Abstract
Objective:
To monitor the hematologic modifications in the peripheral blood of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with natalizumab.
Methods:
The cohort included 44 patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated monthly with natalizumab for 18 months. Peripheral blood was collected before treatment initiation and on a monthly basis during the treatment course. Complete blood cell count was performed using automated hematology systems. Blood smears were prepared and analyzed when abnormal values were detected.
Results:
Mean total white blood cell, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts were significantly higher 1 month after treatment initiation and remained stable during the 18 months of follow-up. Monocyte counts increased progressively during the 18-month treatment with natalizumab. Erythroblasts and neutrophil precursors were absent before treatment initiation but were present in 16% and 6.8% of patients, respectively, 1 month after the first natalizumab infusion. The proportion of patients with erythroblasts and neutrophil precursors remained stable throughout the 18-month follow-up period. On an individual patient basis, a fluctuating level of erythroblasts and neutrophil precursors was observed. No difference in mean erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, thrombocyte, and neutrophil levels was observed before and after 18 months of natalizumab treatment. No cases of myelodysplastic syndrome or acute leukemia were observed.
Conclusion:
Chronic treatment with natalizumab is associated with significant modifications in complete blood cell count, including emergence of hematopoietic precursors that are not present in peripheral blood under normal conditions. None of these modifications were associated with malignancy.
Natalizumab (NTZ) is a humanized monoclonal IgG4 antibody directed against the α4 subunit of human integrins α4β1 (or VLA-4) and α4β7 (or LPAM), both expressed on leukocytes. Used as a treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), NTZ inhibits the adhesion of leukocytes to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 on activated endothelial cells. The inhibition of T lymphocyte transmigration into the brain parenchyma is thought to underlie most of the therapeutic effects of NTZ in MS.1
NTZ treatment is associated with modifications in various peripheral blood (PB) parameters.2–5 In this 18-month longitudinal study, we monitored all the PB parameters measured in routine blood analysis. Forty-four patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) for whom the decision to treat with NTZ had been made by their neurologist were included in the study. PB analysis was performed before NTZ initiation and on a monthly basis after treatment initiation. The follow-up period was 18 months for all patients. In this report, we summarize the modifications of PB parameters observed in these patients and comment on the kinetics of these modifications as well as their significance in terms of safety.
METHODS
Forty-four patients with RRMS were treated with a monthly infusion of 300 mg NTZ. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid–anticoagulated PB was collected and analyzed before treatment initiation (NTZ-naive patients) and on a monthly basis during an 18-month period of follow-up. Thirteen parameters were analyzed in each blood sample: hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and erythrocyte, white blood cell, neutrophil, neutrophil precursor (defined as myelocytes and metamyelocytes), eosinophil, basophile, monocyte, thrombocyte, and erythroblast counts.
Complete blood count, which measures several components and features of blood, including red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, and platelets, was analyzed with Sysmex XE-2100/XE-5000 (Sysmex, Kobe, Japan). This automated hematology system is validated to detect nucleated red blood cells.6,7 All abnormal values detected by the automated system were signaled, and blood smears were prepared and dyed with May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain and examined by light microscopy by an experienced laboratory assistant supervised by an experienced hematologist. Statistical analysis was performed with STATA release 12 (StataCorp, College Station, TX). Paired t tests were used to compare means of different parameters before and after 18 months of NTZ treatment. The distribution of the differences was normal for each parameter. p Values below 0.05 were considered significant.
Standard protocol approvals, registrations, and patient consents.
This study was exempt from requiring ethical approval per the Geneva Ethics Committee (reference number 14-151).
