Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of platinum-based therapy on the short-term efficacy and survival rate in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). A search of available databases was conducted, based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, for trials conducted between January 2006 and January 2014. The bibliographies of the included studies were examined with the same criteria. Included studies were evaluated using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE), and extracted data were analyzed using RevMan 5.1 and GRADEprofiler 3.6. Eight studies with a total of 1,349 patients were included. The meta-analysis revealed that the pathological complete response rate and overall response rate in TNBC patients who were treated with a platinum-based regimen was significantly higher than that in those treated with a non-platinum-based regimen (49.2 and 64.3%, respectively). The disease-free survival rate and overall survival rate were not significantly different between TNBC patients treated with a platinum-based regimen and those treated with a non-platinum-based regiment (P>0.05). Platinum-based chemotherapy in TNBC patients resulted in improved short-term efficacy. Platinum-based regimens may therefore be more sensitive to TNBC patients. However, future multicenter randomized controlled trials are required to validate these findings and to determine whether platinum-based chemotherapy can extend the survival rate of TNBC patients.
Keywords: triple-negative breast cancer, platinum-based, pathological complete response, overall response rate, survival rate
Introduction
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has an estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)-2-negative phenotype, and has an aggressive behavior with early visceral metastasis and consequently poorer outcomes (1). Endocrine and HER-2-directed therapy are unsuitable for patients with TNBC, and chemotherapy remains the mainstay of treatment in these cases.
Certain studies of neoadjuvant chemotherapy have suggested that TNBC patients who have a pathological complete response (pCR) to treatment achieve excellent outcomes (2,3). However, the majority of patients with TNBC who receive anthracycline and/or paclitaxel regimens have a lower pCR rate, and for these patients, there is a high risk of relapse and a sharp decrease in the survival rate in the first 3–5 years after treatment. (4,5).
Certain experiments have shown that BRCA1-deficient cells have increased sensitivity to cisplatin (6–8). Cancer cells with a BRCA1 mutation have a defect in the homologous recombination-based repair of double-strand DNA breaks and are sensitive to inter-strand cross-linking agents, such as platinum salts (7,9,10,11). A high proportion of TNBC patients have a BRCA1 functional alteration, and 90% of tumors carrying a BRCA1 mutation are of the TNBC type (12–14).
Preclinical models and several phase II studies have suggested that platinum-based compounds are active drugs in TNBC, although there have been no randomized studies to support this hypothesis. Patients with BRCA1 mutations receiving cisplatin have pCR rates of 72–83% (15,16). Therefore, we hypothesized that TNBC may be sensitive to platinum-based regimens. In the present meta-analysis, data were extracted and the overall response rate (ORR) was analyzed for TNBC patients who received a platinum- or non-platinum-based regimen.
Materials and methods
Literature search strategy
The concept of TNBC was introduced in 2006 (17); therefore, searches of the PubMed database, the China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database, the China Science and Technology Journal Database and the WanFang database were performed using the date limits between January 2006 and June 2014. Studies in Chinese and English were searched. The keywords used were ‘platinum-based regimen and triple-negative.’ The abstracts of the resulting citations were reviewed, and full-text manuscripts were retrieved for the potential studies. In addition, the references of the selected studies were examined for any additional relevant studies.
Literature search strategy
Studies were included in the meta-analysis if the number of TNBC patients treated with a platinum- or a non-platinum-based regimen could be extracted, together with the related data. Studies with incomplete data on the platinum-based regimen, ERs and PRs, and HER2 status were excluded.
Data extraction
Based on the search strategies described above, studies were selected and their eligibility was confirmed by three independent investigators. The following information was extracted from each study: Authors' names, year of publication, study type, the total number of patients and chemotherapy regimens.
Quality evaluation
The collated evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group framework; accordingly, quality was graded as high, medium, low or extremely low. Randomized controlled trials were considered to be of a high grade, but the following factors were also considered: Risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision and publication bias. Case-control and cohort studies were considered to be of a medium grade.
