Abstract
Background:
Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis (CNBP) is a condition that frequently causes long-term pain and a significant decrease in the quality of life.
Objectives:
The present study aimed to examine the analgesic effects of oligonol, acupuncture, quantum light therapy and their combinations on estrogen-induced CNBP in rats.
Materials and Methods:
This experimental study was conducted in Edirne, Turkey, using a simple randomized allocation. A total of 90 adult male Wistar rats were randomized into 9 groups of 10 rats each: Group I, control; Group II, CNBP, Group III, oligonol only, Group IV, acupuncture only; Group V, quantum only; Group VI, oligonol + quantum; Group VII, acupuncture + oligonol; Group VIII, quantum + acupuncture; Group IX, acupuncture + quantum + oligonol. Oligonol treatment was given at a dose of 60 mg/day for 6 weeks. Conceptual vessels (CV) 3 and 4, and bilaterally urinary bladder (Bl) 32 and 34 points were targeted with 1-hour acupuncture stimulation. The quantum light therapy was applied in 5-minute sessions for 6 weeks (3-times/a week). For pain measurements, mechanical pressure was applied to a point 2 cm distal to the root of the tail to elicit pain and consequent parameters (peak force, latency time of response and total length of measurement) were assessed.
Results:
Analgesic effects were observed with all treatment regimens; however, the most prominent median analgesic effect was shown in the quantum light therapy in combination with acupuncture for estrogen-induced CNBP (PF1 = 663.9, PF2 = 403.4) (P = 0.012). Furthermore, we observed that monotherapy with quantum light showed a better analgesic efficacy as compared to oligonol and acupuncture monotherapies (PF1 = 1044.6, PF2 = 661.2) (P = 0.018, P = 0.008, P = 0.018; respectively).
Conclusions:
All treatment modalities showed a significant analgesic effect on CNBP in rats, being most prominent with the quantum light therapy.
Keywords: Prostatitis, Pain, Rats, Oligonol, Acupuncture, Therapy
1. Background
Prostatitis symptoms are the most prevalent urologic problem in men younger than 50 years of age and account for 8% of all admissions to urologists (1, 2). Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis (CNBP), also known as Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CPPS), is the most common form of prostatitis, affecting over 90% of cases (3, 4). Although exact etiology is still unknown, various theories have been proposed regarding potential causative factors, such as urethral stricture, voiding dysfunction, bladder sphincter dyssynergia and bladder neck obstruction (5, 6). Consequently, in the clinical setting, treatment is very challenging and time-consuming.
Polyphenols are abundant antioxidants in our diet, being distributed most widely in plants (7). Laboratory and epidemiological studies showed preventative effects of polyphenol against cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders (8-11). A study by Shoskes and colleagues showed in their placebo-controlled randomized trial that patient who were treated with quercetin, which is a common flavonoid polyphenol, had a very significant mean improvement in National Institutes of Health (NIH) chronic prostatitis symptom index scores (12). Oligonol is a low-molecular-weight polyphenol formulated from lychee and green tea extracts, containing catechin-type monomers and lower oligomers of proanthocyanidin (13). This product was shown to have well-established safety profile for human consumption (13).
Acupuncture is an alternative method widely used in patients with pain refractory to conventional treatment procedures. Proposed mechanisms for its beneficial effects include increase in Endogenous Opioid Peptides (EOPs) such as enkephalins, endorphins or endomorphins and Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC) (14). In addition to short-term impact, the use of acupuncture has been shown to provide beneficial effects for chronic pain (15). Furthermore, Capodice et al. demonstrated a potential therapeutic role of acupuncture in the treatment of CPPS (16).
A quantum light therapy is a complex therapeutic method in which 4 different electromagnetic beams are used, as follows: First component, super-pulsed coherent laser beams have a potential to not only stimulate circulation of blood and intracellular metabolism but also activate and regulate immunologic and endocrine systems by penetrating deeper tissues as much as 12-13 cm (17-22). On the contrary, the second component, pulsed noncoherent infrared beams do not penetrate deeper structures as does super-pulsed coherent laser but possess a forceful regulatory impact on both autonomic and central nervous systems (17). The third component is pulsed red light, which has a lower penetration depth than infrared light. It was shown to alleviate the inflammation, especially in articular structures (17, 23). Lastly, the idea lying behind the use of constant magnetic field is that this field may work as a barrier against environmental hazardous factors, thus decreasing the required radiation (17, 24).