RESULTS
Patient demographics and characteristics are shown in the table. There was no difference in mean erythrocyte, hemoglobin, hematocrit, thrombocyte, and neutrophil levels before and after 18 months of NTZ treatment (data not shown). Mean total white blood cell, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts were significantly higher 1 month after the first NTZ infusion compared with pretreatment levels but remained stable during the next 17 months of follow-up (figure 1, A–C). Monocyte counts increased progressively over the 18-month follow-up, reaching significance after 18 months of treatment (figure 1D). No erythroblasts were detected in PB of patients with MS prior to NTZ treatment (figure 2A, first column). One month after the first infusion, 16% (7/44) of patients had erythroblasts in PB. The proportion of patients with erythroblasts did not vary significantly throughout the 18-month follow-up period (figure 2A, columns 2–18). No neutrophil precursors (myelocytes and metamyelocytes) were detected in PB of patients with MS prior to NTZ treatment (figure 2B, first column). One month after the first infusion, 6.8% (3/44) of patients had neutrophil precursors in PB (figure 2B, second column). The proportion of patients with neutrophil precursors in PB did not vary significantly throughout the 18-month follow-up period (figure 2B, columns 2–18). On an individual basis, some patients never showed hematopoietic precursors in PB. Those who did had fluctuating levels of erythroblasts and/or neutrophil precursors within the range of 0%–2% and 0%–3% of total peripheral blood cells, respectively. There was no trend toward an increase in these parameters during the 18-month follow-up. During NTZ treatment, plasmocytes were detected in 5 patients (11.4%) and blasts in 1 patient (2.3%). During the 18-month follow-up, no patient developed persistent cytopenia or other PB anomalies consistent with a myelodysplastic syndrome or acute leukemia.
Table.
Patient demographics
Figure 1. Evolution of blood cell counts during 18-month treatment and follow-up.
(A) Mean white blood cell count, (B) mean lymphocyte count, (C) mean eosinophil count, and (D) mean monocyte count before treatment (M0) and after 1 month (M1), 9 months (M9), and 18 months (M18) of treatment, and from months 1–18 (mean M1–M18).
Figure 2. Proportion of patients with erythroid and myeloid precursors before and during 18 months of treatment.
(A) Proportion of patients with 1 or more erythroblast(s) in peripheral blood (PB) during 18 months of follow-up. (B) Proportion of patients with 1 or more neutrophil precursor(s) in PB during 18 months of follow-up.
DISCUSSION
Elevated circulating lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts have been reported in patients with MS treated with NTZ.2–5 This is thought to result from the transmigration inhibition of these cells into the CNS, which leads to their accumulation in PB.2–5 In this study, we confirm these findings and show that the increase of total white blood cell, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts in the PB of patients with MS treated with NTZ arises after the first NTZ infusion. Subsequently, the levels of these parameters remain stable during the entire follow-up period. Monocytes show a different, progressive pattern of increase during the 18-month treatment. NTZ treatment has been associated with the presence of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in PB,8 and erythroblastemia has been reported in chronically NTZ-treated patients with MS.2,9,10 Here, we show that hematopoietic precursors that are not present in PB under physiologic conditions are detectable as early as after the first NTZ infusion. These precursors include erythroblasts, neutrophil precursors, and blasts in 1 patient. The proportion of patients with erythroblasts or neutrophil precursors remains stable over an 18-month period of follow-up, and on an individual basis, there is no trend toward an increase of these precursors in PB. α4β1 (VLA-4) is expressed on the surface of erythroblasts, myeloblasts, and neutrophil precursors. Its interaction with fibronectin is essential in order to prevent these cells from exiting the bone marrow.11 Antibodies directed against α4β1, such as NTZ, have been shown to reduce interaction of these cells with fibronectin,11 which may explain their detection in the PB of treated patients. Finally, there was no indication of an evolution toward malignancy in any patient over the 18-month period, although a longer period of follow-up is required to rule out such an eventuality. Recognition of these typical PB changes in patients with MS treated with NTZ prevents unnecessary diagnostic procedures such as bone marrow biopsy.
GLOSSARY
- MS
multiple sclerosis
- NTZ
natalizumab
- PB
peripheral blood
- RRMS
relapsing-remitting MS
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Claire Bridel: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data, statistical analysis. Yan Beauverd: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data, acquisition of data, statistical analysis. Kaveh Samii: drafting/revising the manuscript, analysis or interpretation of data. Patrice H. Lalive: drafting/revising the manuscript, study concept or design, analysis or interpretation of data.
STUDY FUNDING
No targeted funding reported.
DISCLOSURE
The authors report no disclosures. Go to Neurology.org/nn for full disclosure forms.
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