Abstract
[Purpose] Nonspecific neck pain is a common musculoskeletal disease. Therapeutic exercise has been shown to improve pain and disability in short-term and midterm follow-ups. This study performed a literature review of the long-term effects of therapeutic exercise on subjects with nonspecific chronic neck pain. [Subjects and Methods] The databases of the CINAHL, MEDLINE, PEDro and PubMed were used. Randomized controlled trials (RCT) published from January 2000 to January 2014 and explicitly including a one-year follow-up were identified. [Results] Only six articles were included in this review. They had scores of 5 to 8 points on the PEDro scale, and the level of evidence was grade I. The study results show that the main exercises used were cervical strengthening and endurance training exercise. Short-term exercises (10 to 12 weeks) helped to improve the body function, structure, activity and participation immediately after the intervention, but not at the long-term follow-up. On the other hand, long-term interventions (1 year) resulted in improvements in body function and structure at the 3 year follow-up. [Conclusion] The results of the six high-quality studies suggest that long-term exercise have long-term benefits for patients with nonspecific neck pain in terms of body function and structure.
Key words: Nonspecific neck pain, Therapeutic exercise, Long-term effect
INTRODUCTION
Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder, and its economic cost is increasing in modern society. Many people work for a long time on monotonous tasks and consequently suffer from chronic neck pain. The life and work of the worker is usually affected, which leads to a tremendous economic burden due to healthcare costs at a national level, and chronic neck is of a great concern for public health. In North America and Europe, the problem is expected to account for approximately 0.5% to 2% of gross national product1). The prevalence of neck pain has increased steadily over the past 20 years2, 3). More than 50% of adults have experienced neck pain within the past 6 months. Hoy4) indicated in a systematic literature review that the one-year incidence of neck pain was between 10.4% and 21.3%, and the one-year prevalence ranged from 4.8% to 79.5% (mean, 25.8%). Women are more likely to experience persistent neck pain than men. The prevalence in women, 27.2%, is higher than in men, 17.4%.
Nonspecific neck pain is a common type of neck pain that is induced by nonspecific musculoskeletal diseases. Such diseases may occur repeatedly, resulting in a vicious cycle of chronic pain (pain persisting for more than 3 months). Numerous studies have investigated the treatment of chronic nonspecific neck pain with interventions such as manual therapy, movement therapy, and physical therapy. Systematic reviews have indicated that there is abundant evidence verifying the therapeutic benefits of multiple therapies (mobilization combined with supervisory movement intervention)5). Moreover, movement therapy can effectively improve the short- and medium-term pain and disabilities of patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain6). However, the long-term (6 months or longer) effectiveness of movement therapy remains unknown. Thus, the objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to verify the long-term therapeutic effectiveness of clinical movement therapy for patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Studies from January 2000 to January 2014 found on four online databases and search engines, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, Physiotherapy Evidence Database [PEDro], and PubMed, were collected using the following key words: (a) nonspecific neck pain and neck pain; (b) exercise and training; and (c) long-term follow-up.
The selection criterion for the studies was that they were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in English. The patient inclusion criterion was chronic nonspecific neck pain persisting for more than 3 months. Patients with diagnosed neck diseases, such as nerve root compression, spinal cord compression, fracture, and infection, were excluded6). The intervention methods were the exercise training of the neck muscles, excluding whole-body exercise (e.g., qigong and yoga), physical factors, manual therapy, traction therapy, and drug treatment. The long-term follow-up reviewed by this study was defined as taking place at least 1 year after the baseline evaluation.
The quality of the literature was assessed using the PEDro Scale, a scale that is used to assess the evidence strength of therapeutic research. The PEDro Scale consists of 11 items and possesses reliability and validity. The total score ranges from 0 to 10 points. Studies with high, medium, and low quality are accredited 6 points or more, 4–5 points, and 3 points or less, respectively7). On the basis of the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence, studies were classified as Levels 1 to 5 according to the research design structure. The highest evidence level (Level 1) was observed in the systematic literature review of RCTs8).