2. Objectives
This study aimed to investigate whether the oligonol treatment, acupuncture application, quantum therapy and combination therapies have analgesic effects on CNBP in rats.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Animals and Experimental Design
This experimental study was conducted on 90 rats using a simple randomized design. The study was done in Edirne, Turkey, between the dates of 1 September 2012 to 1 December 2013. Due to understanding of the minimum number of animal use by both international and local ethical committees, we decided to conduct our study with 90 rats (10 rats in each group), which is required for nonparametric tests. Post-hoc power analysis later showed that our study had a sufficient sample size for the preliminary results.
Ninety adult male Wistar rats older than 3 months of age were housed in cages with free access to a standard diet and water. All cages were maintained on a 12/12 light cycle with room temperature maintained at 23°C ± 1°C and humidity of 55% ± 10%. Experiments were carried out with the approval of Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (16.08.2012; no: 2012.06.03). The rats were later divided into 9 groups of 10 rats each using the random allocation, as follows:
Group 1 = Control; (n = 10).
Group 2 = Chronic prostatitis only (n = 10).
Group 3 = Oligonol treatment (n = 10).
Group 4 = Acupuncture application (n = 10).
Group 5 = Quantum therapy (n = 10).
Group 6 = Oligonol plus Quantum (n = 10).
Group 7 = Oligonol plus Acupuncture (n = 10).
Group 8 = Acupuncture plus Quantum (n = 10).
Group 9 = Oligonol plus Acupuncture plus Quantum (n = 10).
During the study, 13 rats (one rat in the third, seventh, and ninth group; two rats in the sixth, and eighth group and 3 rats in fourth and fifth group; respectively) died and were excluded from the study. All animals except those in the control group received regular subcutaneous E2 (17 beta-estradiol) injections (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) for 4 weeks to induce prostatitis. Afterwards, on the 15th day of this treatment, additional dihydrotestosterone (DHT) injections (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) were given subcutaneously for two weeks. Dihydrotestosterone and E2 were both administered at a dose of 250 µg/kg per day. Oligonol (Quality Of Life Labs, NY, USA) at a dose of 60 mg/kg/day was applied for 6 weeks through oral feeding tube via dilution with water. All acupunctural procedures were performed under anesthesia with an intramuscular injection of ketamine and xylazine (50 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively). Steel acupuncture needles (Hua Long Company, China) with dimensions of 0.20 × 13 mm were applied in 1-hour daily sessions for 6 weeks (3-times/a week) at conceptual vessel points 3 and 4, and bilaterally urinary bladder (Bl) 32 and 34 points by a professional acupuncturist.
The RIKTA (Type 04/4) magnetic infrared laser therapy Device (Milta PKP-GIT, Moscow, Russia) was used in quantum therapy groups after routine anesthetic protocols. First, 5-minute daily sessions for 3 days/week in 6 weeks were carried out. Active application areas of 4 cm2 to suprapubic, urinary bladder, anterior penile, and bilateral femoral artery regions were targeted with a laser pulse strength of 12 watts. Additionally, a Douche emitter with the laser pulse strength of 30 watts was also targeted to active circular application area of 20 cm2 to midperineum region between testicles and anus. Table 1 shows components and properties of the quantum light therapy.
Table 1. Components of the Quantum Light Therapy.
| Variable | Value |
|---|---|
| Wavelength of Pulsating Broadband Infrared Radiation | 860 - 960 nm |
| Wavelength of pulsating broadband red radiation | 40 - 740 nm |
| Wavelength of impulsive infrared laser radiation | 890 - 910 nm |
| Frequency setting | 50 Hz |
| Frequency of red light radiation | 2 Hz |
| Magnetic Induction | 35 ± 10 mTl |
| Time of radiation | 5 min |
| Power supply | Alternating current |
| Frequency | 50/60 Hz |
| Power consumed from an electric network | 20 W |
| Power | 12 W emitter and 30 W emitter (perineum) |
| Beam area at the skin | 4 cm2 |
| Anatomical location | Suprapubic, urinary bladder, anterior penile, and femoral artery (bilateral) regions, mid-perineum region between testicles and anus (including prostate area) |
3.2. Assessment of the Pain
A substantial amount of existing data has led researchers to view CPP as a condition that involves variable degrees of neuropathic pain (25). Therefore, mechanical pressure was applied to a point 2 cm distal to the root of the tail to elicit pain and assess pain response. For this purpose, a Pressure Application Measurement (PAM) device (Ugo Basile, Gemonio, Italy) with a paw transducer applicator was used to produce a pressure effect on the tail and to assess the tail reaction (i.e. pain threshold). The following pain measurement parameters were recorded on day 1 and 42 in awake rats: 1) peak force in grams, 2) latency time of animal response (T1) in seconds, and 3) total length of the measurement (T2) in seconds. For each parameter, 3 measurements were done and the arithmetic mean for each parameter was determined.
