Table 2.
Characteristics of included studies and baseline participants (n = 61).
| Studies | Studies Characteristics | n | Participants Characteristics at Baseline | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Author | Year | Group Design | Inclusion | Sex | Sedentary | Stable Body Weight | VO2peak (mL/kg/min) | Age (year) | Weight (kg) |
| Abe [30] | 1997 | RCT | 9 | female | Yes | N/A | N/A | 19–23 | 54.5 ± 4.9 (9) |
| Blaney [31] | 1991 | Before-after | 7 | male | Yes | N/A | 32.4 ± N/A | 42.0 ± 6.0 | 91.0 ± 15.0 (7) |
| Brandon [32] | 2006 | RCT | 28 | female | Yes | Yes | 32.0 ± N/A | 37.3 ± N/A | 85.6 ± N/A (28) |
| Carter [33] | 2001 | Before-after | 8 | male | N/A | N/A | 41.5 ± 6.7 | 22.0 ± 1.0 | 78.1 ± 7.2 (8) |
| Carter [33] | 2001 | Before-after | 8 | female | N/A | N/A | 31.9 ± 3.9 | 22.0 ± 2.0 | 68.2 ± 7.0 (8) |
| Caudwell [12] 1 | 2013 | ITS | 35 | male | Yes | Yes | 34.9 ± 6.9 | 41.3 ± 8.6 | 96.9 ± 13.2 (35) |
| Caudwell [12] 1 | 2013 | ITS | 72 | female | Yes | Yes | 29.1 ± 6.5 | 40.6 ± 9.5 | 85.9 ± 11.5 (72) |
| Cowan [34] | 1985 | RCT | 16 | female | Yes | N/A | N/A | 41.3 ± 4.4 | 67.5 ± 11.2 (16) |
| Cramer [35] | 1991 | RCT | 25 | female | N/A | N/A | 25.7 ± 0.9 | 36.0 ± 1.6 | 76.5 ± 1.9 (18) |
| Després [36] | 1991 | Before-after | 13 | female | N/A | N/A | 24.3 ± N/A | 38.8 ± 5.3 | 90.0 ± 11.8 (13) |
| Donnelly [37] | 2000 | ITS | 11 | female | Yes | N/A | 23.6 ± 2.8 | 54.0 ± 9.0 | 81.4 ± 5.7 (11) |
| Donnelly [37] | 2000 | ITS | 11 | female | Yes | N/A | 22.9 ± 4.1 | 49.0 ± 8.0 | 85.9 ± 13.1 (11) |
| Donnelly [38] | 2013 | RCT | 32 | female | N/A | N/A | 31.6 ± 3.8 | 22.6 ± 3.2 | 81.3 ± 13 (18) |
| Donnelly [38] | 2013 | RCT | 31 | female | N/A | N/A | 29.8 ± 4.1 | 22.6 ± 2.9 | 83.3 ± 18.9 (19) |
| Donnelly [38] | 2013 | RCT | 30 | male | N/A | N/A | 36.4 ± 6.4 | 23.3 ± 3.7 | 102. 0 ± 11.7 (19) |
| Donnelly [38] | 2013 | RCT | 22 | male | N/A | N/A | 37.1 ± 6.5 | 23.5 ± 3.2 | 99.9 ± 19.4 (18) |
| Dowdy [39] | 1985 | Before-after | 18 | female | Yes | N/A | 33.8 ± 3.9 | 31.5 ± 5.6 | 63.4 ± 7.2 (18) |
| Earnest [40] 2 | 2013 | Before-after | 21 | male | Yes | N/A | 29.5 ± 2.9 | 48.0 ± 9.0 | 93.9 ± 9.6 (21) |
| Earnest [40] | 2013 | Before-after | 21 | male | Yes | N/A | 28.3 ± 4.5 | 49.0 ± 9.0 | 98.9 ± 12.7 (16) |
