Abstract
[Purpose] The aim of this study was to examine the effect of chest expansion resistance exercises (CERE) on chest expansion, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) in elderly people with inspiratory muscle weakness. [Subjects] Thirty elderly people with inspiratory muscle weakness (MIP < 80% of the predicted value) were randomly and equally assigned to a chest expansion resistance exercise (CERE) group, core conditioning exercise (CCE) group, and control group. [Methods] The intervention was applied to the CERE group and CCE group five times per week, 30 minutes each time, for six weeks. A tapeline was used to measure upper and lower chest expansion. MIP and MEP before and after the intervention were measured and compared. [Results] There was significant improvement in upper and lower chest expansion and MIP after the intervention in both the CERE group and the CCE group, whereas the control group did not show any significant difference. MEP did not significantly change in any of the three groups after the intervention. [Conclusion] The CERE group underwent greater changes than the CCE group, which proves that the CERE is more effective for improving elderly people’s chest expansion capacity and MIP in elderly people. Therefore, application of the CERE by therapists is recommended if the environment and conditions are appropriate for enhancement of chest expansion capacity and MIP in elderly people.
Key words: Elderly, Respiration, PNF
INTRODUCTION
Average life expectancy increased dramatically from 50 years old in the early 1900s to 80 years old in 20081). However, in line with increased life expectancy, as humans age, their lung elasticity, diaphragm movement, and chest expansion decrease, and their respiratory muscles weaken. This frequently gives rise to problems with respiratory function2). Physical therapeutic approaches for the thorax include thoracic mobilization, stretching of the respiratory muscles, and strengthening of the respiratory muscles. Such respiratory rehabilitation reduces respiratory problems in patients with respiratory dysfunction3). In addition, elderly people can improve and maintain their cardiopulmonary circulation and also increase their oxygen intake through continuous physical training4). In a society where aging is becoming a longer process due to increased average life expectancy, research on interventions to improve respiratory function in the elderly should be actively conducted. A recent study showed that PNF respiration exercise is effective in increasing the pulmonary function of normal adults5). However, there has been insufficient research in this area up to now. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to examine the effect of chest expansion exercises on chest expansion, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and maximal expiratory pressure (MEP) in elderly people whose respiratory function has declined and to subsequently present an intervention method aimed at improving their respiratory function.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
This study was conducted in a nursing home located in Yongin City, Republic of Korea, from May 10 to July 13, 2014, and the average age of the participants was 66 years old (Table 1). All of the protocols used in this study were approved by the University of Daejeon. Before participation, the procedures, risks, and benefits were explained to all the participants, who gave their informed consent. The participants’ rights were protected according to the guidelines of the University of Daejeon. The subjects were all aged 60 or older, had inspiratory muscle weakness (MIP < 80% of the predicted value), and showed no pulmonary disease in a radiological test and physical chest examination. Thirty subjects were randomly and equally assigned to a chest expansion resistance exercise (CERE) group, core conditioning exercise (CCE) group, and control group.
Table 1. General characteristics of subjects (n=30).
| CERE group (N=10) | CCE group (N=10) | Control group (N=10) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (male/female) | 6/4 | 6/4 | 5/5 |
| Age (yrs) | 66.7±5.1a | 66.8±4.3 | 64.4±2.8 |
| Height (cm) | 163.9±5.0 | 165.1±6.5 | 164.7±4.6 |
| Weight (kg) | 66.5±3.8 | 65.3±5.7 | 64.6±5.0 |
| BMI | 24.7±1.9 | 24.3±2.8 | 24.1±2.5 |
| Tobacco abuse | 40% | 40% | 50% |
aMean±SD. CERE: chest expansion resistance exercise; CCE: core conditioning exercises; BMI: body mass index
The CERE is an exercise based on a proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation breathing exercise. A therapist palpated the anterior and posterior aspects of a side-lying subject with the thoracic apex as the standard as if embracing the aspects on both sides. From the time the patient started inspiration after expiration, the therapist provided resistance toward the coccygeal vertebrae from the palpated areas. Resistance was applied to the maximum extent possible without impeding the patient’s inspiration. Just before the patient exhaled, the therapist gave the oral command, “Please breathe out slowly”, and applied continuous resistance, thereby allowing the patient to perform an active respiration exercise6). One set of exercises was composed of 15 repetitions, and the subjects conducted 10 sets of exercises in total. A rest period of 30 seconds was allowed after the warm-up exercise, the cooldown exercise, and each set of the main exercise. For the CCE, a trunk muscle relaxation design was used in combination with a stretch pole. All of the “seven basic” exercises listed below were conducted in a lying position on a stretch pole. The subjects were instructed to perform all these exercises, with an alarm set for three minutes per exercise using a stopwatch. The subjects were allowed to take a rest of about one minute after each exercise, and the whole session continued for approximately 30 minutes. The “seven basic” exercises were performed as follows: 1) Draw a small circle on the floor using a hand. 2) With both arms stretched upwards in parallel, induce abduction of the scapular and relax the adductor. 3) As if slipping on the floor, conduct shoulder abduction and adduction. 4) With the knees slightly flexed and the hips extended, externally and internally rotate the hips. 5) With the knees slightly flexed and the hips externally rotated, abduct the hips. 6) Slide both sides of the back on the stretch pole. 7) Breathe abdominally, which causes the abdomen to move during inspiration and expiration3). The intervention was applied to each group five times per week, 30 minutes per each time, for six weeks.
