Abstract
Background:
Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of gallbladder stones. Today, Tokyo guidelines criteria are recommended for diagnosis, grading, and management of acute cholecystitis.
Objectives:
We aimed to evaluate the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) at different cut-off values to predict the severity of the disease and its possible role in grading the disease with regard to the guideline.
Patients and Methods:
This is a retrospective study, analyzing 682 cases out of consecutive 892 patients with acute cholecystitis admitted to two different general surgery clinics in Istanbul, Turkey. Records of patients diagnosed with acute cholecystitis were screened retrospectively from the hospital computer database between January 2011 and July 2014. A total of 210 patients with concomitant diseases causing high CRP levels were excluded from the study. The criteria of Tokyo guidelines were used in grading the severity of acute cholecystitis, and patients were divided into 3 groups. CRP values at the time of admission were analyzed and compared among the groups.
Results:
Mean CRP levels of groups were found to be significantly different, 18.96 mg/L in Group I, 133.51 mg/L in Group II, and 237.23 mg/L in Group III (P < 0.001). Having examined CRP values among the groups, they were found to be highly and significantly correlated with the disease grade (P < 0.0001). After evaluating CRP levels according to the grade of the disease, group 2 was distinguished from group 1 with a cut-off CRP level of 70.65 mg/L, and from group 3 with a value of 198.95 mg/L. Those results were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001).
Conclusions:
CRP, a well-known acute phase reactant that increases rapidly in various inflammatory processes, can be accepted as a strong predictor in classifying different grades of the disease, and treatment can be reliably planned according to this classification.
Keywords: Acute Cholecystitis, C Reactive Protein, Cholecystectomy
1. Background
Acute cholecystitis is the most common complication of gallbladder stones, and one of the most frequently seen acute surgical diseases (1). Before Tokyo guidelines, there was not a consensus over diagnosis and evaluation of acute cholecystitis. Management strategy of acute cholecystitis was introduced for effective dissemination of the guidelines in the world (2, 3). Today, Tokyo guidelines criteria are recommended for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis, since it standardizes the treatment approach by staging the severity of the disease (4, 5). According to these guidelines, diagnostic criteria for acute cholecystitis include physical examination findings, laboratory results such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell levels, as well as radiologic evaluation. Following the diagnosis, clinical severity of the disease is defined and assigned to 1 of the 3 grades based on Tokyo guidelines, which observes various clinical findings, including patient’s history (duration of symptoms), physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging methods (4, 5). CRP level is only used as a diagnostic criterion of acute cholecystitis, and it is not part of the determinant criteria of the severity assessment of the disease in the guideline. On the other hand, correlation between CRP levels and severity of acute cholecystitis is a well-known fact, and several studies have reported that CRP level is a reliable predictor of severe conditions of the inflammation in acute cholecystitis (6-13). But a cut-off level of CRP that reveals the grade of the disease has not been proposed so far.
2. Objectives
Considering the relationship between CRP levels and grade of inflammation, we investigated the levels of CRP at different cut-off levels to predict the severity of the disease and its possible role in grading the disease according to Tokyo guideline for our patients.
3. Patients and Methods
The study is based on the retrospective analysis of 682 cases out of consecutive 892 patients with acute cholecystitis admitted to 2 different centers: Sisli Etfal Training and Research Hospital, and Arnavutkoy State Hospital, General Surgery Clinics, in Istanbul, Turkey. Patients admitted to the hospital diagnosed with acute cholecystitis were identified retrospectively by using the International Classification of Disease, 10th revision (ICD-10) codes between January 2011 and July 2014. A total of 210 patients with other diseases causing high CRP levels were excluded from the study as follows: 4 patients with connective tissue diseases, 14 patients with respiratory tract or pulmonary infections, 11 patients with genitourinary tract infections, 4 patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 4 patients with soft tissue infections, 3 patients recently underwent any surgical procedure, 2 patients with history of recent burns or trauma, 20 patients with chronic liver disease, 33 patients with malignancy, 108 patients accompanying pancreatitis or cholangitis, and 7 patients younger than 18 years (Figure 1).
Figure 1. The Flow Chart of Patient’s Inclusion Criteria and Groups.