3.3. Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. Normality of distribution was tested using the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirno test. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Bonferroni-corrected Mann-Whitney tests. Intragroup comparisons were evaluated by the Wilcoxon test. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
4. Results
Statistically significant pre-treatment difference existed between the groups as follows: between control versus quantum (P = 0.045) and quantum plus acupuncture group (P = 0.001), between chronic prostatitis versus oligonol plus quantum groups (P = 0.002) and acupuncture plus oligonol (P = 0.004) and quantum plus acupuncture (P = 0.001) and quantum plus oligonol plus acupuncture group (P = 0.002), between quantum versus oligonol plus quantum (P = 0.011) and acupuncture plus oligonol (P = 0.004) and quantum plus oligonol plus acupuncture (P = 0.01), between oligonol plus quantum and quantum plus acupuncture (P = 0.001), between oligonol and quantum plus acupuncture (P = 0.012), between quantum plus oligonol plus acupuncture and quantum plus acupuncture groups (P = 0.001), between acupuncture plus oligonol and quantum plus acupuncture (P = 0.001) and lastly between acupuncture and quantum plus acupuncture groups (P = 0.004) (Figure 1). Furthermore, regarding post-treatment peak force measurements, rats treated with oligonol only had higher peak forces compared with those in the control group (P = 0.022), acupuncture only (P = 0.002), quantum only (P = 0.002) and quantum plus acupuncture groups (P = 0.001), oligonol plus quantum (P = 0.012), acupuncture plus oligonol (P = 0.019) (Table 2). Additionally, rats in the chronic prostatitis group had higher post-treatment values compared with rats in the quantum plus acupuncture group (P = 0.041).
Figure 1. Peak Force 1 (Before Treatment) and 2 (After Treatment) Values.
Data Expressed as Mean ± SD.
Table 2. Peak Force, Latency Time and Total Length of Measurement Values of the Groups a,b.
| Group | Number of Rats at the End of the Study | Peak Force 1, G Median (BCa 95 % IQR) | Peak Force 2, G Median (BCa 95 % CI) | T-1 B, S Median (BCa 95 % CI) | T-1 A, S Median (BCa 95 % CI) | T-2 B, S Median (BCa 95 % CI) | T-2 A, S Median (BCa 95 % CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 10 | 992.7 (113.1 - 764.1) | 456.2 (59.27 - 419.87) | 4.12 (4.27 - 6.82) | 5.23 (2.92 - 6.15) | 5.38 (5.05 - 6.88) | 6.23 (2.2 - 8.6) |
| Chronic Prostatis | 10 | 831.3 (82.5 - 302.5) | 519.15 (174.7 - 417.54) | 8.82 (0.70 - 7.94) | 3.1 (2.2 - 5.5) | 9.10 (0.73 - 8) | 6.5 (1.2 - 4.3) |
| Oligonol | 9 | 1054.7 (95.4 - 378.7) | 371.9 (80.31 - 453.05) | 8.25 (3.75 - 7.07) | 5.8 (5.8 - 8.1) | 8.78 (3.23 - 8.02) | 6.8 (3.6 - 7.6) |
| Acupuncture | 7 | 1096.4 (45.7 - 451.7) | 381.7 (198.12 - 365.5) | 8.0 (4.80 - 7.66) | 4 (4.1 - 10.3) | 10.15 (3.58 - 6.44) | 8.3 (6.5 - 11.3) |
| Quantum | 7 | 1044.6 (91.0 - 186.1) | 661.2 (312.9 - 550.6) | 8.0 (3.02 - 6.35) | 3 (3.14 - 8.94) | 8.5 (2.85 - 6.5) | 7.1 (4.9 - 8.5) |
| Oligonol + Quantum | 8 | 911.5 (212.0 - 653.6) | 659.6 (98.5 - 360) | 11.50 (2.96 - 6.86) | 3.8 (1.7 - 8.4) | 12.54 (2.4 - 6.32) | 7.6 (4 - 7.6) |
| Acupuncture + Oligonol | 9 | 1041.7 (190.4 - 823.8) | 371.4 (18.07 - 165.6) | 5.20 (1.23 - 7.19) | 5.7 (0.9 - 4.6) | 9.05 (0.75 - 7.42) | 6.05 (0.9 - 4.7) |
| Quantum + Acupuncture | 8 | 663.9 (248.3 - 536.5) | 403.4 (36.5 - 64.7) | 3.75 (0.92 - 10.51) | 8.5 (0.5 - 5.74) | 4.05 (1.45 - 10.20) | 9.2 (1.7 - 5.3) |
| Quantum + Oligonol + Acupuncture | 9 | 533.9 (166.0 - 310.2) | 388 (0.9 - 292.1) | 6.40 (2.23 - 7.30) | 5.42 (1.5 - 8.8) | 6.7 (1.8 - 6.01) | 6.3 (2.2 - 8.4) |
a Peak Force 1 and 2, before treatment and after treatment (G, gram); T-1 B and A, the latency time of the rat response before treatment and after treatment (S, second); T-2 B and A, the total length of the measurement before treatment and after treatment (S, second)
b Values are presented as Median (range).