In the present study, the researcher extracted the patient inclusion criteria, the number of patients, intervention methods and time, therapeutic effectiveness assessments, and outcomes of various studies. The therapeutic effectiveness and outcomes were classified based on the construction of International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health include: (a) body function and structure, including muscular strength, range of motion, pain, and pressure pain threshold; and (b) activity and participation, including the Neck Disability Index, Health-Related Quality of Life, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, and self-reported working ability (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Flowchart of the selection of articles
RESULTS
After a comprehensive search of the databases, six studies were included9,10,11,12,13,14). Tables 1 and 2 detail the PEDro Scale scores and summarize of the studies. The six RCT studies ranked Level 1 on the OCEBM Levels of Evidence (1b, individual RCT). The PEDro Scale Items 5 and 6 regarding blinding strategies for patients and therapists could seldom be scored because of the varied exercise intervention methods. The studies were scored as follows: one study was given 8 points12), four studies were given 7 points9,10,11, 14), and one study was given 5 points13). Five studies were high-quality and one was medium-quality. In the 5-point study, participants were randomly divided into various groups to create a baseline for the demographic data of the participants in each group. Thus, this study did not receive points for Item 2 (random allocation) and Item 7 (blinding setting)13).
Table 1. PEDro and Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence of the included articles.
| Article | PEDro | Levels of Evidence* | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Total | ||
| Ylinen et al. 200714) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 7/10 | Ib |
| Salo et al. 201010) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | 7/10 | Ib |
| Salo et al. 20129) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 7/10 | Ib |
| Taimela et al. 200011) | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 7/10 | Ib |
| Viljanen et al. 200312) | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 8/10 | Ib |
| Waling et al. 200213) | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | 5/10 | Ib |
* Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence
Table 2. Summary of the included articles.
| Study | Subjects | Intervention | Outcome | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ylinen et al. 200714) | 180 women with chronic (> 6 month) nonspecific neck pain Average age: 45.6 Strength group: n=60 Endurance group: n=60 Control group: n=60 | Strength and endurance group rehabbed in center for 12 days, and home exercise for 12 months, 3 times a week. Total training time of 12 months Strength group: 80% maximum isometric neck resistance training with elastic rubber band in sitting, a single series of 15 repetitions; dynamic exercise with 2 kg-dumbbell: shrugs, press, curls, bent-over rows, flies, pullovers for 15 repetitions; squats, sit-ups, and back extension exercises; stretching exercises for neck shoulder and upper limb muscles; total exercise time of 1 hour Endurance group: lifting head up in supine position in 3 series of 20 repetitions; dynamic exercise as above with 3 series of 20 repetitions; squats, sit-ups, and back extension exercises; stretching exercise; total exercise time of 45 minutes Control group: stretching exercise was performed once and subjects were asked to practice at home for 20 minutes regularly 3 times a week | (1) Pain-visual analogue scale (VAS) (2) Disability-Neck disability index (NDI) (3) Strength-handheld isometric strength testing device (4) Passive cervical range of motion (ROM) -multidimensional neck ROM device (5) Pressure pain threshold (PPT)- handheld electronic pressure algometer Follow-up: 12 months (all groups) and 36 months (no control group) | ● At 12-month follow-up, all outcomes of the strength and endurance groups had improved more than the control group ● Pain, disability, PPT of both training groups and strength of the endurance group improved at the 12-month follow-up compared to baseline, and the value were unchanged at 36 months. However, there was no difference between the strength and endurance groups |
| Salo et al. 201010) | Same as Ylinen et al. 200714) | Same as Ylinen et al. 200714) | (1) Quality of life-health-related quality of life (HRQoL): 15D questionnaire Follow-up: 12 months | ● Strength and endurance of the exercise groups were greater than control group at the 12-month follow-up |
| Salo et al. 20129) | From Ylinen et al. 2007, 101 chronic (> 6 month) nonspecific neck pain patients Average age: 40.5 Strength group: n=49 Control group: n=52 | Strength group: same as the strength group above Control group: same as the control group above | (1) Quality of life-health-related quality of life (HRQoL): RAND-36 Follow-up: 12 months | ● No difference between groups at the 12-month follow-up |
| Taimela et al. 200011) | 76 chronic (> 3 month) nonspecific neck pain patients Average age: 43.7 Strength group: n=21 Home exercise group: n=19 Control group: n=22 | Strength group: cervicothoracic stabilization training, muscle relaxation training, behavioral exercise, eye fixation exercise, seated wobble-board training, total: 45 minutes, 2 times a week for 12 weeks Home exercise group: a lecture on neck pain and written information about neck exercise with two practices in small groups Control group: a lecture on neck pain and written information about neck exercise | (1) Pain-VAS (2) Fear avoidance beliefs (3) Cervical mobility-goniometer (4) PPT on upper trapezius and levator scapulas- mechanical force gauge (5) Self-experienced working ability Follow-up: 3 and 12 months | ● At 3rd month, pain of the 2 exercise groups was lower than in the control group, also PPT of the 2 exercise group higher than in the control group. ● No group differences at 12 months ● Self-experienced working ability of the strength group was higher than in the other groups at 3 and 12 months |