Demographics, history, physical examination, laboratory, and imaging findings during admission of 682 patients were evaluated, retrospectively. Clinical variables consisting of laboratory and imaging findings were obtained during diagnosis at the time of the admission to hospital, and included in the study. The criteria of Tokyo guidelines were used in grading the severity of acute cholecystitis, and patients were accordingly divided into 3 groups. Group 1 included the patients with grade 1 mild acute cholecystitis, while group 2 included grade 2 moderate acute cholecystitis, and group 3 comprised grade 3 severe cases (Table 1) (3). CRP values at the time of admission were analyzed and compared among the groups. They were studied using Beckman Coulter IMMAGE 800 device with the scale of mg/L. The reference range was considered as 0.00 - 5.00 mg/L. Other laboratory parameters were studied with Beckman Coulter ACT DIFF 18 models analyzer.
Table 1. Severity Grading According to the Tokyo Guidelines for Acute Cholecystitis a.
| Grade | Criteria |
|---|---|
| 1 | Mild |
| Acute cholecystitis not meeting other severity criteria. | |
| Mild gallbladder inflammation, no organ dysfunction. | |
| 2 | Moderate |
| Acute cholecystitis with any of following conditions: | |
| Elevated WBC count (> 18000/mL) | |
| Palpable tender mass at right upper quadrant | |
| Duration of complaints > 72 h | |
| Marked local inflammation, such as biliary peritonitis, pericholecystic abscess, hepatic abscess, gangrenous cholecystitis, emphysematous cholecystitis | |
| 3 | Severe |
| Acute cholecystitis is associated with dysfunction of any one of the following organs/systems: | |
| Cardiovascular dysfunction (hypotension requiring treatment with dopamine > 5 mg/kg/min (body weight) or any dose of norepinephrine) | |
| Neurological dysfunction (decreased level of consciousness) | |
| Respiratory dysfunction (PaO2/FiO2 < 300) | |
| Renal dysfunction (oliguria, creatinine > 2.0 mg/dL) | |
| Hepatic dysfunction (PT-INR > 1.5) | |
| Hematologic dysfunction (platelet count < 100000/mL) |
a Abbreviations: PT-INR: prothrombin time-international normalized ratio; and WBC: white blood cell.
3.1. Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed by using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, Chicago IL, USA, 2012). Variation of CRP levels among study groups was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test. Spearman correlation test was used for variables with non-normal distribution. The significant cut-off levels of CRP of groups were evaluated with ROC curve analysis, to find out any significance related to the severity of the disease. Sensitivity and specificity for CRP levels were included in ROC data analysis, and Youden’s index was calculated for groups 2 and 3. Results were evaluated with 95% confidence interval, and P values under 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
4. Results
Out of total participants, 415 patients were female, and 267 were male, with a mean age ± SD of 51.61 ± 16.65 years and median age of 51 years (18 - 93). Following grading of the patients according to Tokyo guidelines, 439 patients were classified into group I with grade 1 cholecystitis, 220 patients into group II with grade 2 cholecystitis, and 23 patients had grade III disease that put them into group 3.
Time of the onset of symptoms of a patient was evaluated in grading, according to the guideline. In 682 patients, the minimum time duration interval onset of symptoms and hospital admission was 20 hours, while the maximum interval was 190 hours.
The mean, median, and interquartile range of age in group I was found to be 48.97 ± 15.47, 48, and 71 y (18 - 89), respectively. In the same group the mean, median, and interquartile range CRP value of 18.96 ± 22.20, 10.2, and 19 mg/L (0.10 - 128.2), respectively. The mean duration between the onset of symptoms and hospital admission was 50.2 hours (20 - 65).
The mean, median, and interquartile age range of patients in group II were 55.06 ± 17.51, 56 and 75 y (18 - 93), respectively. In the same group the mean, median, and interquartile range of CRP values were 133.51 ± 76.55, 135.2 and 120.9 mg/L (9.20 - 280.70). Those patients were considered as grade 2, because pure leukocytosis (> 18.000/mm3) was found in 71, perforation of the gallbladder in 12, gangrenous gallbladder in 15, with symptoms lasting longer than 72 hours in 125 cases, including 15 cases with gangrenous cholecystitis and 12 with perforation of the gallbladder, as well as finding a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant in 24 patients. The mean duration between the onset of symptoms and admission was found to be 108.7 hours (36 - 190), of them 56.8% (125 patients) had a longer time than 72 hours.