| Glisezinski [41] | 2003 | Before-after | 11 | male | N/A | Yes | 34.3 ± 1.3 | 25.6 ± 1.4 | 89.5 ± 1.6 (11) |
| Glowacki [42] | 2004 | RCT + ITS | N/A | male | Yes | N/A | 40.8 ± 9.0 | 25.0 ± 5.0 | 87.9 ± 16.6 (12) |
| Grediagin [24] | 1995 | Before-after | 9 | female | Yes | Yes | 31.5 ± 3.8 | 30.0 ± 5.0 | 68.2 ± 5.9 (6) |
| Grediagin [24] | 1995 | Before-after | 9 | female | Yes | Yes | 31.3 ± 3.3 | 31.0 ± 6.0 | 68.6 ± 4.6 (6) |
| Hardman [43] | 1992 | ITS | 34 | female | Yes | N/A | N/A | 44.9 ± 1.5 | 64.0 ± 1.7 (28) |
| Hinkleman [44] | 1993 | RCT | 25 | female | N/A | N/A | 25.7 ± 0.9 | 36.0 ± 1.6 | 76.5 ± N/A (18) |
| Juneau [45] | 1987 | RCT | 30 | male | Yes | N/A | 31.9 ± 4.4 | 49.0 ± 6.0 | 79.4 ± 11.0 (28) |
| Juneau [45] | 1987 | RCT | 30 | female | Yes | N/A | 25.8 ± 3.9 | 47.0 ± 5.0 | 63.8 ± 8.0 (24) |
| Kirk [46] | 2003 | RCT | N/A | female | Yes | N/A | 32.8 ± 4.2 | 24.0 ± 5.0 | 77.0 ± 11.4 (25) |
| Kirk [46] | 2003 | RCT | N/A | male | Yes | N/A | 39.2 ± 5.2 | 22.0 ± 4.0 | 94.0 ± 12.6 (16) |
| Krustrup [47] | 2010 | RCT | 25 | female | Yes | N/A | 32.7 ± 1.1 | 37.0 ± 2.0 | 71.6 ± 2.3 (21) |
| Krustrup [47] | 2010 | RCT | 25 | female | Yes | N/A | 35.5 ± 1.4 | 37.0 ± 1.0 | 67.1 ± 1.8 (17) |
| Krustrup [48] | 2009 | RCT | 13 | male | Yes | N/A | 39.6 ± 1.5 | 30.0 ± 2.0 | 82.2 ± 2.9 (12) |
| Krustrup [48] | 2009 | RCT | 12 | male | Yes | N/A | 39.3 ± 2.5 | 31.0 ± 2.0 | 85.8 ± 5.5 (10) |
| Lee [49] | 2009 | RCT | 10 | male | N/A | Yes | 46.2 ± 1.2 | 26.2 ± 1.4 | 73.8 ± 2.1 (9) |
| Moro [50] | 2005 | Before-after | 10 | male | N/A | Yes | 34.7 ± 1.2 | 26.0 ± 1.4 | 90.3 ± 1.6 (10) |
| Mougios [25] | 2006 | Before-after | 7 | female | Yes | Yes | 36.6 ± 3.8 | 30.0 ± 9.0 | 64.1 ± 6.3 (7) |
| Mougios [25] | 2006 | Before-after | 7 | female | Yes | Yes | 34.0 ± 5.6 | 31.0 ± 9.0 | 68.7 ± 8.7 (7) |
| Nishida [51] | 2010 | Before-after | 6 | male | Yes | N/A | 41.3 ± 2.0 | 24.5 ± 1.9 | 66.4 ± 3.5 (6) |
| Nordby [52] 3 | 2012 | RCT | 17 | male | Yes | Yes | 38.2 ± 1.7 | 28.0 ± 1.0 | 94.5 ± 2.3 (12) |
| Nybo [53] | 2010 | Before-after | 9 | male | Yes | N/A | 39.3 ± 2.5 | 31.0 ± 2.0 | 85.8 ± 5.5 (9) |
| Polak [54] | 2006 | Before-after | 25 | female | Yes | Yes | 24.6 ± 3.9 | 40.4 ± 6.7 | 88.5 ± 8.2 (25) |
| Rosenkilde [9] 4 | 2012 | RCT | 21 | male | Yes | Yes | 34.6 ± 4.1 | 30.0 ± 7.0 | 93.2 ± 8.1 (18) |
