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. 2014 Nov 11;1(1):80–89. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.11.001

Table 3.

Secondary outcomes.

Metabolic syndrome
Inflammation
 No treatment
 MES + HS
Baseline No treatment Δ no treat Baseline MES + HS ΔMES + HS p value
hs-CRP (ng/mL) 767.9 ± 153.6 1516.8 ± 402.3 748.9 1549.3 ± 420.6 715.0 ± 114.0 − 834.3 0.025
Adiponectin (μg/mL) 2.8 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.2 − 0.1 2.9 ± 0.2 3.1 ± 0.2 0.2 0.020
Leptin (ng/mL) 5.6 ± 0.5 5.5 ± 0.6 − 0.1 5.5 ± 0.5 5.0 ± 0.4 − 0.5 0.120
TNF-α (pg/mL) 1.4 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 − 0.1 1.5 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 − 0.2 0.020
IL-6 (pg/mL) 1.5 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.2 0.1 1.8 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.1 − 0.5 0.036



Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 135.5 ± 2.5 134.9 ± 2.5 − 0.6 135.0 ± 2.7 129.3 ± 1.8 − 5.7 0.034
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 85.8 ± 1.7 86.3 ± 1.4 − 0.5 85.0 ± 1.6 82.6 ± 1.3 − 2.4 0.038
Heart rate (bpm) 68.9 ± 1.4 70.2 ± 1.5 1.3 69.9 ± 1.5 69.6 ± 1.4 − 0.3 0.237



Others
WBC (/μL) 6015.0 ± 239.2 5990.0 ± 287.9 − 25.0 6112.5 ± 254.02 5665.0 ± 256.5 − 447.5 0.037
Hb (g/dL) 15.5 ± 0.2 15.6 ± 0.2 0.1 15.6 ± 0.2 15.4 ± 0.2 − 0.2 0.357
Ht (%) 46.7 ± 0.5 47.7 ± 0.4 1.0 47.2 ± 0.5 47.4 ± 0.4 0.2 0.956
Plt (× 104/μL) 22.8 ± 0.6 22. ± 0.6 0.1 22.4 ± 0.6 23.1 ± 0.7 0.7 0.275
AST (U/L) 22.7 ± 1.3 24.8 ± 1.3 2.1 23.3 ± 1.4 23.1 ± 1.4 − 0.2 0.104
ALT (U/L) 30.5 ± 2.2 31.4 ± 2.1 0.9 30.3 ± 2.2 26.4 ± 1.7 − 3.9 0.012
AST/ALT 0.80 ± 0.04 0.84 ± 0.04 0.04 0.83 ± 0.04 0.94 ± 0.05 0.11 0.023
L/S ratio 0.994 ± 0.001 0.999 ± 0.001 0.005 0.996 ± 0.002 1.092 ± 0.002 0.096 0.003
LDH (U/L) 156.0 ± 3.6 162.4 ± 3.0 6.4 156.4 ± 3.5 161.3 ± 3.5 4.9 0.310
BUN (mg/dL) 13.6 ± 0.5 14.3 ± 0.5 0.7 14.0 ± 0.5 14.2 ± 0.5 0.2 0.139
Cre (mg/dL) 0.80 ± 0.02 0.82 ± 0.02 0.02 0.81 ± 0.02 0.79 ± 0.02 − 0.02 0.010
LDL-C (mg/dL) 131.6 ± 4.4 131.9 ± 4.0 0.3 133.3 ± 4.0 126.1 ± 3.8 − 7.2 0.040
HDL-C (mg/dL) 50.4 ± 1.3 51.4 ± 1.5 1.0 50.4 ± 1.5 50.2 ± 1.5 − 0.2 0.221
TG (mg/dL) 171.5 ± 13.0 164.4 ± 14.6 − 7.1 156.1 ± 10.6 150.0 ± 11.3 − 6.1 0.540



Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Inflammation No treatment
 MES + HS
Baseline No treatment Δ no treat Baseline MES + HS ΔMES + HS p value
hs-CRP (ng/mL) 3923.3 ± 1779.0 4206.5 ± 1932.1 283.2 4158.1 ± 1920.7 3969.5 ± 1882.4 − 188.6 0.047
Adiponectin (μg/mL) 4.7 ± 0.6 3.8 ± 0.3 − 0.9 3.9 ± 0.3 4.2 ± 0.5 0.3 0.003
Leptin (ng/mL) 8.9 ± 0.9 10.5 ± 1.1 1.6 10.2 ± 1.1 9.1 ± 0.8 − 1.1 0.003
TNF-α (pg/mL) 2.0 ± 0.3 2.7 ± 0.5 0.7 2.5 ± 0.5 2.0 ± 0.3 − 0.5 0.001
IL-6 (pg/mL) 3.0 ± 0.4 2.8 ± 0.4 − 0.2 2.8 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.4 0.1 0.230



Blood pressure
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 143.0 ± 3.3 142.4 ± 3.0 − 0.6 136.7 ± 3.0 129.1 ± 2.5 − 7.6 0.013
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) 74.7 ± 1.8 73.6 ± 1.9 − 1.1 71.7 ± 1.9 66.5 ± 2.0 − 5.2 0.005
Heart rate (bpm) 70.1 ± 1.8 70.6 ± 1.5 0.5 69.9 ± 1.6 68.2 ± 1.8 − 1.7 0.110



Others
WBC (/μL) 6030.3 ± 301.3 5975.8 ± 259.2 − 54.5 6041.1 ± 250.6 6144.1 ± 250.6 103.0 0.512
Hb (g/dL) 14.5 ± 0.3 14.2 ± 0.3 − 0.3 14.3 ± 0.3 14.3 ± 0.2 − 0.04 0.283
Ht (%) 42.0 ± 1.0 41.3 ± 0.9 − 0.7 41.7 ± 1.0 41.3 ± 0.7 − 0.4 0.702
Plt (× 104/μL) 19.3 ± 0.8 18.4 ± 0.7 − 1.1 18.0 ± 0.7 19.8 ± 0.8 1.8 0.175
AST (U/L) 28.5 ± 2.8 27.2 ± 2.2 − 1.3 29.5 ± 2.6 26.2 ± 2.1 − 3.3 0.137
ALT (U/L) 29.7 ± 3.5 29.8 ± 3.0 0.1 29.8 ± 3.0 22.7 ± 1.5 − 7.1 0.068
AST/ALT 1.08 ± 0.06 1.01 ± 0.05 − 0.07 1.09 ± 0.06 1.19 ± 0.07 0.09 0.018
L/S ratio 0.965 ± 0.001 0.973 ± 0.001 0.008 0.973 ± 0.002 1.084 ± 0.002 0.111 0.032
LDH (U/L) 219.5 ± 6.2 204.3 ± 4.3 − 15.2 213.0 ± 5.8 200.5 ± 4.2 − 12.5 0.353
BUN (mg/dL) 21.6 ± 1.8 20.9 ± 1.7 − 0.7 21.0 ± 1.7 19.5 ± 1.6 − 1.5 0.224
Cre (mg/dL) 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.1 0.02 1.2 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 − 0.1 0.013
LDL-C (mg/dL) 121.2 ± 5.3 121.7 ± 5.0 0.5 121.6 ± 5.1 112.4 ± 4.7 − 9.2 0.007
HDL-C (mg/dL) 51.0 ± 2.5 50.3 ± 2.8 − 0.7 49.9 ± 2.7 52.6 ± 2.6 2.7 0.009
TG (mg/dL) 158.4 ± 12.0 162.4 ± 10.3 4.09 ± 9.07 161.7 ± 11.6 148.0 ± 12.9 − 13.7 0.109
Cystatin C (mg/L) 1.4 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.1 − 0.005 1.4 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.1 0.007 0.358
U-ACR (mg/g⋅Cre) 199.4 ± 135.8 102.4 ± 54.7 − 37.0 194.4 ± 136.0 89.5 ± 40.7 − 104.9 0.047

The results of MES + HS intervention data compared to no treatment period. Values are expressed as mean ± S.D.

L/S ratio = Liver to spleen ratio on computed tomography.

U-ACR = Urinary albumin creatinine ratio. Other abbreviations are the same as Table 1.