Abstract
Introduction
Congenital heart disease is an abnormality in the structure or cardiocirculatory function, occurring from birth, even if diagnosed later. It can result in intrauterine death in childhood or in adulthood. Accounted for 6% of infant deaths in Brazil in 2007.
Objective
To estimate underreporting in the prevalence of congenital heart disease in Brazil and its subtypes.
Methods
The calculations of prevalence were performed by applying coefficients, giving them function rates for calculations of health problems. The study makes an approach between the literature and the governmental registries. It was adopted an estimate of 9: 1000 births and prevalence rates for subtypes applied to births of 2010. Estimates of births with congenital heart disease were compared with the reports to the Ministry of Health and were studied by descriptive methods with the use of rates and coefficients represented in tables.
Results
The incidence in Brazil is 25,757 new cases/year, distributed in: North 2,758; Northeast 7,570; Southeast 10,112; South 3,329; and Midwest 1,987. In 2010, were reported to System of Live Birth Information of Ministry of Health 1,377 cases of babies with congenital heart disease, representing 5.3% of the estimated for Brazil. In the same period, the most common subtypes were: ventricular septal defect (7,498); atrial septal defect (4,693); persistent ductus arteriosus (2,490); pulmonary stenosis (1,431); tetralogy of Fallot (973); coarctation of the aorta (973); transposition of the great arteries (887); and aortic stenosis 630. The prevalence of congenital heart disease, for the year of 2009, was 675,495 children and adolescents and 552,092 adults.
Conclusion
In Brazil, there is underreporting in the prevalence of congenital heart disease, signaling the need for adjustments in the methodology of registration.
Keywords: Heart Defects, Congenital, Epidemiology, Health Policy, Brazil
Abstract
Introdução
Cardiopatia congênita é uma anormalidade na estrutura ou função cardiocirculatória, ocorrente desde o nascimento, mesmo que diagnosticada posteriormente. Pode resultar em morte intraútero, na infância ou na idade adulta. Foi responsável por 6% dos óbitos infantis, no Brasil, em 2007.
Objetivo
Estimar a subnotificação na prevalência das cardiopatias congênitas no Brasil e seus subtipos.
Métodos
Os cálculos das prevalências foram realizados aplicando-se coeficientes, atribuindo-lhes função de taxas para cálculos dos agravos. O estudo faz aproximação entre a literatura e os registros governamentais. Adotou-se estimativa de 9:1000 nascimentos e taxas de prevalências para subtipos, aplicadas aos nascimentos de 2010. As estimativas de nascimentos com cardiopatia congênita foram comparadas com as notificações ao Ministério da Saúde. Foram estudados por métodos descritivos com uso de taxas e coeficientes, representados em tabelas.
Resultados
A incidência, no Brasil, é de 25.757 novos casos/ano, distribuídos em: Norte 2.758; Nordeste 7.570; Sudeste 10.112; Sul 3.329; e Centro-Oeste 1.987. Em 2010, foram notificados ao SINASC/MS 1.377 casos de nascidos com cardiopatias congênitas, o que representa 5,3% do estimado para Brasil. No mesmo período, os subtipos mais frequentes foram: comunicação interventricular (7.498); comunicação interatrial (4.693); persistência do canal arterial (2.490); estenose pulmonar (1.431); tetralogia de Fallot (973); coarctação da aorta (973); transposição das grandes artérias (887); e estenose aórtica 630. A prevalência de cardiopatias congênitas, para o ano de 2009, foi 675.495 crianças e adolescentes e 552.092 adultos.
Conclusão
Há, no Brasil, subnotificação na prevalência das cardiopatias congênitas, sinalizando para a necessidade de adequações na metodologia de seu registro.
| Abbreviations, acronyms & symbols | |
|---|---|
| AoCo | Aortic coarctation |
| ASD | Atrial septal defect |
| CHD | Congenital heart disease |
| MOH | Ministry of Health |
| PDA | Persistent ductus arteriosus |
| T4F | Tetralogy of Fallot |
| TGA | Transposition of the great arteries |
| VSD | Ventricular septal defect |
INTRODUCTION
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is an abnormality in the structure or cardiocirculatory function that occurs from birth, even if subsequently diagnosed[1]. It varies in severity, occurring from communications between cavities that spontaneously regress up to major malformations that even require several procedures, surgical or catheterization. It can result in intrauterine, childhood or adulthood death[2].