A tapeline was used to measure chest excursion, and all measurements were taken with the patients adopting a straight posture while standing. Regarding chest expansion, the axillary level was evaluated for upper thorax assessment, and the xyphoid level was evaluated for lower thorax assessment. For the upper thorax, the third intercostal space at the midclavicular line and the fifth thoracic spinous process were marked with a measuring pen. The tapeline was placed parallel to the ground, and the degree of expansion was measured during inspiration. For the lower thorax level, the tenth thoracic vertebra’s spinous process and xiphoid process were marked with a measuring pen. The tapeline was placed on the ground parallel to the two marked points, and the expansion speed was measured during both inspiration and expiration7). MicroRPM (Micro Medical Ltd., UK) was used to measure MIP and MEP. The measurements were taken while the patients were sitting up straight. During inspiration, the mouth piece was adhered to the mouth as tightly as possible, and loss of pressure was reduced to a minimum using a nose grip. All measurements were taken using a blind examiner, and the average values from three sets of measurements were used for statistical analysis.
The data collected in this study were statistically processed using PASW Statistics Version 18.0. The subjects’ general characteristics were expressed as averages and standard deviations using descriptive statistics. A paired t-test was conducted in order to facilitate the examination of differences before and after the intervention after deriving each group’s averages and standard deviations. In order to verify the differences between the three groups’ average values, one-way analysis of variance was used, in addition to a Scheffe post hoc test. Statistical significance was set at 0.05.
RESULTS
There was significant improvement in upper and lower chest expansion after the intervention in both the CERE group and the CCE group, but there was no significant improvement in upper and lower chest expansion in the control group. According to the post hoc test results, upper chest expansion significantly improved in the CERE group and the CCE group compared with the control group, and lower chest expansion significantly improved in the CERE group relative to the control group. However, there was no significant improvement in the CCE group compared with the control group. According to the results of a comparison between MIP differences before and after the intervention, the CERE group and the CCE group showed significant differences in MIP after the intervention compared with before it, but the control group showed no significant differences. According to the post hoc test results, the CCE group and the CERE group showed significant changes compared with the control group, and there was a more significant increase in the CERE group relative to the CCE group. MEP did not significantly change in any of the three groups after the intervention (Table 2).
Table 2. A comparison of upper chest expansion, lower chest expansion, MIP, and MEP (n=30).
