group (n=15). The experimental group performed 10 minutes of mental practice once a day, 5 days a week for 2 weeks in combination with conventional rehabilitation therapy. For the control group, general rehabilitation therapy was provided during the same sessions as the experimental group. The Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and the Fugl-Myer assessment (FMA) were used to measure upper extremity function, and the Modified Bathel Index (MBI) was used to measure daily activity performance. [Results] After the intervention, the mental practice group showed significant improvements in upper extremity function on the affected side and ADL scores compared to the control group. [Conclusion] The results of this study demonstrate mental practice intervention is effective at improving stroke patients’ upper extremity function and daily activity performance. In follow-up studies, securing a greater number of experimental subjects, and evaluation of the intervention’s therapeutic durability are required.
Key words: Mental practice, Upper function, Stroke
INTRODUCTION
Stroke is an illness causing disability due to an interruption in the blood supply to the brain or a hemorrhage in the brain tissue caused by cerebrovascular disease, cardiac disorder, or diabetes. As a cause of hemiparalysis, it is one of the leading causes of functional limitation and disability1). Functional disability of stroke patients shows different aspects depending on the area and scope of damage, and it is commonly accompanied by various disabilities such as motor disturbance, sense disturbance, cognitive disorders, and speech disorder2).
Especially in hemiplegic stroke patients, serious disabilities arise in the upper and lower extremities of one side. Quality of life markedly declines as daily activities become limited due to asymmetrical walking patterns, decrease in walking speed, and lack of fine motor skills of synkinesis in the upper extremity caused by increase in muscle tension of the damaged side and decreased muscle strength3). Thus, general rehabilitation training for hemiplegic stroke patients focuses on functional improvement and strengthening of the muscles in the upper and lower extremities of the damaged side.
For the improvement of upper and lower functions, physical therapy and occuptional therapy provide training for muscle and functional improvement and fine motor. However, for most patients, such rehabilitation training has many constraints of time, place, and expense. Accordingly, in recent studies, clinical methods, such as mental practice for improvement of the upper and lower functions, have been suggested4).
Mental practice is a method of learning motor skills and enhancing performance by means of imagining movements in the head without moving the body5). Recently, mental practice intervention, as a method of learning and enhancing motor skills, have been introduced to such diverse fields as sports psychology, cognitive psychology, and medical science6). The merits of this intervention are that the patient’s concentration and motivation can be enhanced without regard to time or place, and that training is possible without expensive equipment7). A recent study reported that in a comparison of neuroscience actual performance of particular motor tasks and imagining the movements, the brain region activated when the two tasks were performed and the degrees of activation were similar8).
In many of the recent studies of mental practice, improvements in various areas of upper extremity function and daily activity performance of hemiplegic stroke patients have been reported; however, since these studies lacked a control group or had a small number of subjects, it is difficult to generalize their results. Also, the duration of therapy, number of applications, and treatment times of each session varied across the studies, making it difficult to decide how to apply therapy in general clinical situations9).
Hence, this study evaluated the effects of mental practice performed in combination with conventional rehabilitation therapy on hemiplegic stroke patients over a duration of time suitable for general clinical situations: 10 minutes once a day, 5 days a week, for 2 weeks.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
The subjects for this study were 29 patients who were receiving hospital treatment for hemiplegia at I Hospital and K Hospital in Korea. The subjects were chosen from among volunteer patients who understood the objectives and content of this study and showed an intent to actively participate in this study. All the subjects and their guardians agreed to participation in the experiment and they provided written informed consent prior to their participation in the study in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
The general selection criteria of the subjects for this study were as follows: hemiplegia for over 6 months; scores of over 24 points on the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; average scores below 2.26 in the movement imagery mental test; no communication problems; hemineglect; or hearing or vision disorders. Additionally, subjects were only included if, under conditions of pronation, and flexing of the wrist, they could display function of at least 20° extension of the wrist, and at least 10° extension of the metacarpophalangeal joint, while being able to hold and put down an object with the affected side.
The general characteristics of the subjects are noted in Table 1.
Table 1. General characteristics of the subjects.
| Mental practice | CON | |
|---|---|---|
| Gender (Male/Female) | 10/4 | 11/4 |
| Age (years) | 60±10.9 | 58±11.7 |
| Onset (months) | 18±11.7 | 16±11.1 |
| Paretic side (Right/Left) | 10/4 | 11/4 |
Continuous variables are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). CON: control group
The 29 stroke patients participating in the experiment were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received conventional occupational therapy for 20 minutes per session, once a day, 5 times a week, for 2 weeks, and carried out mental practice for 10 minutes at the start of each session. The control group received conventional occupational therapy and physical therapy 30 minutes per session, once a day, 5 times a week, for 2 weeks.