Twenty-three patients were entered later into group III from group II, because of having at least one organ insufficiency found during medical treatment or follow-up. Eleven of those patients developed oliguria and or increase in creatinine levels > 2 mg/dL during follow-up. Mean age of those patients with renal insufficiency was 56.7 y (39 - 67), and none of them had a previous renal disease or used any nephrotoxic agent. Following intravenous fluid therapy, renal functions came back to normal in all of them.
An 89-year-old patient that had referred to the hospital with symptoms lasting longer than 96 hours had an onset of hallucinations and mental confusion. No intracranial pathology was observed and serum electrolyte levels were in normal ranges. After neurological and psychiatric evaluations, it was differentiated as a delirium state, triggered by acute cholecystitis.
In 3 patients, with a mean age of 58.3 y (45 - 72), platelet levels were decreased to 84000/mm3, 92000/mm3, and 95000/mm3 and they stayed at those levels during follow-up. None of them had a history of a hematologic disorder. We did not observe any bleeding due to thrombocytopenia in those patients, and the levels came back spontaneously to normal ranges following treatment of acute cholecystitis.
In 8 patients, without any history of using anticoagulant agents, international normalized ratio (INR) levels were found to be increased to a mean level of 1.68 (1.50 - 1.98). In 6 of them, aspartate transaninase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels with 3 - 10 times of normal values were also observed with high INR levels. The mean age of those 6 patients that were considered to have hepatic dysfunction was 62.4 y (40 - 87) and hepatic failure did not develop in any of them.
In group III, CRP levels before emergent surgical procedures towards gallbladder were evaluated. Mean, median, and interquartile range of CRP level in group III was found to be 237.23 ± 62.56, 250.7, and 218.5 mg/L (117.1 - 335.6), respectively. Their mean, median and interquartile range age were 68.78 ± 14.28, 72 and 50 y (39 - 89), respectively. CRP levels in 121 patients were within normal limits, and all of these patients were in group I with grade 1 acute cholecystitis. Both group II and group III did not include any patient with normal CRP levels. Clinical characteristics of patients were summarized in Table 2.
Table 2. Clinical Characteristics of the Groups by Tokyo Guidelines Diagnostic Criteria and Severity Grade a.
| Groups | Group I (Grade 1 Acute Cholecystitis) (n = 439) | Group II (Grade 2 Acute Cholecystitis) (n = 220) | Group III (Grade 3 acute Cholecystitis) (n = 23) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic data of the groups | |||
| Mean Age | 48.97 | 55.06 | 68.78 |
| Median Age | 48 | 56 | 72 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 169 | 87 | 9 |
| Female | 270 | 133 | 14 |
| Mean duration of symptoms, h | 50.2 | 108.7 | - |
| Characteristics of groups by diagnostic criteria | |||
| Murphy’s sign | 138 | 70 | 8 |
| RUQ mass/pain/tenderness | 301 | 150 | 15 |
| Fever | 28 | 35 | 19 |
| Elevated CRP | 318 | 220 | 23 |
| Elevated WBC count | 72 | 142 | 21 |
| Imaging findings | 439 | 220 | 23 |
| Characteristics of groups by severity grade | |||
| Palpable tender mass in the right upper abdominal quadrant | - | 24 | - |
| Elevated WBC count, > 18000/mm3 | - | 98 | 17 |
| Duration of complaints > 72 hours | - | 125 | 9 |
| Marked local inflammation | - | 27 | - |
| Cardiovascular dysfunction | - | - | - |
| Neurological dysfunction | - | - | 1 |
| Respiratory dysfunction | - | - | - |
| Renal dysfunction | - | - | 11 |
| Hepatic dysfunction | - | - | 8 |
| Hematological dysfunction | - | - | 3 |
aAbbreviations: RUQ, Right upper quadrant; WBC, White blood cell.
When CRP values were examined among the groups, mean and median CRP levels in each group were found to be significantly different (P < 0.0001).