Globally, 130 million children are born each year. Of these, four million die in the neonatal period, or that is, in the first 30 days of life[3] and 7% of the fatalities are related to CHD[4].
In 2007, in Brazil, 6% of deaths in children under one year of age were by CHD[5]. Among the congenital malformations, cardiovascular abnormalities are the most common cause of infant mortality, 40% under study in São Paulo/Brazil[6] and 26.6% and 48.1% in the US[7,8]. Delays in the development and cognitive deficits are associated with a congenital heart disease of 20% to 30%[9-11].
Hoffman & Kaplan reported a variation in prevalence rate of 4:1000 to 50:1000 births. The highest one is related to the occurrence of low severity injuries that are solved without medical intervention[12].
In Brazil, studies on the epidemiology of congenital heart disease with different cuts, express coefficients ranging from 5.494[13] to 7.17 per 1,000 births[14]. For a group with low birth weight, the prevalence rate ranged from 10.7 to 40.7:1,000 births[15].
Amorim, in Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 1990 to 2003, analyzing data on 29,770 newborns, found prevalence rate of congenital heart defects corresponding to 9.58:1,000 births and equal to 87.72:1,000 between stillbirths[16]. Rivera, in Alagoas, Brazil, for the same age group, found prevalence in 13.2:1,000 births[17].
Study review and meta-analysis on the global prevalence of congenital heart disease included 114 studies, with a study population of 24,091,867 births. The prevalence rate estimated at 9.1 per 1,000 births remains stable over the last 15 years. This corresponds to 1.35 million newborns with CHD each year[18].
In this study, prevalence is the greatness of the event at any given time[19], adopting the coefficient of 9:1000 births as the basis for calculation of CHD in Brazil and in each federal unit.
The scarcity of specific bibliography and reliable statistics on the Brazilian population with congenital heart disease forces the approximation to the international literature, in order to estimate the prevalence of CHD in Brazil and compare it to the official notifications, serving therefore as basis for formulation of public policies, based on more realistic data.
Objective
The aim of this study was to estimate underreporting in the prevalence of congenital heart disease in Brazil and its most frequent subtypes.
METHODS
We adopted for the test under report, the prevalence rate of congenital heart disease equal to 9:1000 births, defined in a review and meta-analysis study for births worldwide [18].
Population and birth registries in Brazil, regions and federated units, were obtained by consulting the Demographic Census of 2010, published in 2012, and made available on the DATASUS/Ministry of Health (MOH) website[20].
Secondary data relating to the distribution by age group, the Brazilian population of 2009, published by the Demographic Census of 2010[20], were divided into two groups: the first with children under 18 years of age and the second formed by adults, aged 18 and more.
Rates for the prevalence of congenital heart disease by age group, were defined in the study on the population of Canada. For children under 18, 11.89 CHD per 1,000 individuals and 4.09 CHD per 1,000 adults[21].
The prevalence of congenital heart disease in 2010, recorded in SINASC (System of Live Birth Information), was obtained by consulting the DATASUS/MOH website.
The estimated prevalence of congenital heart disease in Brazil, was generated when the prevalence rate equal to 9: 1000 births was applied to quantitative births.
Estimated prevalence of congenital heart disease was compared with notifications from SINASC/MOH, revealing the disease registration percentage in Brazil and the federal units.
The estimated prevalence of the eight most frequent subtypes of CHD was achieved by applying to the quantitative of birth the prevalence rates per 1,000 births of each subtype, namely: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 2.62; Atrial septal defect (ASD) 1.64; Persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 0.87; Pulmonary stenosis 0.5; Tetralogy of Fallot (T4F) 0.34; Aortic Coarctation (AoCo) 0.34; Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) 0.31 and Aortic Stenosis, 0.22[18].
The CHD prevalence rates among age groups were estimated when applied to population groups their respective relative rates of prevalence[21].
The data were evaluated by descriptive methods using rates and ratios represented in tables.
RESULTS
In 2010, in Brazil, 2,861,868 births were reported. When applied the prevalence rate of congenital heart disease of 9:1,000 births, an estimate of 25,757 new cases for the year under study was found. The occurrence of CHD in the Brazilian regions, for the same year, was as follows: North 2758; Northeast 7,570; Southeast 10,112; South 3329; and Midwest 1,987 new cases Table 1.