| Viljanen et al. 200312) | 393 chronic (> 3 month) nonspecific neck pain patients Average age: 45 Dynamic muscle training group: n= 135 Relaxation training group: n=128 Control group: n=130 | 30 minutes a time, 3 times a week for 12 weeks group training (10 patients) Dynamic muscle training group: training neck and shoulder muscles with dumbbells (weight 1–3 kg) and stretching exercise Relaxation training group: progressive relaxation method, autogenic training, functional relaxation and systematic desensitization Control group: no intervention | (1) Pain- Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) (2) Disability-NDI (3) Cervical range of motion-inclinometer (4) Dynamic muscle strength Follow-up: 3, 6 and 12 months | ● Cervical side bending and rotation of the 2 training groups was larger than in the control group at 3, 6 and 12 months |
| Waling et al. 200213) | 126 chronic trapezius myalgia Average age: 37.9 Strength group: n=34 Endurance group: n=34 Coordination group: n=31 Control group: n=27 | Exercise training for 1 hour a time, 3 times a week for 10 weeks Strength group: neck and shoulder exercise with 10 to 12 maximal voluntary contractions in three sets Endurance group: arm-cycling and arm exercise with rubber band (30 RM= repetition maximum) Coordination group: body awareness training Control group: stress management, once a week, 2 hours a time, for 10 weeks | (1) Neck and shoulder pain-VAS (2) Frequency of pain (3) PPT-Somedic pressure algomter Follow-up: 10 weeks, and 8, 17 and 36 months | ● Pain reduced and PPT increased in all training groups at 10 weeks compared to baseline ● No difference between training groups and control group at 8 months ● At 36 months, no difference between the training groups and dropout subjects |
Subjects
Among the six studies, two used the same source of participants10, 14), but the assessment items of therapeutic effectiveness differed. Thus, these two studies were still included in the literature review. A total of 876 patients were obtained after excluding the same source of participants. All patients were diagnosed as having chronic nonspecific neck pain, and were aged between 37.9 and 45.6 years. Three of the studies focused on female patients10, 13, 14), in whom the pain ranged from mild to moderate.
The therapeutic methods primarily included exercise training for muscle strength and endurance9,10,11,12,13,14). Other intervention methods included relaxation11, 12), coordination13), and home training11). Each study included a control group for comparison. Muscle strength exercises focused on training neck muscle strength using an elastic band in a sitting posture9, 10, 14), and muscle strength of the shoulders, neck, and upper body using dumbbells9,10,11, 13, 14), combined with traction exercise9, 10, 12, 14) and whole-body exercise9, 10, 14). The endurance exercises focused on training for the muscular endurance of the shoulders and neck, such as lifting the head from the bed when in a lying position6, 7, 11), and using an arm-cranking machine and elastic bands. Participants in the control group did not engage in the exercise interventions, traction exercise, or perform basic home exercise.
Exercise intervention was divided into short-term intervention (10–12 weeks)11,12,13) and long-term intervention (1 year)9, 10, 14). Regardless of the intervention duration, the intervention frequency ranged from 2 to 3 times a week. Each exercise session lasted between 45 and 60 minutes.
In all the studies, the outcomes of various exercise training groups did not show significant differences. However, those of the exercise groups and control groups differed substantially, indicating that the exercise groups improved more than the control groups. The effects of the various exercises were similar, but the intervention duration had dissimilar therapeutic effectiveness and is discussed below. After short-term interventions (10–12 weeks, 2–3 times a week, 45–60 minutes per session), the body function and structure of patients in the exercise groups substantially improved compared to the control groups. For example, exercise group patients reported reduced pain, an increased pressure pain threshold11, 13), and increased neck mobility. In addition, regarding the activity and social participation, patients reported improved ability at work12). However, the body structure and function of the exercise and control groups at the 1 year long-term follow up did not differ significantly11,12,13). As for the long-term interventions (1 year, 3 times per week, 60 minutes per session), the body structure and function of the patients in the exercise groups substantially improved compared to their respective control groups. For example, the patients with long-term intervention showed reduced pain, a reduced level of disability, enhanced neck muscular strength, increased passive activity of the neck, and an increased pressure pain threshold14). In terms of the activity and social participation, the patients with long-term intervention showed improved quality of life10); however, the quality of life subscale score pertaining to the neck did not differ from that of the control group9). The long-term follow up of the exercise group revealed that the body structure and function of the exercise groups, such as neck pain, disability, and pressure pain threshold, did not differ at the 3 year and 1 year follow up. Nevertheless, the follow-up results indicated substantial improvements compared with the baseline performance14).
