Figure 2.

Hazard ratios (HRs) associated with β-blockers in prespecified subgroups of patients. Subgroup analyses were performed with the use of Cox proportional hazards regression with the always user group as reference and with adjustment for all patient-level variables in Table I in the online-only Data Supplement. The HRs were reported for inconsistent users or never users with always users as reference. CI indicates confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; and MACCE, major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events.