Table 1.
Distribution of the number of births, prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease (CHD), birth notification with (CHD) - SINASC/Ministry of Health (MOH) and notification percentage for Brazil, regions and federated units in 2010.
| Region/State | Born | Prevalence (CHD) 9:1.000 births | Notification to (CHD) SINASC/MS | % of Notification |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRAZIL | 2,861,868 | 25,757 | 1.377 | 5.3 |
| North | 306,422 | 2,758 | 51 | 1.8 |
| Rondonia | 25,835 | 233 | 3 | 1.3 |
| Acre | 16,495 | 148 | 0 | 0 |
| Amazonas | 74,188 | 668 | 19 | 2.8 |
| Roraima | 9,738 | 88 | 3 | 3.4 |
| Para | 140,687 | 1,266 | 19 | 1.5 |
| Amapa | 15,008 | 135 | 3 | 2.2 |
| Tocantins | 24,471 | 220 | 4 | 1.8 |
| Northeast | 841,160 | 7,570 | 162 | 2.1 |
| Maranhao | 119,566 | 1,076 | 14 | 1.3 |
| Piaui | 49,424 | 445 | 3 | 0.67 |
| Ceara | 128,831 | 1,159 | 31 | 2.7 |
| Rio Grande do Norte | 47,668 | 429 | 8 | 1.9 |
| Paraiba | 58,699 | 528 | 8 | 1.5 |
| Pernambuco | 136,591 | 1,229 | 45 | 3.7 |
| Alagoas | 54,164 | 487 | 13 | 3 |
| Sergipe | 34,016 | 306 | 8 | 2.6 |
| Bahia | 212,201 | 1,910 | 32 | 1.7 |
| Southeast | 1,123,593 | 10,112 | 837 | 8.3 |
| Minas Gerais | 255,126 | 2,296 | 99 | 4.3 |
| Espirito Santo | 51,853 | 467 | 12 | 2.6 |
| Rio de Janeiro | 215,262 | 1,937 | 58 | 3.0 |
| Sao Paulo | 601,352 | 5.412 | 668 | 12 |
| South | 369,905 | 3,329 | 277 | 8.3 |
| Parana | 152,051 | 1,368 | 80 | 5.8 |
| Santa Catarina | 84,611 | 761 | 74 | 9.7 |
| Rio Grande do Sul | 133,243 | 1,199 | 123 | 10 |
| Midwest | 220,788 | 1,987 | 50 | 2.5 |
| Mato Grosso do Sul | 40,132 | 361 | 10 | 2.8 |
| Mato Grosso | 48,929 | 440 | 6 | 1.4 |
| Goias | 87,476 | 787 | 14 | 1.8 |
| Distrito Federal | 44,251 | 398 | 20 | 5 |
Source: MoH/SVS/DASIS - Live Births Information System - SINASC - 2010.
In the same period, 1,377 cases of births with CHD were reported to the Ministry of Health/SINASC, representing 5.3% of estimated for Brazil. The distribution by federal unit is visualized in Table 1.
In this study, the prevalence for the year 2010, from the eight most frequent subtypes of CHD were: Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 7498; Atrial septal defect (ASD) 4693; Persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA) 2490; Pulmonary stenosis 1,431; Tetralogy of Fallot (T4F) 973; Aortic coarctation (CoA) 973; Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) 887 and Aortic Stenosis 630 Table 2.
Table 2.
Distribution of the prevalence of the eight CHD subtypes in Brazil and in the regions for the year 2010.
| Region | Births | VSD 2.62* | ASD 1.64* | PDA 0.87* | Pulm. Stenosis 0.5* | T4F 0.34* | AoCo 0.34* | TGA 0.31* | Ao Stenosis 0.22* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRAZIL | 2,861,868 | 7,498 | 4.693 | 2.490 | 1.431 | 973 | 973 | 887 | 630 |
| North | 306,422 | 803 | 503 | 267 | 153 | 104 | 104 | 95 | 67 |
| Northeast | 841,160 | 2,204 | 1.380 | 732 | 421 | 286 | 286 | 261 | 185 |
| Southeast | 1,123,593 | 2,944 | 1.843 | 978 | 562 | 382 | 382 | 348 | 247 |
| South | 369,905 | 969 | 607 | 322 | 185 | 126 | 126 | 115 | 81 |
| Midwest | 220,788 | 578 | 362 | 192 | 110 | 75 | 75 | 68 | 49 |
Source: MoH/SVS/DASIS - Live Births Information System - SINASC - 2010.
