Nonspecific Ionic Inhibition of Ethambutol Binding by Mycobacterium smegmatis

Abstract

Magnesium sulfate and spermidine were tested for their effects on binding of ¹⁴C-ethambutol by Mycobacterium smegmatis. Concentrations were used that protected the organism from ethambutol inhibition. Sodium salts were examined as possible ethambutol antagonists to test the previously reported specificity of the divalent cation salt effect. Consistent with growth-protection experiments, 20 mM MgSO₄ or 2.0 mM spermidine prevented and reversed ¹⁴C binding by cells shaken with 0.2 μg of ¹⁴C-ethambutol per ml of Sauton medium at 37 C. Sodium salts were not effective ethambutol antagonists when tested at 20 mM, but at concentrations equivalent in ionic strength (μ) to that provided by 20 mM MgSO₄ they were effective. Thus, 20 mM MgSO₄, 80 mM NaCl, or 27 mM Na₂SO₄ (μ = 0.08) all gave similar results in growth protection and binding experiments, suggesting that MgSO₄ antagonism is a nonspecific ionic effect. Because spermidine (μ ≤ 0.012) antagonized ethambutol at an ionic strength substantially less than that required for the metal salts, its effect may hinge on structural similarity to ethambutol rather than its cationic character. Drug and polyamine may compete for one site or a heterogeneous group of binding sites involving adsorption, transport, and intracellular target reactions. Until we know at which of these levels spermidine antagonizes ethambutol binding, the relationship between polyamines and ethambutol action will remain obscure. However, these studies have weakened the earlier argument for a divalent cation-requiring system as a specific ethambutol target site.

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