| n | Before | After | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upper chest expansion (cm) | |||
| CERE group | 10 | 2.9±1.1 | 4.3±1.0*† |
| CCE group | 10 | 3.2±1.2 | 4.4±1.0*† |
| Control group | 10 | 3.0±1.0 | 3.3±0.9 |
| Lower chest expansion (cm) | |||
| CERE group | 10 | 2.5±0.7 | 4.2±0.7*† |
| CCE group | 10 | 2.7±0.9 | 3.9±0.7* |
| Control group | 10 | 2.9±0.7 | 3.2±0.7 |
| MIP (cmH20) | |||
| CERE group | 10 | 54.1±3.6 | 72.3±7.6*†‡ |
| CCE group | 10 | 54.2±3.8 | 61.0±8.2*† |
| Control group | 10 | 54.8±3.4 | 53.3±5.1 |
| MEP (cmH20) | |||
| CERE group | 10 | 65.0±5.2 | 65.8±6.5 |
| CCE group | 10 | 66.0±4.9 | 65.6±5.6 |
| Control group | 10 | 65.4±5.5 | 64.0±5.1 |
aMean±SD. *p<0.05. †Significantly improved compared with control group. ‡Significantly improved compared with CCE group. CERE: chest expansion resistance exercise; CCE: core conditioning exercises; MIP: maximal inspiratory pressure; MEP: maximal expiratory pressure
DISCUSSION
Duration of gait exercise on a treadmill decreases by about 10% every 10 years. By the time an individual reaches 60 years of age, his/her physical exercise ability has decreased by 41%, and his/her maximum oxygen intake has decreased by about 5.5% per decade8). As aging progresses, respiratory function decreases, together with a reduction in physical exercise ability. Further research is required on interventions to enhance respiratory function in elderly individuals. Accordingly, this study aimed to examine the effects of the CERE and the CCE when used to enhance the respiratory function of elderly people with declining capacity in terms of chest expansion and MIP.
Muscle tension of the rib cage and mechanical properties caused by movement of the rib cage are important factors in air flow during inspiration and expiration. In addition, the thorax has an elastic structure that expands and contracts during breathing, and interaction between the lung and the chest cavity is a crucial parameter representing the gas exchange ability of the lung9). Further, the expansion and contraction of the lungs are affected by the capacity of the thorax, which is determined by the mobility of the skeletal muscles, the elasticity of surrounding soft tissues, and the intensity of the respiratory muscles10). Research results have shown that tidal volume is more affected by movement of the rib cage than abdominal motion11). Therefore, the degree of chest expansion is considered to be closely related to respiratory function and an important element in representing respiratory function.
This study evaluated upper and lower chest expansion. According to the experimental results, the control group did not experience significant changes in upper chest expansion after the intervention, while the CERE group and the CCE group did, with similar results in the two groups. However, in the lower chest expansion test, the CCE group showed significant improvement, but this improvement was not significant relative to the control group. Conversely, the CERE group showed significant improvement after the intervention compared with the control group. This result is noteworthy because the CERE is an intervention that uses a therapist’s resistance, while the CCE is an intervention based on stretching. The results indicate that the CCE group showed significant improvement compared with the control group in upper chest expansion but did not show significant improvement relative to the control group in lower chest expansion. This is similar to the results of a study that examined the effects of the CCE on chest expansion in healthy elderly people. The fact that the CERE group’s improvement was greater than the CCE group’s improvement is supported by the findings indicating that respiratory muscle strength should be increased to improve respiratory function and that resistance exercise is important12).
MIP and MEP are used when evaluating respiratory muscle function in the clinical field because they show changes in the volume of each muscle and the respiratory system13). In addition, the association between the respiratory system and pressure-volume is based on the fact that achievement of a higher maximum inspiratory pressure is determined by inspiration at the lowest residual volume; therefore, strong respiratory muscles create a higher pulmonary volume14).
MIP significantly improved when the CERE and the CCE were compared before and after the intervention, and both groups showed significant changes compared with the control group. According to the post hoc test results, the CERE group’s changes were statistically significant relative to those of the CCE group. Although the subjects were different, a similar study was conducted in which chest wall expansion exercises were applied to patients with chronic obstructive lung disease, and an outcome of significant improvement in pulmonary functions, dyspnea, and thorax expansion degree was obtained. That study is considered to support the present study results15).
In this study, the CCE’s upper chest expansion and MIP significantly improved compared with those of the control group. The present study results are the same as those of a study in which exercises to stretch the respiratory muscles enhanced chest expansion capabilities and pulmonary function16). However, in all evaluations, the CERE group underwent greater changes than the CCE group, which proves that the CERE is more effective for improving chest expansion capacity and pulmonary function in elderly people. A major limitation of this study is that it utilized a comparatively small sample size.
In conclusion, application of the CERE by a therapist is recommended if the environment and conditions are appropriate for enhancement of chest expansion capacity and respiratory function in elderly people. However, if they are not, the CCE program is also considered to be effective for improving these issues in elderly people.
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