Statistical analyses
Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager software (RevMan, version 5.1 for Windows; Cochrane Collaboration, Oxford, UK). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated. A χ2 test was used to evaluate heterogeneity in the data. The fixed-effects model was used for studies without significant heterogeneity (I2≤50% or P≥0.1), whereas the random-effects model was used for studies with significant heterogeneity. Funnel plots were generated using RevMan to detect publication bias. Quality evaluation was conducted using GRADEpro software (version 3.6 for Windows; Cochrane Collaboration). A paired sample t-test was analyzed using SPSS (version 19; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Eligible studies and data summary
A total of 248 studies were first identified for evaluation. Based on the criteria described, 8 publications with 1,349 patients were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The search process is described in Fig. 1, and more details are provided in Table I.
Figure 1.
Flow-chart of the literature search process.
Table I.
Characteristics of the eligible studies.
| First author (Ref) | Year | Country | Type | Platinum-based regimen | Nonplatinum regimen |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fan (22) | 2013 | China | Phase II clinical trial | Docetaxel plus cisplatin for 6 cycles | Docetaxel plus capecitabine for 6 cycles |
| Bhattacharyya (7) | 2009 | / | Phase II clinical trial | Cyclophosphamide plus methotrexate plus cisplatin | Cyclophosphamide plus methotrexate |
| Wu (23) | 2012 | China | Retrospective analysis | TP (paclitaxel+Platinum), NP (vinorelbine+Platinum), GP (gemcitabine+Platinum) | AT (antharcycline+paclitaxel), TX (paclitaxel+capecitabin |
| Alba (18) | 2012 | Spain | Phase II clinical trial | EC-DCb: EC (epirubicin plus for 4 cycles) followed by DCb (docetaxel plus carboplatin AUC 6 for 4 cycles) | EC-D: EC (epirubicin plus cyclophosphamide for 4 cycles) followed by D (docetaxel for 4 cycles) |
| Villarreal-Garza (25) | 2014 | Canada | Retrospective analysis | TP (paclitaxel+Platinum), NP (vinorelbine+Platinum), GP (gemcitabine+Platinum) | Not given |
| von Minckwitz (19) | 2014 | Germany | Phase II clinical trial | Carboplatin (AUC 1.5–2.0) plus paclitaxel plus non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bevacizumab | Paclitaxel plus non-pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plus bevacizumab |
| Sikov (20) | 2015 | America | Phase II clinical trial | Carboplatin (AUC 6) plus paclitaxel plus doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide for 4 cycles with or without bevacizumab for 9 cycles | Paclitaxel plus doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide for 4 cycles with or without bevacizumab for 9 cycles |
| Zhang (21) | 2013 | China | Phase II clinical trial | Paclitaxel plus carboplatin (AUC 5) for 4-6 cycles | Epirubicin plus paclitaxel for 4-6 cycles |
AUC, area under the curve.
pCR rate and ORR of TNBC patients treated with a platinum- or non-platinum-based regimen
Four studies (18–21) reported the pCR rate and five studies (18,21–24) reported the ORR in TNBC patients who were treated with a platinum- or a non-platinum-based regimen. There was significant heterogeneity between different study results (I2>50%, P<0.1), so the random-effects model was applied for data analysis. The pCR rate in TNBC patients who were treated with a platinum-based regimen was significantly higher than that in those treated with a non-platinum-based regimen (49.2 vs. 36.9%; OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.05–2.64; Fig. 2). The ORR in TNBC patients who were treated with a platinum-based regimen was significantly higher than that in those treated with a non-platinum-based regimen (64.3 vs. 42.5%; OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.23–4.40; Fig. 3).
Figure 2.
Forest plot of the pCR rate in TNBC patients who were treated with a platinum- or non-platinum-based regimen. pCR, pathological complete response.
Figure 3.
Forest plot of the ORR in TNBC patients who were treated with a platinum- or non-platinum-based regimen. ORR, overall response rate.
Survival rate of TNBC patients treated with a platinum- or non-platinum-based regimen
Four studies (22–25) reported that the overall survival (OS) rate was not significantly different between TNBC patients treated with a platinum-based regimen and those treated with a non-platinum-based regimen (P>0.05). So does the disease-free survival (DFS) rate according to three studies (Table II) (22–24).
Table II.
Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) rates in studies of triple-negative breast cancer patients who were treated with a platinum- or non-platinum-based regimen.
| OS, months | P-value | DFS, months | P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Platinum-based regimen | 32.8 | 24.9 | 16.0 | 14.5 | >0.05 | 10.9 | 2.8 | 13.0 | >0.05 |
| Non-platinum-based regimen | 21.5 | 26.3 | 12.0 | 10.0 | 4.8 | 3.0 | 7.0 | ||
Quality evaluation
The quality of the meta-analysis was evaluated using the GRADE framework and is shown in Table III. The assessment was considered to be of moderate quality. Moderate between-study heterogeneity was present for the risk difference analysis. Funnel plots for risk ratio and risk difference showed mild asymmetry, indicating certain publication bias (Figs. 4 and 5).
Table III.
GRADE framework assessment of eligible studies.
| Design | Quality assessment | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome | Experiment | Control | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | No. of eligible studies | Quality |
| pCR | Platinum-based regimen | Non-platinum regimen | Serious | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | 5 | Moderate |
| ORR | Platinum-based regimen | Platinum-based regimen | Serious | No serious inconsistency | No serious indirectness | No serious imprecision | 4 | Moderate |
GRADE, Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation; pCR, pCR, pathological complete response; ORR, overall response rate.
Figure 4.
Funnel plot of the pCR rate in TNBC patients who were treated with a platinum- or non-platinum-based regimen. pCR, pathological complete response.
Figure 5.
Funnel plot of the ORR in TNBC patients who were treated with a platinum- or non-platinum-based regimen. ORR, overall response rate.
Discussion
The present study showed that TNBC patients treated with a platinum-based regimen had a higher pCR rate and ORR. There was no significant increase in the OS and DFS, but due to the few studies included this may be disregarded. Anthracycline and paclitaxel are the common non-platinum-based regimens; however, they result in only a low pCR rate (2,3). Patients with TNBC who achieved a pCR usually have an improved outcome, and thus combining a platinum-based regimen in treatment may be of significant benefit. However, more trials are required to fully evaluate the survival rate of TNBC patients receiving platinum-based regimens.
Previous studies have shown that mutations in the BRCA1 gene are prevalent in TNBC tumors, and certain preclinical studies showed that TNBC cell lines are more sensitive to DNA-damaging agents, such as platinum compounds (7,8). There is also evidence for a dysfunctional BRCA1 pathway in sporadic TNBC (26). Previously, it has been reported that cisplatin selectively induces cell death in TNBC cells through a mechanism involving the p53 family members, p63 and p73 (27).
Platinum-based chemotherapy appears to be effective in a high proportion of patients with mutant BRCA1-associated breast cancers. A pCR rate of 72% following neoadjuvant cisplatin treatment in 25 patients carrying the BRCA1 mutation was reported (16), and a high proportion (83%) of females with BRCA1-associated breast cancer responded to platinum-based chemotherapy in a study conducted in Poland (15). Furthermore, TNBC patients with high-risk features are ~5.6 times more likely to carry a BRCA1 mutation compared to patients with a non-TNBC tumor, and approximately two in nine females with TNBC harbor a BRCA1 mutation (28). Platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in TNBC patients resulted in improved short-term efficacy compared to its use in non-TNBC patients, but it has not yet been demonstrated to improve efficacy in advanced breast cancer (29).
There are certain relevant ongoing clinical trials, including a randomized phase III trial comparing the efficacy of carboplatin to docetaxel for patients with advanced TNBC (30). Another trial is currently underway to assess the efficacy of platinum-based therapy for metastatic TNBC, and evaluating the use of p63/p73 as a biomarker of response (31).
All the patients included in the present meta-analysis had either newly diagnosed or relapsed disease. Therefore, it is possible that ambiguity in the actual cancer stage could have introduced a bias in the data; however, the quality of these studies was mostly considered to be moderate. In general, the overall results were reliable despite certain publication bias.
In conclusion, platinum-based chemotherapy in TNBC patients resulted in an improved short-term efficacy compared to the non-platinum-based regimen group. Platinum-based therapy is more effective to triple-negative breast cancer. Future multicenter randomized controlled trials are required to validate these findings and to determine whether platinum-based chemotherapy can extend the survival rate of TNBC patients.
Acknowledgements
The present study is supported by the programme for the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 30800278) and Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Youth Scholars) (grant no. 200804861048) to Dr Liao.
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