In addition, they were found to be highly correlated with the disease grade, and these correlations are statistically significant and moderately positive (P < 0.001, r = 0.743) (Table 3). After evaluating CRP levels according to the disease grade, for group II the AUC (area under the curve) was 93.8%, which was very high. LR+ (likelihood ratio) value is 268. As the area under the curve for group II is high, LR+ value is strong, the sensitivity of CRP test is 75.5%, (moderate) and the specificity is 96.6%, (strong) for determining the grade 2 acute cholecystitis. For group III, the AUC is 84.6%, which is also very high. LR+ value is 87. As the area under the curve for group III is high, LR+ value is strong, with the sensitivity of 73.9% and the specificity of 75.5%, (moderate) for determining the grade 3 acute cholecystitis (Figure 2). Those results were found to be statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Youden’s index was found to be 0.72 for group II and 0.49 for group III (Table 4). As a result, although cut-off values of CRP levels for both groups (groups II and III) have a diagnostic power; they are more meaningful for group II than group III to determine the grade of acute cholecystitis using CRP levels.
Table 3. Correlations between the groups (grade) and CRP measurements a.
| CRP at admission, mg/L | ||
|---|---|---|
| Group | r | P Value |
| 0.743 | 0.001 | |
a Abbreviation: r, correlation coefficient.
Figure 2. The Curves Depict the Cut-Off Values of CRP Between Group I and Group II (A), and Between Group II and Group III (B).
AUC, area under the curve; CI, confidence interval.
Table 4. Comparison of Cut-Off values of CRP Indicating the Separation of the Groups a.
| Group II | Group III | |
|---|---|---|
| CRP cut-off value, mg/L | 70.65 | 198.95 |
| Sensitivity, % | 75.5 | 73.9 |
| Specificity, % | 96.5 | 75.5 |
| PPV | 91.7 | 75.8 |
| NPV | 88.9 | 96.5 |
| Youden’s index | 0.72 | 0.49 |
a Abbreviations: PPV, positive predictive value; NPV, negative predictive value.
According to the predictive values in our series, level of CRP seems to differentiate cases from each other in terms of the severity of the disease as defined in Tokyo guidelines. Following hospital admission, patients with CRP level > 70.65 mg/L may be considered as grade 2 acute cholecystitis, while patients with CRP level > 198.95 mg/L may be considered as grade 3 cholecystitis, and medical treatment can be planned accordingly.
5. Discussion
Cholecystitis is a syndrome that entails a continuation of clinicopathologic states (14); one end of this continuum is acute cholecystitis (15). Developed in 2007 and revised in 2013, Tokyo guidelines standardized the diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis for the first time (4, 5). In this guideline, the disease is diagnosed and its severity is graded based on clinical, laboratory and imaging results (Table 1). It proposes a management strategy for the disease following the assessment of its severity. Tokyo guidelines recommend early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for grade 1 acute cholecystitis and elective cholecystectomy for grade 2 patients as the first-line of treatment. If a patient with grade 2 acute cholecystitis does not respond to initial medical treatment, urgent, or early gallbladder drainage is required. For patients with grade 3 acute cholecystitis, urgent or early gallbladder drainage is essential in addition to organ support and medical treatment (5, 16).
According to Tokyo guidelines, CRP, a well-known acute phase reactant that increases rapidly in inflammatory processes, is included in the laboratory findings for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. In various studies, CRP has been found to be a strong predictive factor in determining the severity of gallbladder inflammation (17-19). In patients of acute cholecystitis with high levels of CRP, conversion from laparoscopic to open procedure was found to be at higher rates (12, 20-24). However, unlike while blood cell count that has taken place in grading the disease according to the guideline, the predictive value of CRP has not been determined and accepted among prognostic factors yet.
Proceeding from this point, in our study, we aimed to observe whether this well-known inflammatory marker has a predictive cut-off level for the severity of the disease, i.e., be one of the decision keys before the onset of the treatment. According to our results, different grades of the disease can be distinguished from each other, based on different CRP levels.
In previous studies, regarding the grading of the disease according to Tokyo guidelines, no cut-off values of CRP have been proposed so far. However, in a study by Nikfarjam et al., CRP value > 94 mg/L was found to be a significant risk factor for gangrenous cholecystitis (19). Similarly, Asai et al. reported a significant correlation between high risk of bactobilia and advanced age, high levels of CRP, and the evidence of significant gallbladder infection. In their study, the cut-off CRP value was found to be 134 mg/L for bactobilia (22).