Prevalence of types of CHD per 1,000 births. CHD=congenital heart deseases; VSD=ventricular septal defect; ASD=atrial septal defect; PDA=persistent ductus arteriosus; Pulm Stenosis=pulmonary stenosis; T4F=tetralogy of Fallot; AoCo=aortic coarctation; TGA=transposition of the great arteries; Ao Stenosis=aortic stenosis
In 2009, to a Brazilian population of 191,795,000, divided into 56,809,000 under 18 and 134 986 000 adults was estimated a prevalence of 675,495 children and adolescents and 552,092 adults with congenital heart disease.
DISCUSSION
Pinto Jr et al.[22] propose, in a study on regionalization of Brazilian pediatric cardiovascular surgery, the implementation of a support network for patients with congenital heart disease, of fair range for all regions of Brazil. Therefore, it becomes important to define the prevalence and distribution of the disease and its subtypes for each territory.
The lack of national studies forces the approximation of the numbers with specific international literature and thus, through estimates, it reveals a scenario that best describes the reality.
It is common to find in the scientific literature that large differences in epidemiological calculations, which stems in part of the variation in sample selection in which the studies are performed[12,15,16]. Studies on the prevalence of CHD after the first year of life underestimate the occurrence of the disease in the fetus and newborn, considering that 20% of children die in their first year of life[23]. Another aspect that implies inaccuracies is related to the fact that 30% of CHD can not be diagnosed in the first weeks of life[24].
CHD prevalence rate equal to 9:1000 births, defined in the study review and meta-analysis to births worldwide[18], was defined as basis for calculation of CHD estimates for this study.
Thus, estimates for Brazil point to 25,757 new cases of CHD/year, distributed by regions North 2,758; Northeast 7,570; Southeast 10,112; South 3329; and Midwest 1,987.
The notifications published by DATASUS/MS have shown 1,377 births with CHD in 2010, corresponding to 5.3% of the estimate of 9:1,000 births used for this study.
Therefore, the public policies in this segment are supported by a reality of underreporting. Thus, assumptions of the Unified Health System; as universality, comprehensiveness and equity, principles of health-inducing public policies with quality[25], remain outside of care to this group of patients.
Knowing that 25% of births with CHD require invasive treatment in the first year of life[26], in order to meet the demand, it would be needed 6,439 procedures per year in Brazil. In 2008, however, 1919 procedures were performed[5]. There is, therefore, for this age group, deficit of procedures is about 70%.
A quantitative explanation of congenital heart disease, its territorial distribution and classification by subtypes associated with the determination of risk for disease, allows establishing planning for the health care of this population.
Thus, considering all the variables, it is possible to direct investments equally to this group that, in 2009 amounted to 675,495 children and adolescents and 552,092 adults with CHD, with expected annual growth rate of 1% to 5%, depending on age and the distribution of[21,27] injuries.
Transposition of the gap between standards, Ordinances 1169/GM and 210/SAS-MS[28,29] and the assistance requires political will and planning aimed at improving access to pediatric cardiovascular surgery centers, financing of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Pediatric; database feeding; promote management for quality and establish continuing education programs[5,6].
Failure to observe these points, which are fundamental in the design and implementation of health care policy for CHD patients, blames the Brazilian system of health care, public and supplementary, to leave outside the surgical treatment of 62% of infants with congenital heart disease, reaching in some regions of Brazil to 76 and 91%[5].
Gomes[30], in an editorial, "the debt to the nation's health: the case of congenital heart disease," translates numbers into words and says:
[...] became untenable the acceptance of the quality of health care of the Brazilians. Felt by the population, but mainly affecting patients, their families, doctors and all other professionals involved, and even more so when it involves children with congenital heart disease, excluded from the basic right of adequate treatment and the chance to be alive.
Facing such problem requires the participation of civil society in the development of social policies and it is mandatory for the elaboration of issues in the social area, the intervention of agents who experience difficulties, either as carriers of disease, either as family components, either as professionals[31].