A significant decrease in peak force measured at the tail was noted in all 9 groups when compared to the baseline (P = 0.005, P = 0.005, P = 0.008, P = 0.018, P = 0.018, P = 0.012, P = 0.008, P = 0.012 and P = 0.008; respectively) (Figure 1).
There were significant pre-treatment differences also in T1 (latency time of the rat response) values between control versus chronic prostatitis (P = 0.014) and oligonol plus quantum (P = 0.026) and acupuncture plus oligonol (P = 0.018) and oligonol (P = 0.003), between chronic prostatitis and quantum (P = 0.011), between quantum versus quantum plus oligonol (P = 0.028) and acupuncture plus oligonol (P = 0.007), between oligonol versus acupuncture (P = 0.013) and quantum (P = 0.005) and quantum plus acupuncture (P = 0.007), and quantum plus acupuncture plus oligonol groups (P = 0.024). Post-treatment T1 values were comparable among the groups.
It was demonstrated that there was a significant decrease in T1 from baseline in chronic prostatitis and oligonol groups (P = 0.005, P = 0.008; respectively). Moreover, similar to T1 results, a significant pre-treatment difference was shown in T2 values between control versus oligonol (P = 0.004) and oligonol plus acupuncture (P = 0.022), between oligonol plus acupuncture versus quantum (P = 0.039) and quantum plus acupuncture (P = 0.027), between oligonol versus quantum (P = 0.007) and acupuncture (P = 0.023) and quantum plus acupuncture groups (P = 0.005) and oligonol plus quantum plus acupuncture (P = 0.019). Post-treatment T2 values did not differ significantly between the groups. Within group comparisons of T2 levels showed a significant decrease in chronic prostatitis (P = 0.05) and oligonol only group (P = 0.008) (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Latency Time (A) and Total Lengths (B) of the Rat Response Through Tail Stimulation.
Data expressed as mean ± SD.
5. Discussion
The underlying etiology of CNBP remains elusive. However, certain factors, such as anatomic problems and hormonal imbalance have been shown to play a role in its development (26). Accordingly, it was previously shown that E2 and DHT treatment could produce CNBP. Wistar rats are especially very prone to prostatitis, administration of E2 leads to inflammation of prostate gland and additional testosterone helps to prevent tissue atrophy (27). We thus treated Wistar rats with E2 and DHT combination as described above to induce the development of CNBP.
Pain associated with CNBP has been reported to involve variable degrees of a neuropathic characters (25). In this study, paw probe and a PAM device were used to induce tail pain in rats with CNBP to allow a quantitative assessment of pain. Assessments at the second time point showed a significant decrease in peak force in all groups with regard to neuropathic pain. The decrease in the second measurement in the control group was probably due to ageing, which is associated with spontaneous development of CNBP in Wistar rats (28). Significant differences between groups at pre-treatment and post-treatment assessments could arise from a low number of samples or inequality in the number of samples resulting from the death of a certain number of animals due to anesthesia or some other undefined causes. However, the assessment of the within group changes in peak force values between pre-treatment and post-treatment time points showed that the quantum plus oligonol plus acupuncture and oligonol plus quantum groups had the greatest analgesic effect. In addition, it can be argued that the quantum therapy showed a more significant analgesic effect compared to acupuncture and oligonol. The change in T1 and T2 between pre- and post-treatment assessments showed a decrease for oligonol and an increase for quantum, supporting our view.