DISCUSSION
This systematic review revealed that when patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain performed muscle strength and endurance training for the neck as a primary exercise intervention, the efficacy of the various exercise methods differed little. However, after short-term exercise intervention (10–12 weeks), the body structure and function, and activity and social participation improved immediately, albeit, only for a short period of time. Long-term exercise intervention (1 year) improved body structure and function, and the improvement persisted for 3 years.
Studies included in this systematic review were all RCTs, each of which recruited enough participants and featured specific inclusion criteria. The drop-out rates of participants also remained within the regulated range specified on the PEDro Scale. However, because the intervention was exercise training, a double-blind design was unlikely to be adopted. Overall, the included studies yielded high levels of evidence and included medium-to-high quality research, with sufficient representative evidence.
Because the inclusion criteria for the participants in all studies were specifically regulated, the homogeneity across the studies was high. It should be noted that patients with upper trapezius pain were also recruited13) since their condition satisfied the criteria of nonspecific neck pain. Bertozzi et al6). also adopted the same criteria in their systematic report. Therefore, patients experiencing upper trapezius pain were included in this review.
The exercise interventions included in this systematic review consisted primarily of neck muscle strength and endurance training. The exercise training in all studies conformed to common training protocols. For example, the muscle strength training was performed with high intensity and low repetition. The muscle strength training of the shoulders and neck consisted of 10 to 12 maximal voluntary contractions per set performed for three sets13). Elastic bands were used to perform 80% maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the neck for 15 repetitions14). The endurance training was performed with low intensity and high repetition. The endurance exercises included lifting the head from a bed in the lying position, training upper body muscles by lifting 2-kg dumbbells 20 times per set for three sets14). Arm-cranking machines were also used to improve endurance12). Other therapies had similar therapeutic effectiveness. Enhanced relaxation training and behavioral therapy programs could be provided for subjects depending on personal traits. However, the duration of the intervention might lead to differences in the effectiveness of long-term therapies. Ylinen’s long-term exercise training was performed for 12 months. After training in a rehabilitation center for 12 days, the subjects independently performed home training for 12 months. Ylinen et al. monitored the exercise progress at the end of the second, sixth, and twelfth months. The participants exercised an average of 1.9 times per week. The reason exercise effectiveness persisted for 3 years could be because patients had cultivated an exercise habit or that they independently engaged in short-term home training in response to neck pain14).
Diverse training exercises, such as yoga and qigong, have been used for treating nonspecific neck pain. Previous studies have reported that experimental groups performing in qigong reported reduced levels of neck pain and disability and higher quality of life compared to their respective control groups. In addition, the therapeutic effectiveness of qigong was similar to that of movement therapy, yielding no significant statistical differences15). However, the present review focused on regular therapies that can be provided by physical therapists in clinical environments and the studies related to qigong were excluded.
Only six studies were included and three of them originated from the same research team6, 7, 11), which extended the large-scale research of Ylinen et al. In addition, the outcomes of two studies by Salo were immediately assessed when the intervention concluded. That is, the two studies had a long-term follow-up of 1 year and the intervention period was 1 year as well. Therefore, follow-up of subsequent effectiveness was lacking, enabling no further information about the follow-up changes in quality of life after the long-term intervention9, 10). Only one long-term follow-up study of three years pertaining to long-term exercise was included. Further studies are required to validate the long-term therapeutic effectiveness of exercise on activity and social participation14).
The studies reviewed in this study were medium- or high-quality RCTs with high evidence reliability. The reviewed results show that short-term neck exercise training yields immediate therapeutic relief for patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain. However, their effectiveness was not sustained for long. When the patients developed long-term exercise habits at home, the body structure and function of the patients improved with concomitant long-term benefits. More high-level evidence is needed to verify the efficacy of long-term exercise interventions on patients’ activity and social participation.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology (101-2221-E-182-020-MY3), and the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Program (CMRPD1D0121).
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