Study limitations
The calculation of the prevalence of congenital heart disease and their most frequent subtypes was anchored in study review and meta-analysis that proposed to estimate the prevalence of this disease in the world[18]. One of the limitations of this meta-analysis is not cover the entire world population, in addition to using only studies with summaries in English and make use of government records available online, a fact that leads to underreporting error, as demonstrated in this study. In this study we found differences in prevalence rates between the continents, ranging from 1.9 to 9.3/1000 births in Africa and Asia, respectively. The author states that data from developing countries were scarce, and studies often did not include indigenous peoples and tribes.
Records to consider the entire population of births are needed to determine the true prevalence of congenital heart disease.
CONCLUSION
In Brazil, there is underreporting in the prevalence of congenital heart disease, signaling the need for adjustments in the methodology of registration.
| Authors’ roles & responsibilities | |
|---|---|
| VCPJ | Coordinator of the study; planning and review of the final version; analysis and/or interpretation of the data; final approval of the study; conception and design; study writing or critical review of its contents |
| KMPCB | Study writing or critical review of its contents; text review |
| RCC | Data survey from IBGE; performance of surgeries and/or experiments; study writing or critical review of its contents; references |
| WCJ | Text review and translation into english; performance of surgeries and/or experiments; study writing or critical review of its contents |
| JRCL | Analysis and epidemiological calculations; analysis and/or interpretation of the data; statistical analysis; conception and design of the study |
| SMF | Supervisor of Master’s Degree thesis which led to this study; analysis and/or interpretation of the data |
| MNOF | Co-supervisor of the Master’s Degree dissertation which led to this study; analysis and/or interpretation of the data; study writing or critical review of its contents |
| NMGS | Data survey from IBGE and references; statistical analysis; performance of surgeries and/or experiments |
Footnotes
This study was carried out at Heart Institute for Children and Adolescents - InCor Criança, Fortaleza,CE, Brazil.
No financial support.
REFERENCES
- 1.Friedman WF. Congenital heart disease in infancy and childhood. In: Heart disease.A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. Pennsylvania: Saunders; 1997. pp. 877–962. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6–e245. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Zupan J, Aahman E. Perinatal mortality for the year 2000: estimates developed by WHO. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2005. [Google Scholar]
- 4.Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J. Lancet Neonatal Survival Steering Team 4 million neonatal deaths: when? Where? Why? Lancet. 2005;365(9462):891–900. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71048-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Pinto VC., Jr . Avaliação da política nacional de atenção cardiovascular de alta complexidade com foco na cirurgia cardiovascular pediátrica. Fortaleza: Universidade Federal do Ceará; 2010. [Dissertação de mestrado] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Caneo LF, Jatene MB, Yatsuda N, Gomes WJ. Uma reflexão sobre o desempenho da cirurgia cardíaca pediátrica no Estado de São Paulo. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2012;27(3):457–462. doi: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120076. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics Compressed Mortality File 1999-2009. CDC WONDER Online Database, compiled for Compressed Mortality File 1999-2009 Series 20, No 20, 2012. Underlying cause-of-death 1999-2009. [Acessed on: 5/6/2013]. Available at: http://wonder.cdc.gov/mortSQl.html.