Quantum light therapy, a unique form of magneto-laser therapy, is a combined treatment modality that involves different laser beams and magnetic field. Magneto-laser therapies have been investigated by various studies and shown to exert beneficial effects on wide range of different disorders such as vasomotor rhinitis, cardiac arrhythmias, osteoarthritis, and nonbacterial prostatitis (29-31). To date, 3 studies investigated the efficacy of magnetolaser therapy of patients with CNBP, all of which demonstrated beneficial effects (32-34). One of these studies, in which standard therapy versus standard therapy plus magnetolaser therapy were compared reported a significant improvement in quality of life, urinary tract symptoms and pain in magnetolaser combined group, which is analogous with our experimental findings (33).
Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in our diet and known to have protective effects against cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (7-11). For CNBP, one of the polyphenols named quercetin, has been found to be effective in improvement of NIH chronic prostatitis symptoms index scores (12). Moreover, specifically, oligonol, which is a low-molecular-weight oligomerized polyphenol has been shown to possess strong anti-inflammatory activity (35). However, in our study, oligonol did not appear to be as effective as the quantum therapy in relieving pain associated with prostatitis.
There is convincing evidence that acupuncture therapy is effective as an analgesic for both acute and chronic pain (15). In addition to analgesia, acupuncture has anti-inflammatory properties (36, 37). Several clinical studies have investigated the efficacy of acupuncture for the treatment on the symptoms of CNBP. Within these studies acupuncture treatment was shown to improve chronic pelvic pain syndrome symptoms (38, 39). In the present study, we targeted the most frequently preferred acupuncture points (CV 3 and 4; bilaterally B1 32 and 34). The more evident effect in lowering the peak force was found with acupuncture as compared with oligonol and quantum therapies-thus suggesting that acupuncture may have a lower analgesic efficacy. According to our findings, it may also be suggested that combining acupuncture with quantum therapy may result in a synergistic effect.
This study has faced several limitations that are to be mentioned. First, because there were no similar studies in the literature, we determined our study size according to the understanding of minimal number of animal in the experimental research. Second, we aimed to investigate the effects of not only different treatments but also their different combinations. Therefor our study included a relatively high number of groups. Lastly, numerous rats died in different groups due to long-term study protocols. For this reason, equal number of distribution was not achieved.
The main strengths of the present study have already been indicated. First of all, to our knowledge, this is the first such study in which the effects of the above-mentioned treatment modalities were investigated on CNBP; thus, this study provides preliminary results for future large-sample studies. Second, these novel treatment strategies may have an important role in a clinical setting since current pharmacological approaches are not sufficient for CNBP-related neuropathic pain. Additionally, we used PAM device, which is a novel device strongly recommended for quantification of neuropathic pain. Accordingly, we believe that our findings will significantly contribute to the existing literature.
In summary, in spite of the fact that the analgesic effects were observed with all treatment regimens; however, the most prominent median analgesic effect was shown in the quantum light therapy in combination with acupuncture for estrogen-induced CNBP (P = 0.012). Furthermore, we observed that monotherapy with quantum light showed a better analgesic efficacy as compared to oligonol and acupuncture monotherapies (respectively; P = 0.018, P = 0.008, P = 0.018). It can be however thought that the combination therapies, such as quantum light plus acupuncture have a synergism. Further studies are warranted in order to straighten our results.
Footnotes
Authors’ Contributions:Study concept and design: Ilhan Oztekin, Hakan Akdere; Acquisition of data: Ilhan Oztekin; Analysis and interpretation of data: Hakan Akdere, Ilhan Oztekin; Drafting of the manuscript: Ilhan Oztekin, Tevfik Aktoz, Ersan Arda, Kamil Mehmet Burgazli; Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Tevfik Aktoz, Ersan Arda, Kamil Mehmet Burgazli; Statistical analysis: Fatma Nesrin Turan; Administrative, technical, and material support: Ilhan Oztekin, Hakan Akdere; Study supervision: Ilhan Oztekin.
Funding/Support:This study was funded and supported by the scientific research and project development unit of Trakya University in Turkey.
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