In general, levels of CRP of up to 10 mg/L are considered clinically insignificant for acute inflammatory reactions. On the other hand, CRP levels of 100 mg/L or more are strongly associated with local tissue necrosis (22-26). In a study that observed CRP levels in the diagnosis of sepsis, the threshold value was considered to be > 100 mg/L, but no cut-off value was defined (27).
In our study, patients with grade 2 acute cholecystitis were found to be statistically different than grade 1 at CRP level of 70.65 mg/L or above, while patients with CRP levels of 198.95 mg/L or above were found to be correlated with grade 3 diseases.
According to Tokyo guidelines, grade 1 patients are cases with uncomplicated acute cholecystitis. These patients constitute the group without bacteremia or sepsis. Therefore, very high CRP levels are not usually encountered in patients with grade 1 acute cholecystitis. It is even possible to see patients with normal CRP levels, such as some of the patients in group 1 (n = 121) of our study. We found mean CRP levels of 18.96 mg/L in grade 1 disease, and cut-off value for grade 2 was determined to be 70.65 mg/L, with a specificity of 96.6%. This level is under the threshold that points tissue necrosis and gangrene in the literature and seems to be compatible with cases of grade 1 acute cholecystitis.
Unlike the cases with grade 1, gallbladder inflammation in grade 2 patients gets complicated, and may be accompanied by bacteremia, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis, but not organ dysfunction. Thus, CRP is expected to be at higher levels in this group. In our study, we found CRP levels as high as 133.51 mg/L in group II, significantly higher than group I. However, assuming CRP cut-off value of 70.65 mg/L distinguishes grade 2 from grade 1; this value may be considered to be under CRP values, indicating tissue necrosis and gangrene as reported in the literature. Nevertheless in our study, CRP cut-off value of 198.95 mg/L differentiated grade 3 disease from grade 2 disease. Accordingly, patients with CRP levels up to 198.95 mg/L can be assumed as grade 2 disease.
Based on Tokyo guideline, patients with grade 3 cholecystitis have accompanying organ dysfunction, but it was not emphasized in the first guideline whether it was evident at the time of admission or diagnosed during follow-up (4, 5). Cheng et al. pointed out that patients who have comorbidity, but are not complicated with organ dysfunction on admission, will be graded as 1 or 2 (28). Later, Yokoe et al. determined organ dysfunction as the proceeding of acute cholecystitis from mild/moderate forms into severe (29). In our study, 23 patients receiving medical treatment developed organ dysfunction during the course of the disease, so they were included into grade 3 disease. Those patients had been classified as cases with grade 2 disease at the time of the admission, but following failure of medical therapy, they were ended up with sepsis and/or organ dysfunction. Later they were treated with gallbladder drainage or cholecystectomy, resulting in dramatic recovery. The rate of mortality was 0% in all groups.
In our study, mean CRP level of grade 3 patients before any surgical procedure was found to be as high as 237.23 mg/L, which seems to be consistent with the main idea of the study. Although the severity of local inflammation is proportional to the increase in CRP levels, some studies report no significant difference between non-infectious SIRS, sepsis, and organ dysfunction in terms of CRP levels (30-34). We found the cut-off values of CRP as 198.95 mg/L with a sensitivity of 75.5%, in patients with grade 3 disease.
One of the weaknesses of our study is its retrospective nature. However, up to the present, we did not found any similar study analyzing levels of CRP at different cut-off values to predict the grade of the acute cholecystitis. Besides, our study has a larger number of cases compared to many previous studies on acute cholecystitis. On the other hand, number of patients with grade 3 acute cholecystitis in this study could be considered as quite low. However, according to the studies that have evaluated Tokyo guideline, grade 3 acute cholecystitis has been reported to evolve out of 1.2% - 6% of all cases (5, 22, 27, 29). In our study, this rate was found to be 3.3%, similar to these results.
When the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is determined based on the criteria of Tokyo guidelines, severity of the disease should be assessed initially, to set up the management strategy. According to our results, CRP level can be a predictor in classifying different grades of the disease. However, further studies are needed to describe the exact role of CRP level in grading acute cholecystitis.
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