| Rosenkilde [9] 4 | 2012 | RCT | 22 | male | Yes | Yes | 36.2 ± 5.3 | 28.0 ± 5.0 | 91.3 ± 7.2 (18) |
| Ruby [55] | 1996 | Before-after | 6 | female | Yes | N/A | 39.9 ± 1.2 8 | 20.3 ± 0.9 | 58.2 ± 3.3 (6) |
| Ruby [55] | 1996 | Before-after | 6 | female | Yes | N/A | 33.6 ± 0.2 8 | 20.5 ± 1.0 | 61.6 ± 3.6 (6) |
| Ruby [55] | 1996 | Before-after | 6 | female | Yes | N/A | 36.8 ± 1.4 8 | 21.3 ± 0.6 | 62.4 ± 3.0 (6) |
| Santiago [56] | 1995 | RCT | 21 | female | Yes | N/A | 31.5 ± 4.2 | 30.1 ± 5.3 | 64.4 ± 10.2 (16) |
| Sedlock [57] | 2010 | RCT | 10 | male | N/A | Yes | 46.2 ± 1.2 | 26.2 ± 1.4 | 73.8 ± 2.1 (9) |
| Sijie [58] | 2012 | RCT | 20 | female | N/A | N/A | 33.3 ± 3.9 | 19.8 ± 1.0 | 73.7 ± 7.5 (17) |
| Sijie [58] | 2012 | RCT | 20 | female | N/A | N/A | 32.9 ± 4.7 | 19.3 ± 0.7 | 74.2 ± 9.0 (16) |
| Snyder [59] | 1997 | Before-after | 15 | female | Yes | Yes | 24.0 ± 4.6 | 43.0 ± 11.0 | 87.2 ± 21.5 (13) |
| Suter [60] | 1995 | Before-after | 20 | male | Yes | N/A | 39.3 ± 5.5 | 39.1 ± 8.3 | 75.6 ± 9.8 (12) |
| Tan [61] | 2012 | RCT | 30 | female | Yes | N/A | 34.1 ± 2.6 | 20–23 | 70.4 ± 5.3 (29) |
| Trapp [62] | 2008 | RCT | 15 | female | Yes | N/A | 28.8 ± 2.1 | 22.4 ± 0.7 | 63.3 ± 3.8 (11) |
| Trapp [62] | 2008 | RCT | 15 | female | Yes | N/A | 30.9 ± 2.1 | 21.0 ± 0.8 | 59.8 ± 2.4 (8) |
| Van Aggel-Leijssen [63] | 2002 | RCT | 8 | male | Yes | Yes | 31.1 ± N/A | 43.4 ± 6.3 | 102.7 ± 10.8 (8) |
| Van Aggel-Leijssen [63] | 2002 | RCT | 8 | male | Yes | Yes | 31.4 ± N/A | 40.0 ± 6.3 | 105.5 ± 6.6 (8) |
| Van Aggel-Leijssen [64] | 2001 | Before-after | 8 | female | Yes | Yes | 24.7 ± N/A | 32.8 ± 9.6 | 91.2 ± 9.7 (8) |
| Van Aggel-Leijssen [64] | 2001 | RCT | 7 | female | Yes | Yes | 24.6 ± N/A | 37.7 ± 6.4 | 86.5 ± 10.2 (7) |
| Wilmore [65] | 1980 | RCT | 9 | male | Yes | N/A | 38.6 ± N/A | 37.0 ± 8.9 | 85.7 ± 18.9 (9) |
| Wilmore [65] | 1980 | RCT | 9 | male | Yes | N/A | 42.2 ± N/A | 35.6 ± 8.3 | 79.8 ± 8.9 (9) |
The values are the mean ± SD or presented as a range. The number in parentheses represents the number of participants tested. Notes. RCT, randomised controlled trial; ITS, interrupted time series; 1 trial registration: ISRCTN47291569; 2 trial registration: PBRC29018; 3 trial registration: NCT01090869; 4 trial registration: NCT01430143.