- 8.Gilboa SM1, Salemi JL, Nembhard WN, Fixler DE, Correa A. Mortality resulting from congenital heart disease among children and adults in the United States, 1999 to 2006. Circulation. 2010;122(22):2254–2263. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.947002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Miller A, Riehle-Colarusso T, Alverson CJ, Frías JL, Correa A. Congenital heart defects and major structural noncardiac anomalies Atlanta, Georgia :1968 to 2005. J Pediatr. 2011;159(1):70–78.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.12.051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Limperopoulos C, Majnemer A, Shevell MI, Rosenblatt B, Rohlicek C, Tchervenkov C. Neurodevelopmental status of newborns and infants with congenital heart defects before and after open heart surgery. J Pediatr. 2000;137(5):638–645. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2000.109152. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Shillingford AJ, Glanzman MM, Ittenbach RF, Clancy RR, Gaynor JW, Wernovsky G. Inattention, hyperactivity, and school performance in a population of school-age children with complex congenital heart disease. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):e759–e767. doi: 10.1542/peds.2007-1066. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(12):1890–1900. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01886-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Guitti JCS. Aspectos epidemiológicos das cardiopatias congênitas em Londrina, Paraná. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2000;74(5):395–399. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2000000500001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Nogueira AG. Avaliação da prevalência da cardiopatia congênita no município de Florianópolis/SC. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas; 2012. [Dissertação de mestrado] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Sadeck LSR, Azevedo R, Barbato AJG, Calil VMLT, Latorre MRDO, Leone CR, et al. Indicações clínico-epidemiológicas para investigação ecocardiográfica no período neonatal: valor dos grupos de risco. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1997;69(5):301–307. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x1997001100003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Amorim LF, Pires CA, Lana AM, Campos AS, Aguiar RA, Tiburcio JD, et al. Apresentação das cardiopatias congênitas diagnosticadas ao nascimento: análise de 29.770 recém-nascidos. J Pediatr. 2008;84(1):83–90. doi: 10.2223/JPED.1747. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Rivera IR, Silva MAM, Fernandes JMG, Thomaz ACP, Soriano CFR, Souza MGB. Cardiopatia congênita no recém-nascido: da solicitação do pediatra à avaliação do cardiologista. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(1):6–10. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2007001300002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, Witsenburg M, Helbing WA, Takkenberg JJ, et al. Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease worldwide. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(21):2241–2247. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.08.025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Costa-Lima JR, Pordeus AMJ, Rouquayrol MZ. Medida da saúde coletiva. In: Rouquayrol MZ, Silva MGC, editors. Epidemiologia & saúde. 7ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: MedBook; 2013. pp. 25–64. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Brasil . IBGE. Censo demográfico 2010. Rio de Janeiro: 2012. [Acesso em: 21/7/2013]. Disponível em: http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/imprensa/ppts/00000008473104122012315727483985.pdf. [Google Scholar]
- 21.Marelli AJ, Mackie AS, Ionescu-Ittu R, Rahme E, Pilote L. Congenital heart disease in the general population: changing prevalence and age distribution. Circulation. 2007;115(2):163–172. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.627224. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Pinto VC, Jr, Fraga MNO, Freitas SM, Croti UA. Regionalização da cirurgia cardiovascular pediátrica brasileira. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2013;28(2):256–262. doi: 10.5935/1678-9741.20130036. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Cabo JM. Problemas sociales del niño cardiopata. In: Sanchez PA, editor. Cardiología pediátrica: clínica e cirurgía. Barcelona: Salvat; 1986. [Google Scholar]
- 24.Abu-Harb M, Hey E, Wren C. Death in infancy from unrecognized congenital heart disease. Arch Dis Child. 1994;71(1):3–7. doi: 10.1136/adc.71.1.3. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Pinto VC, Jr, Fraga MNO, Freitas SM. Análise das portarias que regulamentam a Política Nacional de Atenção Cardiovascular de Alta Complexidade. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2012;27(3):463–468. doi: 10.5935/1678-9741.20120077. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Moller J. Prevalence and incidence of cardiac malformation. Perspectives in Pediatric Cardiology: Surgery of Congenital Heart Disease: Pediatric Cardiac Care Consortium, 1984 -1995. Armonk: Futura; 1998. pp. 19–26. [Google Scholar]
- 27.Warnes CA, Liberthson R, Danielson GK, Dore A, Harris L, Hoffman JI, et al. Task force 1: the changing profile of congenital heart disease in adult life. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37(5):1170–1175. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01272-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Brasil Portaria no 1169/GM em 15 de junho de 2004. Institui a Política Nacional de Atenção Cardiovascular de Alta Complexidade, e dá outras providências. Diário Oficial. 2004;(115):57–57. seção 1. [Google Scholar]
- 29.Brasil Portaria 210 SAS/MS de 15 de junho de 2004. Serviços de cirurgia cardiovascular pediátrica. Diário Oficial 2004. (117):43–43. seção 1. [Google Scholar]
- 30.Gomes WJ, Grupo de Trabalho da SBCCV no Programa Nacional para o Tratamento Integral de Crianças com Diagnóstico de Cardiopatia Congênita A dívida com a saúde da nação: o caso das cardiopatias congênitas. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2013;28(2):VI–VII. [Google Scholar]
- 31.Pinto VC, Jr, Rodrigues LC, Muniz CR. Reflexões sobre a formulação de política de atenção cardiovascular pediátrica no Brasil. Rev Bras Cir Cardiovasc. 2009;24(1):73–80. doi: 10.1590/s0102-76382009000100014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]