Mental practice was conducted in an occupational therapy room with a quiet atmosphere, while the subjects’ physical and psychological states were stable in order to maintain the subjects’ attention and concentration. All the training programs were 10 minutes in length and were recorded in advance. The programs used in training were: turning a page, putting beans, and stacking plastic cups.
The mental training comprised 3 stages: first, the preparation stage for mental practice; then, the training stage according to the actual task; and lastly, the organizing stage for mental practice training. In the preparation stage, to maintain psychological stability, muscle relaxation training was performed for 2 minutes, and the actual task imagination and training were performed for 6 minutes. The final mental practice training, the organizing stage, was performed for 2 minutes in order to elicit psychological stability by inducing return to reality.
This study had a pre- and post-test with control group design for an intervention of 2 weeks. Using clinical measures, pre- and post-test measurements were obtained one day before and after the training.
Functional movements of the upper extremities were assessed using clinical measures, the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) section. The Fugl-Myer assessment is a performance-based measure and one of the most widely used clinical assessments of upper extremity motor impairment; it is also disease-specific. It measures 3 independent impairments balance, sensation, and voluntary movement of the upper and lower extremities. All items are scored on a 3-point ordinal scale, ranging from 0 to 2. This study used the FMA-UE section, which have a maximum possible score of 6610). The inter-rater reliability of the upper limb section has been reported to range from 0.96 to 0.97, and the test-retest reliability of the upper limb section has been reported to be 0.97 in chronic stroke survivors11). The ARAT is a criterion-referred assessment for evaluating specific changes in upper limb function after cortical damage. It consists of 19 items divided into 4 subscales measuring functional movements, such as grip, pinch, grasp, and gross movement. The performance of each item is rated on a 4-point scale, ranging from 0 to 3, with 57 as the maximum obtainable score. For post-hemiplegic stroke patients, the inter- and intra-rater reliabilities have both been reported to be 0.9912). The subjects’ ADL was measured using the Modified Barthel Index (MBI). The MBI is designed to measure the degree of independence of subjects’ ADL and consists of a total of 15 specific ADL motions.
SPSS ver. 18.0 was used to calculate the means and standard deviations. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the general subject characteristics. Using the independent t test, differences in upper function scores between the 2 groups were investigated. In all analyses, significance was accepted at values of p<0.05.
RESULTS
Table 2 shows the upper extremity function and ADL scores before and after the mental practice. The mental practice showed significant improvements (p<0.05) in ARAT, MBI, and FMA-UE of the affected side compared to the control group.
Table 2. Comparison of upper extremity function and ADL of each group.
| Mental practice | CON | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-test | Post-test | Pre-test | Post-test | |
| ARAT* | 48.7±9.5 | 51.5±9.0 | 49.1±9.9 | 49.0±9.9 |
| FMA-UE* | 42.0±7.5 | 46.5±8.1 | 50.8±10.3 | 50.7±10.1 |
| MBI* | 71.3±12.6 | 72.7±12.4 | 66.2±12.7 | 66.2±12.6 |
All variables are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). CON: control group. *p<0.05. ARAT: Action Research Arm Test, FMA-UE: Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper Extremity, MBI: Modified Barthel Index
DISCUSSION
The objectives of this study were address the issues raised by pilot studies regarding the application of mental practice for stroke patients, to select proper protocols for mental practice intervention that are easily applicable in general clinical situations from among the various mental practice protocols which have elicited improved upper extremity function, and to verify them.
The subjects of this study performed mental practice for 10 minutes, once a day, 5 times a week, for 2 weeks, in combination with general rehabilitation therapy. Our results are in agreement with Page et al., who showed there were improvements in upper extremity function when mental practice training protocols were performed by stroke patients13). They also support the results of Page et al., who noted that the improvements in upper extremity function were enhanced when conventional neurological rehabilitation therapy and mental training were conducted in combination for stroke patients14). In this study, there were significant improvements not only in improved upper extremity function, but also in daily activity performance of the mental training subjects. This agrees with study results of Muller et al., who reported improvement of daily activity performance after mental training15).
In terms of therapy duration, frequency, and time, this study observed significant improvements in upper extremity function of the subjects after performance of 10 minute sessions, once a day, 5 times a week, for 2 weeks. However, Choi et al. conducted mental training for 5 minutes per session, 6 times for 6 days, and reported that there was almost no improvement effect on upper extremity function16). Apart from their study, most other studies which have reported significant improvements in upper extremity function after mental training, mostly conducted for a period of over 2 but less than 6 weeks, at frequencies of therapy of 3 to 5 times a week, with treatment times ranging from 10 minutes to 3 hours per session9). When implementing mental training for improved upper extremity function, we suggest the optimal therapy mode is 10 minutes of therapy time, 5 times a week for 2 weeks, as performed in this study
Limitations of this study include difficulty in generalizing the results of this study to all stroke patients because of the small number of subjects in this study, and the lack of assessment of long-term maintenance effects. Future studies should recruit greater numbers of subjects and perform a follow-up evaluation.
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