Table 1. Characteristics of 166 Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder and 166 Matched Controls.
| Control (n=166) | MDD (n=166) | p-valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
|
| |||||
| Age (years), Mean (SD) | 41.3 | (13.7) | 41.3 | (13.8) | 0.99 |
| Sex, N (%) Female | 89 | (54) | 89 | (54) | 1.0 |
| Race, N (%) | 0.089 | ||||
| White | 113 | (68) | 130 | (78) | |
| Black or African American | 29 | (17) | 19 | (11) | |
| Asian | 11 | (7) | 7 | (4) | |
| Native American/Alaska Native | 0 | (0) | 2 | (1) | |
| Other | 13 | (8) | 7 | (4) | |
| Ethnicity, N (%) | 0.42 | ||||
| Not Hispanic/Latino | 150 | (90) | 152 | (92) | |
| Hispanic/Latino | 16 | (10) | 11 | (7) | |
| Education level, N (%) | 0.0010* | ||||
| Graduate school | 58 | (35) | 34 | (20) | |
| College graduate | 66 | (40) | 58 | (35) | |
| College, partial | 30 | (18) | 42 | (25) | |
| High school graduate or less | 11 | (7) | 28 | (17) | |
|
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| Clinical Characteristics | |||||
|
| |||||
| Years since MDD Onset, Mean (SD) | n/a | n/a | 21.8 | (14.3) | n/a |
| Years of Depressive Episodes, Mean (SD) | n/a | n/a | 12.6 | (12.8) | n/a |
| MADRS Total Score, Mean (SD) | 1.9 | (2.4) | 28.2 | (6.0) | n/a |
| Any anxiety disorder - current, N (%) | n/a | n/a | 83 | (50) | n/a |
| Any anxiety disorder - lifetime, N (%) | n/a | n/a | 92 | (55) | n/a |
| Anti-depressant use > 6 months, N (%) | n/a | n/a | 65 | (39) | n/a |
| Mood stabilizer use > 6 months, N (%) | n/a | n/a | 6 | (4) | n/a |
| Benzodiazepine use > 6 months, N (%) | n/a | n/a | 19 | (11) | n/a |
| Antipsychotic use > 6 months, N (%) | n/a | n/a | 10 | (6) | n/a |
| Lifetime alcohol or drug abuse/dependence, N (%) | 13 | (8) | 47 | (28) | <0.0001* |
| History of loss (based on ICG) | 121 | (73) | 126 | (76) | 0.30 |
| ICG Total score, Mean (SD) | 6.0 | (7.0) | 17.9 | (14.3) | <0.0001* |
| TEQ weighted score, Mean (SD) | 1.7 | (2.4) | 4.2 | (4.1) | <0.0001* |
| ETISR (# answered yes), Mean (SD) | 3.5 | (3.8) | 8.4 | (5.6) | <0.0001* |
| PSS Total score, Mean (SD) | 8.2 | (5.4) | 24.5 | (5.7) | <0.0001* |
|
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| Medical History | |||||
|
| |||||
| Height (inches), Mean (SD) | 67.3 | (3.7) | 67.0 | (3.7) | 0.50 |
| Weight (lbs), Mean (SD) | 163.8 | (33.7) | 166.4 | (37.1) | 0.51 |
| BMI, Mean (SD) | 25.4 | (4.2) | 25.9 | (4.6) | 0.26 |
| Menopausal status, N (%) | 0.72 | ||||
| Pre- / Peri-menopausal | 66 | (74) | 59 | (66) | |
| Post-menopausal / Hysterectomy | 21 | (24) | 22 | (25) | |
| Exercise level, N (%) | <0.0001* | ||||
| Never / Less than once a month | 17 | (10) | 45 | (27) | |
| Less than once a week | 23 | (14) | 34 | (20) | |
| Few times a week | 36 | (22) | 32 | (19) | |
| Several times a week | 70 | (42) | 35 | (21) | |
| Every day | 19 | (11) | 14 | (8) | |
| Smoking status, N (%) | 0.0017* | ||||
| Current smoker | 15 | (9) | 34 | (20) | |
| Past smoker | 30 | (18) | 38 | (23) | |
| Never smoked | 120 | (72) | 90 | (54) | |
| Pack years smoking (in smokers), Mean (SD) | 10.8 | (11.6) | 10.3 | (14.0) | 0.78 |
| Any lifetime medical illness, N (%) | 141 | (85) | 146 | (88) | 0.52 |
| Hypertension (BP > 150/90), N (%) | 31 | (19) | 18 | (11) | 0.044* |
| CIRS Total score, Mean (SD) | 2.6 | (2.1) | 3.6 | (2.9) | 0.0026* |
|
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| Biological Outcomes | |||||
|
| |||||
| log(Telomere length kbp) Southern, Mean (SD) | 8.9 | (3.0) | 9.1 | (2.5) | 0.65 |
| log(Telomere length T/S ratio) qPCR, Mean (SD) | 0.64 | (0.17) | 0.65 | (0.21) | 0.91 |
| log(Telomerase activity), Mean (SD) | 3.6 | (1.6) | 3.7 | (1.5) | 0.40 |
BMI: Body Mass Index; CIRS: Cumulative Illness Rating Scale; ETISR: Early Trauma Inventory self-report; ICG: Inventory of Complicated Grief; MADRS: Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale; TEQ: Traumatic Events Questionnaire; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; PSS: Perceived Stress Scale; BP: Blood Pressure; n/a = not analyzed; %'s may not add to 100% due to missing data
a
Based on Fisher's exact test for categorical data and Student's t-test for continuous data.
*
Significant (p<0.05)